钙离子对菊芋海水胁迫的缓解效应研究

以南芋2号为材料,设计1/2Hoagland(H)、1/2H 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水、1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水 5mmol·L-1EGTA5个处理水平,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋鲜重以及菊芋叶片中MDA含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)的影响,以探索Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫作用机制。结果表明:正常生长条件下外施10mmol·L-1Ca2 对菊芋的生长没有显著影响;在1/2H 30%海水处理下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;在1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2处理下,与1/2H处理相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,与1/2H 30%海水相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,MDA含量和相对电导率显著降低。由此证明外源Ca2 可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,抑制脂质过氧化作用,增加叶绿素含量,维持较高的光合速率,促进干物质积累,从而使生物产量增加。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材,采用Hoagland营养液栽培,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10μmol·L-1)IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用,0.01~1μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量;使叶中Na+积累降低,K+积累增加,且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加,以1μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应;而10μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

外源油菜素内酯对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合作用及镉富集的调控效应

以两种菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)品系南芋2号(NY2)和南芋5号(NY5)为材料,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-EBL)对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗干重、根冠比(R/S)、光合色素含量、叶片气体交换参数和水分利用效率(WUE)的调节效应,还测定了其不同器官的镉(Cd)含量.结果表明:在镉胁迫下,2种菊芋幼苗的干重、R/S、光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、WUE均呈下降趋势,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)升高.(2)与镉胁迫相比,胁迫下外源喷施10-10、10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L 24-EBL作用下,两品系植株干重和R/S值均不同程度的上升,NY2、NY5的植株干重分别在10-9 mol/L 24-EBL(EBL2)和10-8mol/L 24-EBL(EBL3)处理下达到最大值,分别增加50％和64％.镉胁迫下,外源24-EBL处理均提高菊芋的叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,Pn、Gs、Tr也由此得到不同程度的上升,而Ci均下降,NY5的Ci下降更显著.镉胁迫下,外源EBL2和EBL3作用下均不同程度地提高其WUE,NY5的WUE增幅远大于NY2.镉胁迫下NY5的新完全展开叶Cd含量的积累明显高于NY2;而EBL2处理下可降低NY2的新完全展开叶Cd含量,但EBL3却显著增加NY5的叶片Cd含量.镉胁迫下,喷施EBL2的NY2的不同器官、NY5根的Cd含量均显著下降,而NY5其他器官的Cd含量变化不显著.NY5不同器官的Cd含量均明显高于NY2.上述表明,24-EBL可明显提高菊芋的耐镉水平,主要是因为外源喷施24-EBL能显著促进其光合和提高水分利用效率,从而改善Cd胁迫下菊芋幼苗的生长;而24-EBL对菊芋NY5非气孔限制的更显著改善是其促进其光合、水分利用的重要原因,也是其对NY5的生长调控效果优于NY2的重要原因之一.结果还显示,菊芋NY5植株生物量大,从环境中提取Cd的能力较好,因此可作为重金属污染土壤的植物修复的材料来利用.     

外源钙对NaCl胁迫下海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解效应

以1/4 Hoag land 0.5%N aC l为基础培养液,研究培养液中C aC l2浓度为0、15、20、25、30、35 mm o l/L时海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长状况。结果表明,随着培养液中C aC l2浓度的升高,种子萌发率逐渐增加。海滨锦葵幼苗根系活力、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在C aC l2浓度为15~25 mm o l/L时逐渐升高,丙二醛(M DA)含量下降,幼苗生长状况较好。但在C aC l2浓度为30~35 mm o l/L时,M DA含量逐渐升高,而以上其它各项生理指标呈逐渐下降的趋势。表明外源钙离子对N aC l胁迫下海滨锦葵种子的萌发和幼苗生长具有缓解效应,其中以25 mm o l/L C aC l2对N aC l胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

壳聚糖对黄瓜幼苗抗盐的协同生理作用研究

在200 mm o l.L-1N aC l胁迫条件下,采用根部注射结合叶面喷施的方法,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200、250 m g.L-1)壳聚糖(Ch itosan,CTS)对黄瓜(Cucum is sa tivus L.)幼苗抗盐的生理作用。结果表明:CTS能够显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,降低植株盐害指数,最高幅度达36.2%(P<0.01);显著提高幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸(P ro)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性(P<0.01);有效降低叶片细胞脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(M DA)含量和电解质渗透率(P<0.01);筛选出CTS最佳处理浓度为150 m g.L-1,持效期8 d以上。研究表明适宜浓度的CTS具有增强活性氧清除能力、保护生物膜功能、提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐的协同生理作用。     

叶面喷施亚精胺对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及其叶绿素合成前体含量的影响

以盐碱敏感型番茄品种‘中杂9号’幼苗为试验材料,研究叶面喷施0.25mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对75mmol·L-1盐碱溶液胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、净光合速率及叶绿素合成前体物质含量的影响,探讨Spd在缓解番茄盐碱胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果显示:(1)盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片叶绿素合成前体物质原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)、镁-原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)、原叶绿素酸(Pchl)含量均显著降低,而δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)、胆色素原(PBG)、尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UroⅢ)显著积累,UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻,引起叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量显著降低,以及幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶面积、叶片相对含水量、地上和地下部干鲜重的生长指标均显著降低。(2)盐碱胁迫下,叶面喷施Spd可显著促进番茄幼苗的生长,抑制叶片内ALA、PBG、UroⅢ的积累,并提高ProtoⅨ、Mg-protoⅨ、Pchl、Chl a、Chl b、Chl含量和相应Pn值。研究表明,盐碱胁迫显著抑制番茄幼苗的生长,叶面喷施Spd可通过缓解UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻程度,促进盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片的叶绿素合成,提高叶绿素含量和净光合速率,减轻盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的伤害。     

NaCl胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长和叶片光合作用参数以及体内离子分布的影响

对不同浓度[0(CK)、50和100 mmol·L-1]NaCl胁迫条件下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L. )幼苗的生长、叶片光合作用参数以及体内Cl-、Na+和K+含量分布状况进行了比较研究.结果表明,随NaCl浓度的提高,菊芋幼苗单株地上部分的鲜质量和干质量以及全株鲜质量和干质量均逐渐下降且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05);地下部分的鲜质量和干质量也呈逐渐下降的趋势,但仅100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组与对照组间有显著差异(P<0.05).随NaCl浓度的提高,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)逐渐减小、水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)逐渐增大,但总体上差异不显著(P>0.05);50和100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组的Pn分别为对照组的85.6%和44.9%,Gs分别为对照组的67.9%和57.1%,WUE分别为对照组的1.25和1.54倍,Ls分别为对照组的1.57和1.64倍.随NaCl浓度的提高,菊芋幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cl-和Na+含量逐渐增加、K+含量逐渐减小,且各处理组间Na+含量差异显著、K+含量差异不显著;地上部分和地下部分的Na+/K+比均随NaCl浓度的提高逐渐增大,0、50和100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组幼苗地上部分的Na+/K+比分别为0.26、0.83和2.39,地下部分的Na+/K+比分别为0.51、1.16和2.83;各处理组幼苗地上部分的Cl-、Na+和K+含量均明显高于地下部分,表明地下部分吸收的Cl-、Na+和K+大部分被转移至地上部分.研究结果显示,NaCl胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长和叶片光合作用等均有一定的抑制作用,对其体内离子平衡也有一定的影响,干扰了菊芋幼苗的正常生长.     

外源多胺对盐胁迫下玉米叶绿体结合态多胺水平和光合作用的影响

在100 mm o l/L N aC l胁迫下,研究了外源多胺-腐胺(Pu t)、尸胺(C ad)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)对玉米幼苗生长、光合速率和PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿体结合多胺和叶片丙二醛(M DA)含量以及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施1 mm o l/L的Pu t、Spd和Spm可显著增加盐胁迫下玉米幼苗干物质重、叶绿体内结合态多胺的含量、叶片净光合速率和PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm),并降低了叶片中M DA含量.外源Spd和Spm明显增加盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性;外源Pu t可增强APX和POD活性,对CAT活性的影响不明显.这些结果表明多胺对玉米盐害的缓解作用可能是由于提高了叶绿体中结合态多胺的含量和叶片抗氧化酶的活性,从而增强了盐胁迫下的玉米光合能力.     

水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合作用及离子吸收的影响

为探明水杨酸(SA)对NaCl胁迫下菊芋耐盐生理的调控作用,研究了100μmol·L-1水杨酸对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合响应特征及离子吸收运输的影响.结果表明:施用水杨酸不仅能够有效缓解NaCl胁迫对菊芋光合作用的抑制,促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗各种光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的增加,降低细胞间隙CO2浓度,同时也能明显降低NaCl胁迫下菊芋体内Na+的积累,促进菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,其中在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下施用水杨酸处理的菊芋叶片中K+和Ca2+含量分别比未施用水杨酸处理增加了12.9％和14.7％,而Na+含量则降低了30.6％.由此证明,一定浓度外源水杨酸的施用有利于促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合功能的改善,以及有效维持菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,从而增强菊芋对NaCl胁迫的抗性,提高NaCl胁迫下的生产力.     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材, 采用Hoagland营养液栽培, 研究了不同浓度（0、0.01、0.1、1和10 μmol·L-1） IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明, 碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用, 0.01-1 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量; 使叶中Na＋积累降低, K＋积累增加, 且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高, 净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）增加, 以1 μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1 μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性及还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量, 降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应; 而10 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.