日粮能量水平对五指山猪初情期性腺轴KISS-1/GPR54 mRNA水平表达影响

本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测不同日粮能量水平对五指山猪初情期性腺轴Kiss-1、GPR54基因mRNA水平表达的影响。结果显示,在NRC和0.7 NRC两组实验猪的下丘脑、垂体、卵巢组织中均检测到Kiss-1、GPR54基因mRNA水平的表达;NRC组在下丘脑和卵巢kiss-1 mRNA表达量显著高于0.7NRC组(p0.05),在垂体中的表达差异不显著(p0.05);日粮能量水平对初情期性腺轴GPR54 mRNA表达差异不显著(p0.05)。说明KISS-1/GPR54系统对动物初情表达的调节作用可能是通过调节下丘脑KISS-1基因的表达来实现。结果表明kiss-1 mRNA的表达规律在NRC组和0.7NRC组间保持一致,表达量依次为:下丘脑垂体卵巢;GPR54 mRNA的表达规律在NRC组和0.7NRC组间也保持一致,表达量依次为:卵巢垂体下丘脑,表明不同日粮水平的摄入并不影响Kiss-1、GPR54基因在各个组织中的表达规律。     

阿勒泰羊不同繁殖状态下丘脑Kiss1基因表达规律与其季节性繁殖的关联性分析

为了研究Kiss1基因在阿勒泰羊中的组织表达情况,及其在不同发情状态阿勒泰羊下丘脑中表达量的变化,本研究探讨其在阿勒泰羊季节性发情调控中的作用机理。本研究以季节性发情的阿勒泰羊为研究对象,首先使用半定量RT-PCR对发情盛期阿勒泰羊下丘脑、垂体、卵巢、心肌等10个组织中Kiss1基因的表达情况进行了检测,并使用q RT-PCR技术对发情前期、发情盛期、发情末期和间情期状态阿勒泰羊下丘脑中Kiss1基因的表达变化进行研究。结果表明,Kiss1基因在发情盛期阿勒泰羊的下丘脑中高表达,在垂体、卵巢和甲状腺中表达量相对较低,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾和肌肉中不表达。Kiss1基因在乏情期(夏至日前后)阿勒泰羊下丘脑中的表达量很低,至发情前期下丘脑中Kiss1基因的表达量迅速上升,并达到峰值,极显著高于乏情期和间情期(p0.01)。发情启动后,下丘脑中Kiss1基因的表达量逐渐下降,其中发情盛期和发情末期的表达量之间差异不显著(p0.05),但是显著高于间情期(p0.05),极显著高于乏情期(p0.01),间情期的表达量又显著高于乏情期(p0.05)。以上数据提示Kiss1基因可能主要在诱导阿勒泰羊发情启动阶段发挥重要作用。     

雷州黑鸭FSHR和ESR1与繁殖性状关联分析

旨为探究产蛋基因FSHR和ESR1对雷州黑鸭的影响。采用荧光定量PCR对FSHR和ESR1在雷州黑鸭0-120 d的下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的表达规律进行研究,并通过PCR-SSCP对FSHR和ESR1的多态性与繁殖性状关联分析。结果表明,FSHR在0-90 d表达量总体呈稳定上升趋势,但在90-120 d下丘脑和垂体表达量略微下调,差异不显著(P0.05);ESR1表达量在0-120 d表达量总体呈上升趋势,但在90 d卵巢表达量出现波动,差异不显著(P0.05);FSHR的SNP(g.856937GA,g.922947AG)和ESR1的SNP(g.190744AG)与雷州黑鸭产蛋量显著相关(P0.05),但与雷州黑鸭蛋品质关联不显著。以上结果提示:FSHR和ESR1对雷州黑鸭早期性腺发育起着重要作用,且3个SNP位点均可作为雷州黑鸭重要的产蛋标记基因。     

小梅山猪Ghrelin基因的克隆及其在生殖轴的表达

以小梅山母猪为试验材料,通过RT-PCR、克隆及荧光定量,研究Ghrelin在其生长发育不同阶段生殖轴表达情况,旨在探究Ghrelin对动物繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,初生、初情期至性成熟卵巢Ghrelin mRNA表达量呈上升趋势,不同阶段间差异显著(P<0.05)。性成熟时生殖轴不同组织Ghrelin mRNA表达量,卵巢明显高于垂体和下丘脑(P<0.05),而垂体与下丘脑间差异则不显著(P>0.05)。     

雷洛昔酚对大鼠垂体的作用

目的 观察雷洛昔酚是否能诱发出催乳素瘤的动物模型以及对PRL水平的影响,以研究雷洛昔酚对大鼠垂体的作用.方法 雌性Wistar大鼠切除卵巢后,分别在皮下埋植含有雷洛昔酚、雌激素和空白硅胶管,术后8周处死大鼠,检测大鼠体重变化、垂体重量变化、血清催乳素(PRL)水平和垂体组织学变化.结果 雷洛昔酚组与阴性对照组大鼠体重无明显统计学差异,与雌激素组大鼠体重具有统计学差异(P＜0.05);雷洛昔酚组与阴性对照组大鼠垂体重相比无明显差异,与雌激素组大鼠垂体重相比具有统计学差异(P＜0.05);雌激素组大鼠血清PRL水平最高,阴性对照组血清PRL水平最低,雷洛昔酚组介于两者之间,分别与雌激素组、对照组相比较差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);雷洛昔酚组与对照组垂体病理为正常细胞形态,雌激素组垂体病理为PRL瘤表现.结论 雷洛昔酚对大鼠垂体有一定的影响,但不能诱发催乳素瘤.     

不同日粮水平对初情期五指山猪性腺轴Kisspeptin/GPR54蛋白表达作用

为了阐明不同日粮水平对初情期五指山猪母猪性腺轴组织中Kisspeptin/GPR54蛋白表达作用影响,本研究采用免疫组织化学法DAB显色技术对其蛋白表达进行检测。结果表明,NRC和0.7 NRC两组实验中猪性腺轴(下丘脑,垂体,卵巢)组织中均检测到Kisspeptin和GPR54 2种蛋白的表达,并确定2种蛋白表达部位为细胞核;其中NRC组Kisspeptin蛋白下丘脑、垂体和卵巢中表达量显著比0.7 NRC组高(p0.05),2组实验中GPR54蛋白在性腺轴中表达无显著差异(p0.05),说明Kisspeptin/GPR54系统在动物初情期中的调控作用是通过个体下丘脑组织中Kiss1蛋白的表达情况得以实现的;Kisspeptin蛋白在2组实验组猪个体性腺轴中的表达规律一致,表达量从高到低排列依次为丘脑、垂体、卵巢;GPR54蛋白则在2组实验组猪个体性腺轴中表达量从高到低排列依次为卵巢、垂体、下丘脑。说明控制日粮能量的摄入并不能影响以上2种基因在猪个体性腺轴各组织中的表达规律。     

应激性高血压大鼠脑干及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中肾上腺髓质素及其受体mRNA表达的改变

采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应检测了慢性足底电击结合噪声应激致高血压大鼠下丘脑、延髓、中脑、垂体和肾上腺等组织中编码肾上腺髓质素的肾上腺髓质素前肽原(preproadrenomedullin,ppADM)基因以及ADM的特异性受体组件降钙素受体样受体(calcitonin-receptor-like receptor,CRLR)和受体活性调节蛋白2和3(receptor-activty-modifying proteins,RAMP2和RAMP3)表达的变化.我们观察到:与对照组相比,以3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶作为内参照,15 d足底电击结合噪声应激引起下丘脑、垂体和肾上腺中ppADM mRNA表达上调,而在延髓和中脑表达明显下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);CRLR基因表达量正常时在下丘脑相对较高,应激15 d后CRLR表达在延髓、中脑和下丘脑下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而在垂体和肾上腺的表达无明显变化;应激后RAMP2基因在延髓和下丘脑表达上调,而在肾上腺表达显著下调(P＜0.01),其他部位无明显变化;RAMP3基因在对照组大鼠的中脑和下丘脑表达较高,在应激性高血压大鼠的下丘脑和垂体表达上调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而在中脑和肾上腺表达下调(P＜0.05),在延髓中的表达变化无统计学差异.上述结果提示:慢性足底电击结合噪声应激引起明显的中枢和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴ADM及其受体组件CRLR/RAMP2或CRLR/RAMP3基因的表达变化.但慢性应激后中枢源性ADM及其受体的表达变化对应激和血压的调节以及在应激致高血压中的确切作用及机制尚待进一步研究.     

下司犬FGF5基因mRNA的表达与绒毛性状的相关性分析

本试验目的在于研究贵州省下司犬长剑与短剑对成纤维生长因子5(FGF5)基因的表达,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分别测定长剑下司犬与短剑下司犬的下丘脑、垂体与皮肤组织中FGF5基因的表达水平,并测定耆甲部、体侧部与尾中部毛长。试验结果表明:长剑母犬在皮肤组织中的表达量最高,显著高于垂体、下丘脑等组织的表达(p0.05),长剑公犬在各组织中的表达差异不显著(p0.05);短剑母犬在垂体组织中的表达量最高,显著高于下丘脑组织(p0.05);耆胛部、体侧部、尾中部长剑母犬较长剑公犬毛长,短剑母犬较短剑公犬毛长,但差异都不显著(p0.05)。该研究为FGF5基因控制毛长性状的机制提供理论基础,对下司犬的研究提供科学依据。     

雌激素诱发大鼠原位与移植垂体催乳素瘤中催乳素基因与TGFα和TGFβ1基因的表达

利用本实验室建立的17β雌二醇(17βestradiol,E2)诱致SpragueDawley(SD)大鼠原位垂体和异体移植于肾囊的垂体同时形成催乳素(prolactin,PRL)瘤的动物模型,采用Northern印迹杂交方法,我们观察了E2长期作用(120d)后诱发的原位与移植垂体PRL瘤中PRL基因和两种转化生长因子(transforminggrowthfactor,TGF)TGFα和TGFβ1基因表达水平的改变。结果表明:在E2长期作用后,原位垂体与异体移植于肾囊,从而远离下丘脑的垂体均可形成垂体PRL瘤;原位与移植垂体PRL瘤中均表现PRL基因的高表达,但移植瘤中的PRL基因表达水平低于原位垂体瘤;此外,仅在原位垂体PRL瘤中发现上述两种转化生长因子呈较高水平的表达,移植垂体PRL瘤与正常垂体中均检测不到这两种转化生长因子的表达。上述结果提示,TGFα和TGFβ1可能涉及E2诱发的原位垂体PRL瘤形成;E2诱发原位与移植垂体形成PRL瘤的机制可能不尽相同     

贵州地方山羊不同组织GnRHR mRNA表达水平研究

[目的]了解GnRHR基因的功能,为山羊选种选育提供更好的科学依据。[方法]采用荧光定量PCR技术分析了贵州地方山羊不同组织GnRHR基因的表达差异。[结果]黔北麻羊中子宫、下丘脑、输卵管和卵巢组织的表达量分别是是垂体组织的0.31、0.42、0.01和0.03倍。贵州白山羊和小香羊垂体组织中表达量是输卵管和卵巢组织的0.13和0.01倍;GnRHR基因在贵州黑山羊下丘脑组织中的表达量是垂体组织的5.5倍,且远高于其它组织。[结论]该研究结果将会为进一步研究该基因对山羊繁殖相关功能影响的研究奠定基础。     

Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor messenger RNA in the hypothalamus and pituitary throughout the turkey reproductive cycle

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been implicated in the regulation of avian reproductive activity and appears to act at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary. This in situ hybridization histochemistry study describes the distribution of VIP receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and the pituitary of reproductively active (laying) and quiescent (nonphotostimulated, incubating, and photorefractory) female turkeys and characterizes the differences observed in VIP receptor gene expression. VIP receptor mRNA, while expressed throughout the hypothalamus, was specifically expressed in areas known to contain GnRH-I neurons in the chicken, i.e., the lateral septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, and paraventricular nucleus. Significant differences in VIP receptor mRNA expression between different reproductive states was observed only within the infundibular nuclear complex. VIP receptor mRNA was markedly less in nonphotostimulated and photorefractory hens as compared with laying and incubating hens. The most dense VIP receptor mRNA was found in the anterior pituitary, where it was 2.4- and 3.0-fold greater in laying and incubating hens, respectively, as compared with that in nonphotostimulated ones. Hens that stopped incubating and became photorefractory displayed pituitary VIP receptor mRNA levels similar to those of nonphotostimulated birds. The changes in pituitary VIP receptor mRNA expression were positively correlated with known changes in pituitary prolactin (PRL) mRNA expression and PRL content and release. These findings indicate that the variations in PRL secretion observed across the turkey reproductive cycle are, in part, regulated by changes in VIP receptors at the pituitary level.     

Pituitary luteinizing hormone and prolactin messenger ribonucleic acid levels are inversely related in laying and incubating turkey hens.

The relationships of prolactin (PRL) and LH messenger (m) RNA to serum and pituitary content were determined for turkey hens at different phases of the reproductive cycle. In the nonphotostimulated, reproductively inactive hen, serum and pituitary PRL content and pituitary PRL mRNA levels were low. All three PRL values rose after photostimulation and peaked during the incubation phase. Relative to nonphotostimulated hens, hyperprolactinemic incubating hens showed 220-, 11-, and 57-fold increases in serum PRL, pituitary PRL content, and pituitary PRL mRNA levels, respectively. These peak levels declined 80-, 3-, and 6-fold, respectively, in photorefractory hens. In contrast to PRL levels, serum LH, pituitary LH, and pituitary LH beta-subunit mRNA levels did not change as dramatically. Serum LH showed no significant changes for the different reproductive phases. Pituitary LH peaked after photostimulation and declined to its lowest level in incubating hens. Pituitary LH-beta mRNA abundance was highest in photostimulated and laying hens and lowest in incubating and photorefractory hens. These results demonstrate that the abundance of LH-beta and PRL mRNA shows an inverse relationship in photostimulated/laying and incubating turkey hens.     

雌激素诱发大鼠原位与移植垂体催乳素瘤中催乳素基因与TGFα和TGF …

利用本实验室建立的１７β－雌二醇诱致Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ（ＳＤ）大鼠原位垂体和异体移植于肾囊的垂体同时形成催乳素瘤的动物模型,采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｍ印迹杂交方法,我们观察了Ｅ２长期作用（１２０ｄ）后诱发的原位与移植垂体ＰＲＬ瘤中ＰＲＬ基因和两种转化生长因子ＴＧＦα和ＴＧＦβ１基因表达水平的改变。结果表明：在Ｅ２长期作用后,原位垂体与异体移植于肾囊,从而远离下丘脑的垂体均可形成垂体ＰＲＬ瘤;原位     

Influence of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary cells: role of cAMP second messenger in VIP-induced prolactin gene expression

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the avian prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor. In the turkey, hypothalamic VIP immunoreactivity and mRNA content, as well as VIP levels in hypophyseal portal blood, are closely related to the state of prolactinemia and the reproductive stage. The present study investigated the role of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary (AP) cells through PRL gene expression and the role of a cAMP second messenger system on VIP-induced PRL expression. In primary AP cells harvested from hens in different prolactinemic states, steady state promoter activities were positively correlated with secreted PRL levels. VIP increased PRL promoter activities in AP cells from hens with intermediate PRL levels (laying), but not in AP cells from hypoprolactinemic hens (nonphotostimulated reproductively quiescent). However, in AP cells from hyperprolactinemic hens (incubating), PRL promoter activity was down-regulated by VIP. PRL mRNA steady state levels were significantly decreased by the cAMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), and PRL secretion was down-regulated by the phosphodiesterase blocker, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the cAMP second messenger system might be involved in the inhibitory action of dopamine upon VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression at the pituitary level. In a study of VIP immediate and long-term effects on c-fos expression in relation to PRL expression, VIP dramatically induced c-fos mRNA expression within 5 min, suggesting that VIP-induced c-fos expression might be involved in VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression. These results provide additional evidence of the functional significance of VIP in PRL gene expression and suggest that changes in PRL promoter activity by VIP may be one of the important inductive mechanisms leading to prolactinemia.     

Demonstration of prolactin messenger RNA after amplification in the brain in rats]

By means of immunocytochemistry, a central neuronal network containing a prolactin-like substance has been described in the rat. In order to demonstrate the synthesis of this peptide in these cells, we examined the presence of prolactin messenger RNA (PRL mRNA) in several brain samples including the pituitary gland. Amplification of the PRL mRNA was performed by the polymerase chain reaction technique, followed by southern blotting and hybridization with a specific oligonucleotide. Results showed the presence of the expected cDNA (468 bp) in the hypothalamus. Another cDNA with a lower molecular weight was also observed.     

Expression of the GnRH and GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) genes in the hypothalamus and of the GnRH-R gene in the anterior pituitary gland of anestrous and luteal phase ewes

Data exists showing that seasonal changes in the innervations of GnRH cells in the hypothalamus and functions of some neural systems affecting GnRH neurons are associated with GnRH release in ewes. Consequently, we put the question as to how the expression of GnRH gene and GnRH-R gene in the hypothalamus and GnRH-R gene in the anterior pituitary gland is reflected with LH secretion in anestrous and luteal phase ewes. Analysis of GnRH gene expression by RT-PCR in anestrous ewes indicated comparable levels of GnRH mRNA in the preoptic area, anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus. GnRH-R mRNA at different concentrations was found throughout the preoptic area, anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus, stalk/median eminence and in the anterior pituitary gland. The highest GnRH-R mRNA levels were detected in the stalk/median eminence and in the anterior pituitary gland.During the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in ewes, the levels of GnRH mRNA and GnRH-R mRNA in all structures were significantly higher than in anestrous ewes. Also LH concentrations in blood plasma of luteal phase ewes were significantly higher than those of anestrous ewes.In conclusion, results from this study suggest that low expression of the GnRH and GnRH-R genes in the hypothalamus and of the GnRH-R gene in the anterior pituitary gland, amongst others, may be responsible for a decrease in LH secretion and the anovulatory state in ewes during the long photoperiod.     

Effects of quinestrol on reproductive hormone expression, secretion, and receptor levels in female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Quinestrol, a synthetic estrogen with marked estrogenic effects and prolonged activity, has potential as a contraceptive for Mongolian gerbils. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of quinestrol on reproductive hormone expression, secretion, and receptor levels in female Mongolian gerbils. Serum and pituitary concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were decreased, whereas serum concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were increased after quinestrol treatment; the effects were both time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, quinestrol downregulated expression of FSHβ and LHβ mRNA in the pituitary gland, as well as FSH receptor (FSHR) and estrogen receptor (ER) β in the ovary. However, it up-regulated mRNA expression levels of ERα and progesterone receptor (PR) in the pituitary gland and uterus, as well as mRNA for LH receptor (LHR) and PR in the ovary (these effects were time- and dose-dependent). In contrast, quinestrol had no significant effects on the mRNA expression levels of ERα in the ovary, or the gonadotropin α (GtHα) subunit in the pituitary gland. We inferred that quinestrol impaired synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH and that the predominant ER subtype in the pituitary gland of Mongolian gerbils may be ERα. Overall, quinestrol disrupted reproductive hormone receptor expression at the mRNA level in the pituitary-gonadal axis of the Mongolian gerbil.     

Differences in prolactin receptor (PRLR) in mouse and human fallopian tubes: evidence for multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling PRLR isoform expression in mice

The anterior pituitary-derived hormone prolactin (PRL) signals through the PRL receptor (PRLR) and is important for female reproductive function in mammals. In contrast to the extensive studies of PRLR expression and regulation in human and mouse ovary and uterus, the mechanisms controlling the regulation of PRLR isoform expression in the fallopian tube are poorly understood. Because dynamic interaction of hormonal signaling in gonadal tissue and the pituitary or in gonadal tissues themselves in mammals suggests endocrine or paracrine regulation of PRLR expression, we questioned whether differential regulation of PRLR isoforms by PRL ovarian-derived estrogen (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) exists in the fallopian tube and pituitary of prepubertal female mice. Western blot analysis showed distinct molecular separation of PRLR isoforms in mouse and human fallopian tubes, and cellular localization was found in mouse and human tubal epithelia but not in mouse tubal smooth muscle cells. These data support the concept of an isoform- and cell type-specific expression of PRLR in human and mouse fallopian tubes. Moreover, expression of the long form of PRLR decreased after PRL treatment and increased after blockage of endogenous PRL secretion by bromocriptine (an inhibitor of PRL secretion) in a time-dependent manner in mouse fallopian tube. The opposite regulation was observed in the pituitary. Treatment with exogenous E(2) or P(4) led to changes in PRLR expression in the fallopian tube similar to those of PRL treatment. However, E(2) and P(4) did not affect PRLR expression in the pituitary. Estrogen had no effect on the long form of PRLR expression, whereas P(4) regulated the long form of PRLR in the fallopian tube, as did PRL. Taken together, the data from our comparative study provide evidence that PRLR can be regulated by an interplay of two different mechanisms, PRL or ovarian steroid hormones independently or in combination in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, we found that ovarian steroid hormones selectively suppress the expression of PRLR isoforms in mouse fallopian tubes. These findings may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms controlling PRLR isoform expression in the fallopian tube (in addition to ovary and uterus), with implications for female reproduction.