低钙对鲫鱼视网膜中视杆,视锥信号向水平细胞传递的不同作用

本工作应用细胞内记录技术,在灌流的鲫鱼离体视网膜的标本上,研究了低钙对外网状层中视锥、视杆信号向水平细胞传递的不同影响。当降低灌流溶液中Ｃａ（２＋）浓度至０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时使视锥－和视杆－水平细胞（Ｃｏｎｅ－ＨＣ和Ｒｏｄ－ＨＣ）均去极化,但对两者的光反应性有不同的影响：使Ｌ型Ｃｏｎｅ－ＨＣ对６８０ｕｍ和５００ｕｍ闪光反应的幅度有不同程度的减小,但使Ｒｏｄ－ＨＣ对光反应的幅度显著增大。在０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ（２＋）Ｒｉｎｇｅｒ液灌流时,无论是明视ＰⅢ（反映机锥活动）或暗视ＰⅢ（反映视杆活动）,其反应的幅度均增大,提示发生在低钙时Ｃｏｎｅ－ＨＣ和Ｒｏｄ－ＨＣ光反应性的不同变化产生于突触传递的过程中。进而,磷酸二酯酶抑制剂ＩＢＭＸ对ＰⅢ的影响与０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ（２＋）Ｒｉｎｇｅｒ液的作用相似,而对Ｌ型Ｃｏｎｅ－ＨＣ和Ｒｏｄ－ＨＣ的作用均是使光反应性增大。这提示,在０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ（２＋）的Ｒｉｎｇｅｒ液中,Ｃｏｎｅ－ＨＣ和Ｒｏｄ－ＨＣ光反应性的变化差异可能是由于低钙对视锥和视杆终末Ｃａ２＋内流的不同影响而产生。     

多巴胺对鲫鱼视网膜H1型水平细胞上电压门控钙离子通道的调控特性

利用细胞内的钙离子成像技术,研究了多巴胺对鲫鱼视网膜H1型水平细胞上L型电压门控钙离子通道的调控特性。研究发现,在不同胞外pH(6.8、7.4、8.0)条件下,不同浓度多巴胺(50和500μmol/L、1 mmol/L)对L型电压门控钙离子通道均具有上调作用。50μmol/L多巴胺在不同pH下的上调程度没有显著性差异;高浓度多巴胺(500μmol/L和1 mmol/L)在pH8.0条件下比pH6.8和7.4条件下具有更显著的上调作用。这些结果表明,在鲫鱼视网膜H1型水平细胞上,多巴胺对电压门控钙离子通道的调控与胞外pH环境密切相关。在光照情况下,L型电压门控钙离子通道活性被相对高浓度多巴胺上调,并被胞外碱性环境协同增强。这种协同增强效应有助于阐明视网膜对光反应的信息传递机制。     

AMPA对视网膜L型水平细胞所接收的红、绿敏视锥信号的不同调制作用

在离体灌流的鲫鱼视网膜,应用细胞内记录技术,研究了谷氨酸受体激动剂——AMPA对L型水平细胞(LHC)的作用.AMPA压抑LHC由红敏视锥驱动的反应,却增强由绿敏视锥驱动的反应.此效应可为AMPA受体特异的拮抗剂(GYKI53655)所逆转,表明仅有AMPA受体参与其中.印防己毒素(PTX)或双氢红藻氨酸(DHK)存在时,依然可以观察到这种效应,提示自LHC向视锥的负反馈和视锥谷氨酸转运体在此效应中不起显著作用.AMPA的不同调制作用提示,LHC上可能存在不同特性的AMPA受体亚型介导红敏和绿敏视锥的信号传递.     

Mueiller细胞与视网膜功能

Ｍｕｅｌｌｅｒ细胞是视网膜中的主要胶质细胞。除了一般的支持和营养作用外,近年的许多研究表明,在Ｍｕｅｌｌｅｒ细胞和视网膜视风膜神经元之间在着双向的通讯,它们可以直接通过改变细胞外空间神经活性物质的浓度或间接（通过控制神经元的微环境）调制制神经元活动,因此在视网膜功能中起着重要的作用。     

鲫鱼视网膜亮度型水平细胞上不同视锥信号的相互作用:实验及模型

本文应用胞内记录和动态模型分析方法,研究了离体鲫鱼视网膜视锥驱动的高度型水平细胞（ＬＨＣ）上不同视锥信号的相互作用。实验表明,绿背景光的作用可以提高ＬＨＣ的红光反应,这种增强作用与绿敏锥的活动程度密切相关,模型分析表明,背景光 的作用谷氨酸介导的前馈性通路和ＧＡＢＡ介导的反馈性通路活动同时得以增强,水平细胞对光反应的增强效应不能为外泊性ＧＡＢＡ所消除。则其程度为前馈性通路和反馈性通路活动增加的相对     

GABA对鲫鱼视网膜视锥水平细胞的选择性压抑

本工作应用细胞内记录技术,在灌流的鲫鱼视网膜的标本上,研究了γ－氨基丁酸对视杆水平细胞笔视锥水平细胞的影响。结果表明,在ＧＡＢＡ的作用下,Ｌ型视锥水平细胞暗中膜电位超极化,对光反应减小;ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的特异性拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱在７０％的细胞上能阻断上述ＧＡＢＡ的效应。     

视网膜S-电位和水平细胞

S-电位的发现揭开了视网膜神经元细胞内研究的序幕。细胞内染色技术已证明 S-电位起源于水平细胞。本文评述这一领域的主要进展,特别是结合外网状层神经元回路的研究,讨论对各种水平细胞的感受细胞输入及其相互作用。也将论及水平细胞在视信息处理过程中的作用。     

Müler细胞与视网膜功能

Ｍüｌｅｒ细胞是视网膜中的主要胶质细胞。除了一般的支持和营养作用外,近年的许多研究表明,在Ｍüｌｅｒ细胞和视网膜神经元之间存在着双向的通讯,它们可以直接通过改变细胞外空间神经活性物质的浓度或间接（通过控制神经元的微环境）调制神经元的活动,因此在视网膜功能中起着重要的作用。     

哺乳动物细胞线粒体融合-分裂与钙离子信号的关系

线粒体是一种高度动态的细胞器,通过融合和分裂两个相反的过程来维持正常的形态结构。在哺乳动物中,多种因素影响线粒体的融合-分裂的平衡,但现已明确,线粒体融合的主要调节因子为Mfn1/2、OPA1,介导线粒体分裂的主要调节因子为Drp1、Fis1。新近研究发现,线粒体融合-分裂平衡的紊乱将导致线粒体结构和在细胞内分布的异常,进而影响细胞和线粒体对钙离子信号的反应;同时,钙离子也可通过多种机制影响线粒体的形态结构与分布。     

酿酒酵母细胞中钙离子信号传导途径的研究进展

酿酒酵母（SaccharomycescP增v括fdP）细胞可以通过ca2＋／钙调磷酸酶信号途径来应对许多外界环境胁迫。在交配信息素、盐或者其他环境压力存在的条件下,钙离子会通过细胞质膜上的未鉴定的钙转运蛋白x和M或者由Cchl和Midl组成的钙通道进入细胞质。胞质内钙离子浓度的增加会激活细胞质里的钙调磷酸酶（calcineurin）。钙调磷酸酶的一个非常重要的作用是去磷酸化细胞质内的转录因子Crzl,造成它快速地从细胞质转移到细胞核,从而诱导包括液泡膜上钙泵蛋白基因PMCl以及内质网膜和高尔基体膜上钙泵蛋白基因尸脚,在内的目标基因的表达。这两个钙泵蛋白和液泡膜上的Ca2＋／H＋交换蛋白Vcxl一起作用,将细胞质内的钙离子浓度控制在50～200nmol／L的正常生理浓度内．使细胞能够正常生长。该综述主要论述了酿酒酵母细胞内Ca2＋／钙调磷酸酶信号途径的最新研究进展。     

Down-regulated LAMA4 inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells through the MAPK signaling pathway in rats with glaucoma

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder that is generally accepted as the main cause of vision loss. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that laminin α4 (LAMA4) is implicated in glaucoma development by controlling apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Expression profiles and genes associated with glaucoma were searched to determine the objective gene. Intraocular pressure (IOP) rats model were established and IOP was measured. The mRNA and protein expression of LAMA4, JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, and p53 was determined in concert with the treatment of H₂O₂, si-NC, or si-LAMA4 in cultured RGCs. Viability of RGCs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis was also measured. LAMA4 was selected as the study object because of its significant difference in two expression profiles. IOP of rats with glaucoma increased significantly after model establishment, and the LAMA4 protein expression in retinal tissue of rats with glaucoma was elevated. Down-regulation of LAMA4 could inhibit the mRNA and protein expression of LAMA4, JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK, Bax, Caspase-9, and p53, as well as restrain the apoptosis and ROS of RGCs, but improve Bcl-2 expression and viability of RGCs. Collectively, the obtained data supported that downregulated LAMA4 might reduce the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of glaucoma RGCs by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.     

突触后钙通路有助于视锥与L型水平细胞间的突触可塑性

我们实验室以前发现,视网膜视锥与亮度型水平细胞（luminosity—type horizontal cell,LHC）之间的突触传递效率具有可塑性。重复性刺激红敏视锥增加了LHC对红光的超极化反应幅度,而且这种增强作用是可逆的。在本文中,我们运用细胞内记录技术和药理学分析的方法来考察重复性红光刺激引起的反应增强的可能机制。当通过胞内注射Ca^2＋的螯合剂EGTA来降低LHC内的Ca^2＋浓度后,重复性红光引起的反应增强被抑制,提示突触后钙信号是反应增强的一个重要因素。另外,反应增强现象还可以被钙离子通透的AMPA受体（Ca^2＋-permeable AMPA receptor,CP-AMPAR）的拈抗剂阻断,说明通过钙离子通透的谷氨酸受体内流的Ca^2＋与胞内Ca^2＋浓度的改变有关。进一步发现,胞外灌流ryanodine或caffeine也可以消除反应增强现象,说明由钙诱导的钙释放（calcium—induced calcium release,CICR）引起的钙信号可能也参与了反应增强现象的产生。结果提示,CICR和CP—AMPAR与重复性红光刺激引起的LHC对红光的反应增强有关。     

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and calcium signaling in retinal amacrine cells

To begin to understand the modulatory role of glutamate in the inner retina, we examined the mechanisms underlying metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent Ca(2+) elevations in cultured GABAergic amacrine cells. A partial sequence of chicken retinal mGluR5 encompassing intracellular loops 2 and 3 suggests that it can couple to both G(q) and G(s). Selective activation of mGluR5 stimulated Ca(2+) elevations that varied in waveform from cell to cell. Experiments using high external K(+) revealed that the mGluR5-dependent Ca(2+) elevations are distinctive in amplitude and time course from those engendered by depolarization. Experiments with a Ca(2+) -free external solution demonstrated that the variability in the time course of mGluR5-dependent Ca(2+) elevations is largely due to the influx of extracellular Ca(2+). The sensitivity of the initial phase of the Ca(2+) elevation to thapsigargin indicates that this phase of the response is due to the release of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum. Pharmacological evidence indicates that mGluR5-mediated Ca(2+) elevations are dependent upon the activation of phospholipase C. We rule out a role for L-type Ca(2+) channels and cAMP-gated channels as pathways for Ca(2+) entry, but provide evidence of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel-like immunoreactivity, suggesting that Ca(2+) influx may occur through TRP channels. These results indicate that GABAergic amacrine cells express an avian version of mGluR5 that is linked to phospholipase C-dependent Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) influx, possibly through TRP channels.     

The Notch signaling pathway in retinal dysplasia and retina vascular homeostasis

The retina is one of the most essential elements of vision pathway in vertebrate. The dysplasia of retina cause congenital blindness or vision disability in individuals, and the misbalance in adult retinal vascular homeostasis leads to neovaseularization-associated diseases in adults, such as diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration. Many developmental signaling pathways are involved in the process of retinal development and vascular homeostasis. Among them, Notch signaling pathway has long been studied, and Notch signaling-interfered mouse models show both neural retina dysplasia and vascular abnormality. In this review, we discuss the roles of Notch signaling in the maintenance of retinal progenitor cells, specification of retinal neurons and glial cells, and the sustaining of retina vascular homeostasis, especially from the aspects of conditional knockout mouse models. The potential of Notch signal mampulation may provide a powerful cell fate- and neovascularization-controlling tool that could have important applications in la'eatment of retinal diseases.     

Nuclear calcium signaling: an emerging topic in plants

The calcium ion is probably one of the most studied second messenger both in plant and animal fields. A large number of reviews have browsed the diversity of cytosolic calcium signatures and evaluated their pleiotropic roles in plant and animal cells. In the recent years, an increasing number of reviews has focused on nuclear calcium, especially on the possible roles of nuclear calcium concentration variations on nuclear activities. Experiments initially performed on animal cells gave conflicting results that brought about a controversy about the ability of the nucleus to generate its own calcium signals and to regulate its calcium level. But in plant cells, several converging scientific pieces of evidence support the hypothesis of nucleus autonomy. The present review briefly summarizes data supporting this hypothesis and tries to put forward some possible roles for these nucleus-generated calcium signals in controlling nuclear activity.     

The unusual suspects: Regulation of retinal calcium channels by somatostatin

Calcium channel family members activate at different membrane potentials which enables tissue specific calcium entry. Pore mutations affecting this voltage dependence are associated with channelopathies. In this review we analyze the link between voltage sensitivity and corresponding kinetic phenotypes of calcium channel activation. Systematic changes in hydrophobicity in the lower third of S6 segments gradually shift the activation curve thereby determining the voltage sensitivity. Homology modeling suggests that hydrophobic residues that are located in all four S6 segments close to the inner channel mouth might form adhesion points stabilizing the closed gate. Simulation studies support a scenario where voltage sensors and the pore are essentially independent structural units. We speculate that evolution designed the voltage sensing machinery as robust "all-or-non" device while the verity of voltage sensitivities of different channel types was accomplished by shaping pore stability.     

Transient transfection induces different intracellular calcium signaling in CHO K1 versus HEK 293 cells

For the controlled production of recombinant proteinsin mammalian cells by transient transfection, it maybe desirable not only to manipulate, but also todiagnose the expression success early. Here, weapplied laser scanning confocal microscopy to monitortransfection induced intracellular Ca²⁺responses. We compared Chinese hamster ovary (CHO K1)versus human embryo kidney (HEK) 293 cell lines, whichdiffer largely in their transfectability. An improvedcalcium phosphate transfection method was used for itssimplicity and its demonstrated upscale potential.Cytosolic Ca²⁺ signaling appeared to inverselyreflect the cellular transfection fate. Virtually allCHO cells exhibited asynchronous, cytosolicCa²⁺ oscillations, which peaked 4 h afteraddition of the transfecting solution. Yet, most ofthe HEK cells displayed a slow and continuousCa²⁺ increase over the time of transfection. CHOcells, when exposed to a transfection-enhancingglycerol shock, strongly downregulated their Ca²⁺response, including its oscillations. When treatedwith thapsigargin, a Ca²⁺ store depleting drug,the number of successfully transfected CHO cells was significantly reduced. Our result points tointracellular store release as a critical componentfor the transfection fate of CHO cells, and its early detection before product visualization.     

Inhibition by 2,4-toluene diisocyanate of the calcium signaling of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

Summary Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in the production of polyurethane products such as foams, coatings, and elastomers. In exposed workers, chronic inhalation of TDI has resulted in significant decreases in lung function. TDI-induced asthma is related to its disturbance of acetylcholine in most affected workers but the actions of TDI on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are unclear. In order to understand the role of TDI acting on nAChR, we used human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to investigate the effects of TDI on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca ) changes under the stimulation of nAChR. The results showed that TDI was capable of inhibiting the [Ca rise induced by nicotinic ligands, epibatidine, DMPP and nicotine. The inhibition was remained, even increased after chronic treatment of TDI. Our study of TDI acting on human nAChR suggests a possibility that the human nerve system plays some role in the toxicity of TDI in the pulmonary system.