关于茭白黑粉菌的正名问题*

茭白黑粉菌在文献中出现Yenia esculenta(P.Henn.)Liou及Ustilago esculenta P.Henn.两个名字。现经形态发生学的研究以明确新名字是否有效。此菌冬孢子没有休眠期,孢子成熟后在适宜的环境中即可萌发。萌发的最适pH值为6;最适温度为25％;不需要外界光的诱导,在黑暗条件下也能正常萌发;培养基中的营养成份对孢子萌发的速率有一定影响。冬孢子在不同的环境条件下,其萌发形态及方式都是稳定的:孢子萌发时产生有隔的担子或先菌丝(promycelium)。该先菌丝起初可以是无隔的,但生长到一定程度,便产生分隔,分隔多为2—4个。初生的先菌丝和小孢子是单核的,但成熟的先菌丝、小孢子及短菌丝细胞内均是双核的。可以认为,该菌的双核期在整个生活史中占有相当长的时间,它只有短暂的单核期。没有发现先菌丝、小孢子彼此之间或相互间融合的现象;未见到双核的融合及减数分裂过程。茭白黑粉菌在人工组合培养基上生成厚壁的孢子,较自然界中的冬孢子为大,但萌发方式则相同。最后作者等认为茭白黑粉菌仍应保留在Ustilago属中,而Yenia esculenta(P.Henn.)Liou的名字是无效的。     

菰黑粉菌科(Yeniaceae)的确认问题

菰黑粉菌科(Yeniaceae)是刘慎谔(1949)根据阎玫玉(1935)对菰黑粉菌(Yenia esculenta) 冬孢子**萌发方式的研究结果而建立的。但是20多年来,似还没有得到有关工作者的承认, 主要是由于黑粉菌冬孢子萌发方式受环境因素的影响很大,性状不太稳定的缘故。 为了确认 此科建立的必要性和合理性,在前人研究的基础上,对菰黑粉菌冬孢子的萌发方式和条件作了 进一步的研究。结果表明：菰黑粉菌冬孢子在形态上和生理上几乎同时成熟,孢子形成后便 可立即大量萌发。冬孢子的存活力较短暂,在室温下10个月完全丧失萌发力。 菰黑粉菌冬孢子在9-33℃下均能萌发,萌发的适温范围为24-30℃,30℃下8小时便 开始萌发。孢子在pH 2.0-11.0均能萌发,以pH3.5-7.0较好,最适pH为4.0-5.0。合 成培养基和植物性煎汁培养基有利于孢子的萌发,在动物性煎汁培养基和缺乏养料的蒸馏水 培养基上萌发较差。冬孢子在完全光照和完全黑暗下均能萌发。孢子萌发时对氧的需要量不 大,纯氧或过量的氧对萌发似有抑制作用。菰黑粉菌这种对萌发条件要求不严格的特性,表明 它具有广泛的适应性和顽强的生命力。这种特性是它在长期历史发展过程中所形成的,也是 长期人工选择和自然选择的结果。对这些生物学性状的了解,为在生产实践上争取茭白的丰 产奠定了理论基础。 温度、光照、氢离子浓度、营养条件和氧的供应,对菰黑粉菌冬孢子的萌发方式有一定的影 响,特别是对孢子原菌丝影响较大。但是对短的无隔担子原菌丝影响却不大,一般都没有引起 形态上的较大改变。刘慎谔(1949)根据这一性状所建立的菰黑粉菌属(Yenia)和菰黑粉菌科 (Yeniaceae),是有一定根据的,似应给予承认。 本文还对黑粉菌目的演化和分科问题进行了讨论。     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

黑粉菌属一新种及中国黑粉菌补遗VI

本文描述采自河北小五台山的黑粉菌一新种,即寄生在野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea(L.) Beauv)上的野青茅黑粉菌(Ustilago deyeuxiae L. Guo)。此种与网优黑粉菌(Ustilago scrobiculata Liro)近似,但野青茅黑粉菌网纹明显,网眼高。并报道三种黑粉菌中国新记录。1)酢浆草黑粉菌(Ustilago oxalidis Ellis&Tracy)寄生于醉浆草(Oxalis corniculata L.),此种是我国首次在酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae)植物上发现的黑粉菌。2)网状黑粉菌(Ustilago polygoni-alati Thirum. & Pavgi)寄生于尼泊尔萝(Polygonum nepalense Meisn.),作者对此种进行了订正研究。3)臭草条黑粉菌(Urocystis melicae (Lagerheim & Liro) Zundel)寄生于细叶臭草(Melica radula Fr.)。     

黑粉菌属的聚类分析

本文对我国黑粉菌属(Ustilago)51个样本,选取33个形态学和生物学编码性状进行了类平均法的系统聚类分析。根据聚类分析结果,建议将我国黑粉菌属分为3个表观群(Phenons);茭白黑粉菌目前以放在黑粉菌属内为妥;还认为 Ustilago ocrearum 是 Ustilagokoenigiae 的变种;Ustilago kusanoi 是 Ustilago minima 的变种;Us(?)ilago aoenoe 和 Usti-lago nuda 是两个不同种。     

中国黑粉菌补遗Ⅲ

本文报道我国黑粉菌三种新纪录。特氏楔孢黑粉菌(Thecaphora trailii Cooke)寄生于风毛菊(Saussurea japonica (Thunb.) DC.)花序中,孢子球由2-5(-8)个孢子组成,黑粉孢子10.5-22×8.5-15 Imo翠雀条黑粉菌(Urocystis delphinii Golovin)寄生于翠雀(Delphinium grandiflorum L.)的茎和叶柄上,孢子球由1-10个孢子组成,黑粉孢子12.5-18×10-15 μm,不育细胞5.5-12 μm。籣草黑粉菌(Ustilago echinata Schroeter)寄生于籣草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)的叶和叶鞘上,黑粉孢子12.5-19×10.5-16 μm,表面纹饰粗痰,部分联结为脊状或网状。     

金针菇粉孢子的生物学研究

采用单孢分离的方法分离培养金针菇粉孢子,对粉孢子的产生、萌发、核相及极性进行了研究。结果表明：单核菌丝和双核菌丝都产生粉孢子,粉孢子多呈圆柱或卵圆形,少数呈圆形或Y形。粉孢子很容易萌发,其芽管直径一般较粉孢子宽。单核菌丝产生单核的粉孢子,其极性与亲本菌丝相同;双核菌丝产生的粉孢子也为单核,未观察到双核或多核的粉孢子。双核菌丝产生的粉孢子一部分与组成双核体的一个亲本单核菌丝的交配型相同,另一部分与组成双核体的另一亲本单核菌丝有相同的交配型。     

茭白黑粉菌在茭白植株内形态发育的初步研究

茭白黑粉菌的菌丝体多年生,越冬期宿存于茭白地下茎中,翌年春天入侵由地下茎芽体形成的植株。菌丝具隔膜,分枝,细胞双核,在寄主细胞间隙并入侵细胞中生长,无吸器;受菌丝侵染的茭白地上茎薄壁细胞分裂增多,体积加大,并高度液泡化,使茎膨大。部分菌丝在茭白茎膨大后期菌丝壁胶化,原生质收缩成团,生成厚壁,形成冬孢子。     

金针菇粉孢子的生物学研究

采用单孢分离的方法分离培养金针菇粉孢子,对粉孢子的产生、萌发、核相及极性进行了研究。结果表明：单核菌丝和双核菌丝都产生粉孢子,粉孢子多呈圆柱或卵圆形,少数呈圆形或Ｙ形。粉孢子很容易萌发,其芽管直径一般较粉孢子宽。单核菌丝产生单核的粉孢子,其极性与亲本菌丝相同;双核菌丝产生的粉孢子也为单核,未观察到双核或多核的粉孢子。双核菌丝产生的粉孢子一部分与组成双核体的一个亲本单核菌丝的交配型相同。另一部分与组     

知母上一种新的黑粉菌

本文报告知母上一种新的黑粉菌,定名为知母楔孢黑粉菌。这种黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发方式表明,先菌丝的特征不适宜于用作黑粉菌分为两科的依据。     

温度对海蜇横裂生殖的影响

横裂生殖(strobilafion)是大多数钵水母(Scyphomedusac)特有的一种无性繁殖方式,指螅状幼体经分节(segmentation)和变态(metamorphosis)两个紧密联系的发育阶段产生碟状幼体的全过程(Spangenberg,1965)。海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye)生活史多次变态过程中,横裂生殖是一个重要环节(丁耕芜、陈介康,1981);就经济意义而言,人类食用的是海蜇水母型成体,只有通过横裂生殖才能产生实质为幼水母的碟状幼体。因此,阐明海蜇横裂生殖的诱导和抑制条件,无论对发育生物学研究,或以人工手段培育出大量海蜇幼水母用于水产增殖实践都具有重要意义。     

盐度对海蛰各发育阶段幼体的影响——兼论辽东湾海蜇资源锐减的原因

在室内控制条件下,盐度为2—31.42‰范围内,本文就盐度对海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye)浮浪幼虫、螅状幼体、碟状幼体和幼水母的生长、发育、变态及成活的影响进行实验研究,发现浮浪幼虫生存的盐度下限为12‰;螅状幼体生存的盐度下限为10‰;最适盐度范围为14—20‰;碟状幼体生存的盐度下限为8‰,最适盐度范围为14—20‰;幼水母生存的盐度下限为8‰。 作者根据近15年辽东湾北部主要河流的淡水注入量,海蜇产量及本实验数据,结合辽东湾曾出现过三次大减产现象分析,认为前一年夏、秋季海蜇生殖季节河流淡水注入量过多,使河口附近海蜇浮浪幼虫和螅状幼体的栖息水域盐度聚降,导致浮浪幼虫和螅状幼体毁灭性死亡,是造成海蜇资源锐减的主要原因。作者并提出采取人工培育螅状幼体,选择合适水域进行放流以补充海蜇资源,是海蜇渔业稳定和增产的主要途径。     

ASYMMETRIC COMPETITION IN MIXED POPULATIONS OF TADPOLES OF THE HYBRIDOGENETIC: RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX

Hybridogenetic Rana esculenta tadpoles display tolerance to extreme environmental conditions and fit criteria of the “general-purpose” genotype. A trade-off between generality and competitive ability is assumed to occur in asexual species, but the evidence remains unclear. The purpose of my experiment was to test the competitive ability of hemiclonal hybrid Rana esculenta tadpoles relative to the parental species Rana lessonae. Mixed and single genotype populations of R. esculenta and R. lessonae tadpoles were reared at three densities in artificial ponds. Survival of R. esculenta was higher than for R. lessonae tadpoles, but did not differ among densities. Body size at metamorphosis was the same between genotypes, but decreased with increasing density. Larval period was not affected by density, but R. esculenta tended to metamorphose earlier than R. lessonae. Percentage of individuals metamorphosing was higher for R. esculenta at both medium and high densities, but the same as R. lessonae at the low density. The difference in survival, body size, and larval period between tadpoles reared in single and mixed genotype populations was unaffected by genotype or density. The difference in the percentage of metamorphs, however, was strongly affected. The percentage of hybrids metamorphosing was 9% above the responses of single genotype populations at the highest density. Conversely, the percentage of R. lessonae metamorphosing was 12% below the responses of single genotype populations at the same density. Hybrid success in this experiment further supports the criterion of a “general-purpose” genotype without assumptions of reduced competitive ability.     

ADAPTIVE GENETIC VARIATION IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TADPOLES OF THE HYBRIDOGENETIC RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX

The distribution and proportion of the sexual species Rana lessonae to the hemiclonal hybrid R. esculenta among natural habitats suggests that these anurans may differ in adaptive abilities. I used a half-sib design to partition phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation in tadpole responses at two food levels into causal variance components. Rana lessonae displays strong phenotypic variation across food levels. Growth rate is strictly determined by environmental factors and includes weak maternal effects. Larval period and body size at metamorphosis both contain moderate levels of additive genetic variance. The sire x food interactions and the lack of environmental correlations indicate that adaptive phenotypic plasticity is present in both of these traits. In contrast, R. esculenta displays less phenotypic variation across food levels, especially for larval period. Variation in body size at metamorphosis is underlain by genetic variation as shown by high levels of additive genetic variance, yet growth rate and larval period are not. Significant environmental correlations between larval period at high food level and growth, larval period, and body size at low food, indicate phenotypic plasticity is absent. A positive phenotypic correlation between body size at metamorphosis and larval period for R. lessonae at both food levels suggests a trade-off between growing large and metamorphosing quickly to escape predation or pond drying. The lack of a similar correlation for R. esculenta at the high food level suggests it may be less constrained. Different levels of adaptive genetic variation among larval traits suggest that the sexual species and the hybridogenetic hemiclone differ in their abilities to cope with temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments.     

COMPETITION AMONG TADPOLES OF COEXISTING HEMICLONES OF HYBRIDOGENETIC RANA ESCULENTA: SUPPORT FOR THE FROZEN NICHE VARIATION MODEL

Vertebrate animals reproducing without genetic recombination typically are hybrids, which have large ranges, are locally abundant, and live in disturbed or harsh habitats. This holds for the hemiclonal hybridogenetic frog Rana esculenta: it is widespread in Europe and commonly is found in disturbed habitats such as gravel pits. We hypothesize that its widespread occurrence may either be the result of natural selection for a single hemiclone acting as a broadly adapted “general-purpose” genotype, or of interclonal selection, which maintains multiple hemiclones that each are relatively narrowly adapted and perform differently across environments, that is, the Frozen Niche Variation model. We tested these competing hypotheses using 1000-L outdoor artificial ponds to rear tadpoles of the parental species (Rana lessonae [LL] and Rana ridibunda [RR]) alone, and each of three hemiclones of Rana esculenta (GUT1, GUT2, GUT3) alone, and in mixed hemiclonal populations from hatching to metamorphosis. Tadpoles of three coexisting hemiclones from a single natural population (near Gütighausen, Switzerland) were reared in both two- and three-way mixtures in equal total numbers at high and low density. For each species and hemiclone, the proportion of tadpoles metamorphosing decreased as the density of tadpoles increased, with the three hemiclones spanning the range of values exhibited by the two parental species. LL and GUT1 tadpoles produced the highest proportion of metamorphs, whereas tadpoles of RR produced the fewest metamorphs at both densities. GUT1 tadpoles also produced the largest metamorphs at low density, GUT2 and GUT3 tadpoles produced smaller metamorphs than did GUT1 tadpoles at the low density, but the three hemiclones did not differ from each other at high density. The parental species (LL and RR) were intermediate in metamorphic size to the hemiclones at low density, but all genotypes converged on a similar size at high density. Length of the larval period also was affected by density, but its effect was dependent on genotype. GUT1 tadpoles had the shortest larval period at the low density, but larval period was longer and not different between GUT1, GUT3, and LL at high density. RR tadpoles had the longest larval period at both densities. The most dramatic results were that three genotypes (GUT1, GUT2, and RR) maintained rank order and increased days to metamorphosis from low to high density, whereas two genotypes (GUT3 and LL) changed rank order and decreased days to metamorphosis from low to high density. Mixtures of hemiclones in two- and three-way combinations facilitated the proportion of tadpoles metamorphosing for GUT1 and GUT2 at both densities, but only at the low density for GUT3 tadpoles. Results from this experiment are incompatible with the General-Purpose Genotype model as a global explanation of hybrid abundance in these frogs. Alternatively, the Frozen Niche Variation prediction of general performance superiority of clonal mixtures relative to single clone populations is strongly supported. The data confirm that fitness advantages of hemiclones change, depending on the environment, such that in temporally and spatially heterogeneous habitats like ponds, frequency-dependent selection among hemiclones may promote coexistence in hemiclonal assemblages. Yet, differential dispersal or colonization ability and historical factors affecting hemiclone distribution may also be important in shaping patterns of clonal coexistence.     

萱草属有毒植物的研究

萱草属中某些种的根含神经性毒物,家畜采食或饲喂实验动物能引起中毒病的发生。在鉴于此对北萱草,黄花菜,北黄花菜,小黄花菜进行了植物调查鉴定及有毒成分—萱草根素的提取分离与毒性和结构再鉴定的研究,确认除黄花菜根外其它３种均含有萱草根素。讨论了黄花菜种鉴定中存在的问题。     

PERFORMANCE OF TADPOLES FROM THE HYBRIDOGENETIC RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX: INTERACTIONS WITH POND DRYING AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

The performance of three genotypes (LL, LR, RR) of tadpoles resulting from the hybrid mating system of Rana lessonae (phenotype L, genotype LL) and Rana esculenta (phenotype E, genotype LR) was determined in artificial ponds. The effects of interspecific competition and pond drying on growth, development, and survival of tadpoles were used to measure the performance of genotypes and the relative fitness of offspring. Among the three genotypes, tadpoles from the homogametic mating RR had the lowest survival, growth, and development under all environmental conditions. Body size of the LL and LR genotype tadpoles at metamorphosis was reduced by competition and pond drying. Days to metamorphosis were also higher for the LL and LR genotype tadpoles in competition ponds. The proportion of individuals metamorphosing of each genotype was differentially lowered by competition and pond drying. The LL genotype produced more metamorphs than the LR genotype in the constant water level ponds, but the LR genotype produced more in drying ponds. In competition ponds, the LR genotype produced more metamorphs than the LL genotype, but the LL genotype produced more metamorphs in ponds without competition. The RR genotype produced no metamorphs in any of the experimental environments. Increased performance of LR offspring from the heterogametic mating, in harsh conditions, and reduced performance of RR offspring from the homogametic mating, even under favorable conditions, relative to the parental genotype (LL) suggests that the population dynamics of this hybridogenetic system is strongly dependent on mate choice in mixed populations and the subsequent pond environment females select for oviposition and larval development.     

几种生长素对木薯体细胞胚发生和植株再生的作用

木薯（ＭａｎｉｈｏｔｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａＣｒａｎｔｚ）嫩叶外植体在含２,４－Ｄ（１－１６ｍｇＬ－１）或ＮＡＡ（４０ｍｇＬ－１）的诱导培养基上能直接诱导初生体细胞胚胎发生,而低活性的生长素ＩＢＡ或ＩＡＡ（４０ｍｇＬ－１）或低浓度的２,４－Ｄ（０．１ｍｇＬ－１）则不能。而以木薯初生体细胞胚切段为外植体时,次生体细胞胚的诱导对生长素的活性或浓度的要求降低。降低生长素浓度或活性能缩短体细胞胚诱导时间并促进根的形成,有利于提高体细胞胚的再生频率。体细胞胚外植体在诱导培养基上的培养时间对下一步体细胞胚胎发生的诱导产生影响。通过石腊切片观察,在含２,４－Ｄ诱导培养基上,木薯体细胞胚不能形成芽分生组织。结果表明,２,４－Ｄ等生长素类物质对诱导木薯体细胞胚胎发生是关键因子,但对体细胞胚的进一步发育和植株再生起抑制作用。     

蛙心包淋巴孔的发现

首次报道蛙心包淋巴孔 ,揭示心包腔淋巴转归途径。本实验应用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察心包淋巴孔的超微结构 ,并使用计算机图象处理技术对淋巴孔作定量分析。结果发现 ,正常蛙心包腔面有一些散在分布的心包淋巴孔和少量淋巴窦。构成淋巴孔的间皮细胞常出现粗大的胞质突起 ,伸入淋巴孔 ,形成瓣膜状结构。淋巴孔的平均直径为 0 72±0 33μm ,平均分布密度是 3 57± 2 0 7个 /0 0 1mm2 ;心包间皮淋巴窦的面积是 995 0 8±2 2 1 74μm2 /0 0 1mm2 。蛙心肌无血管 ,其血供仅由心腔内血液直接进入心肌的小梁间隙。心包脏层未发现有淋巴孔。结果表明 :间皮淋巴窦是心包膜正常“漏出”的形态依据。心包淋巴孔的发现 ,证明心包腔淋巴引流途径的存在。淋巴引流对于心肌组织间液的平衡 ,清除组织间液蛋白质 ,防止心肌间质水肿 ,有重要意义