丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环中的作用

作为植物需求量最大的营养元素,氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。丛枝菌根真菌能与地球上80%以上的陆生植物形成菌根共生体,帮助宿主植物吸收土壤中的P、N等矿质养分。目前,丛枝菌根真菌与氮素循环相关研究侧重于真菌对氮素的吸收形态以及共生体中氮的传输代谢机制,却忽略了丛枝菌根真菌在固氮过程、矿化与吸收过程、硝化过程、反硝化过程以及氮素淋洗过程等土壤氮素循环过程中所起到的潜在作用,并且越来越多的证据也表明丛枝菌根真菌是影响土壤氮素循环过程的重要因子。总结了丛枝菌根真菌可利用的氮素形态及真菌的氮代谢转运相关基因的研究现状;重点分析了丛枝菌根真菌在调控土壤氮素循环过程中的潜在作用以及在生态系统中的重要生态学意义,同时提出了丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环过程中一些需要深入研究的问题。     

同位素示踪技术在丛枝菌根真菌生态学研究中的应用

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌是生态系统中重要的土壤微生物之一。AM真菌菌丝体网络是由AM真菌菌丝体在土壤生态系统中连接两株或两株以上植物根系所形成的菌丝体网络。随着菌根学研究的深入,如何直观的揭示AM真菌的生态学功能已经成为相关领域关注的热点问题。研究发现,利用同位素示踪技术可以开展AM真菌与宿主植物对土壤矿质营养的吸收、转运等方面的研究,以及菌丝体网络对不同宿主植物之间营养物质的分配研究和AM真菌在生态系统生态学中的功能研究。基于此,为了阐明同位素示踪技术在AM真菌研究中的价值,围绕菌根学最新研究进展,系统回顾了利用同位素示踪技术探究AM共生体对不同元素吸收和转运的机制、同位素示踪技术在AM真菌菌丝体网络研究中的价值和利用同位素示踪技术研究AM真菌在生态系统中的功能,为AM真菌生态学功能的研究提供理论基础,并对本领域未来的研究方向和应用前景进行展望。     

西双版纳热带雨林中丛枝菌根真菌的初步研究*

对西双版纳热带雨林中30个科的42种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌定居情况进行了调查,并从这些植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、球囊霉属(Glomus)和硬囊霉属(Sclerocystis)的25种丛枝菌根真菌。对热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度（spore density）、物种丰富度（species richness）以及已鉴定种的出现频率进行统计分析发现：热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度在每100g土壤116~1560个之间,平均478个;物种丰富度在2~7之间,平均为4.5;无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势类群。     

西双版纳热带雨林中丛枝菌根真菌的初步研究

对西双版纳热带雨林中30个科的42种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌定居情况进行了调查,并从这些植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora)、球囊霉属（Glomus)和硬囊霉属（Sclerocystis)的25种丛枝菌根真菌,对热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度（spore density)、物种丰富度（species richness)以及已鉴定种的出现频率进行统计分析发现：热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度在每100g土壤116-1560个之间,平均478个;物种丰富度在2-7之间,平均为4.5;无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势类群。     

都江堰地区丛枝菌根真菌多样性与生态研究

 调查了都江堰地区3个不同生境样地（般若寺、馒头山、龙池）中85种优势及常见植物的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率,其中78种植物（91.8%）被丛枝菌根真菌侵染。同时对其中58种植物根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的多样性进行分析,共分离到5属47种丛枝菌根真菌,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）35种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）7种,原囊霉属（Archaeospora）1种,内养囊霉属（Entrophospora）2种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）2种。无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属是3个样地共有的优势属。光壁无梗囊霉（Acaulospora laevis）是龙池的优势种,而地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme）是般若寺和馒头山的优势种。丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种的丰度显著受到海拔相关因子影响,同时丛枝菌根真菌的种类组成也受较大影响。乔木砍伐没有显著影响丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种的丰度,同时对种类组成影响也较小。根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度与根系侵染率之间没有显著相关性（R2=0.024 8）。     

云南部分地区湿地植物的丛枝菌根初报

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对昆明、澄江、建水、通海、石屏、东川和禄劝等地的15个科32种湿地植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查,共发现有11种植物形成丛枝菌根,占34％。从湿地植物根际土壤中分离、鉴定出分属于4个属的丛枝菌根真菌共16种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和球囊霉属（Glomus）是湿地土壤中的优势类群（94％）。摩西球囊霉（G．mosseae）占孢子总数的88％,是湿地土壤中的优势种。     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是由丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在土壤中产生的一种糖蛋白,其在土壤中大量存在,可分为总球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素、免疫反应性总球囊霉素、免疫反应性易提取球囊霉素.土地利用方式、施肥条件、AMF及宿主类型、外界环境条件等均会影响土壤中GRSP的含量及分布.GRSP能改善土壤团聚体的水稳定性、降低陆地生态系统土壤中CO_2排放、促进土壤中碳贮存、降低土壤中重金属的有效性、减弱重金属的植物毒害.GRSP的提取及定量表征技术仍是限制人们深入了解其在土壤中分布及环境功能的瓶颈.今后有关GRSP的研究应重视以蛋白及其编码该蛋白的基因为基础,阐释GRSP在土壤生态系统中的分子生物学作用及机制,以及GRSP对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响.     

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是由丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在土壤中产生的一种糖蛋白,其在土壤中大量存在,可分为总球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素、免疫反应性总球囊霉素、免疫反应性易提取球囊霉素.土地利用方式、施肥条件、AMF及宿主类型、外界环境条件等均会影响土壤中GRSP的含量及分布.GRSP能改善土壤团聚体的水稳定性、降低陆地生态系统土壤中CO₂排放、促进土壤中碳贮存、降低土壤中重金属的有效性、减弱重金属的植物毒害.GRSP的提取及定量表征技术仍是限制人们深入了解其在土壤中分布及环境功能的瓶颈.今后有关GRSP的研究应重视以蛋白及其编码该蛋白的基因为基础,阐释GRSP在土壤生态系统中的分子生物学作用及机制,以及GRSP对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响.     

植物根际促生菌及丛枝菌根真菌协助植物修复重金属污染土壤的机制

植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

丛枝菌根真菌对中性紫色土土壤团聚体特征的影响

利用分根装置研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对中性紫色土土壤团聚体数量、大小和稳定性的影响,分析了土壤团聚体数量、分布和分形维数,并运用通径分析对不同影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:接种G. intraradices和G. mosseae的菌根室土壤有机质和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量有增加的趋势;湿筛条件下菌根室土壤的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著高于根室土壤,而且降低了土壤分形维数,显示了丛枝菌根真菌提升土壤结构特征的作用。通径分析的结果表明,在影响MWD的众多因子中,菌丝密度对MWD有最大的直接作用。两种菌种对土壤结构均有不同程度的改良作用,反映了丛枝菌根真菌功能的多样性。     

特殊生境中丛枝菌根真菌多样性

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是生态系统的重要组分之一,不仅具有丰富的遗传、物种和功能多样性,而且还具有生态系统多样性,即该真菌的分布与栖息生境复杂多样.AMF侵染植物根系形成菌根,营专性活体共生营养,生态适应性强,除了森林、草原和农田生态系统外,还广泛分布于保护地、盐碱地、矿区污染地、石化与农药污染地、荒漠地、干旱地、湿地、沼泽地、火山地、高原、低温与极地等植物多样性匮乏的特殊生境,形成独特的群落结构,发挥着不可替代的生理生态功能.本文总结了上述生境中AMF物种多样性与菌根发育特点,旨在为进一步开展这些特殊生境和极端环境下的AMF研究提供基本信息.     

丛枝菌根真菌生物地理学研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)普遍存在于陆地生态系统中,能与绝大多数高等植物形成菌根共生体系。AMF能够促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,增强植物的抗逆能力,在维持生态系统稳定性和生产力中发挥着重要作用。AMF生物地理学主要研究AMF的生物地理分布格局和群落构建机制,对于理解AMF在不同生态系统中的重要性至关重要。总结了AMF生物地理学最新研究进展及研究方法,提出了AMF生物地理学研究理论框架。认为AMF在自然界中并非简单随机分布,宿主植物、地理因子、气候因子和土壤因子共同决定AMF的群落结构,不同尺度下的AMF群落构建符合生态位-中性连续统假说,但在不同尺度下这些驱动因子的相对重要性不同。在全球尺度和区域尺度下,AMF的地理分布格局主要受地理距离和气候因子的影响,中性理论的作用大于生态位理论。随着空间尺度的缩减,宿主植物和环境因子对AMF群落的影响胜过地理距离和扩散限制的作用,生态位理论取代中性理论在AMF群落构建中的主导地位。此外,很多研究发现,同一生境中AMF的群落构建机制并非一成不变,会随环境的变化而发生改变。在未来的研究中,应在野外调查和公共数据库的基础上加强整合分析和数据挖掘工作,从而进一步丰富和完善AMF生物地理学理论。     

Research on arbuscular mycorrhizae in Mexico: an historical synthesis and future prospects

This review analyzes the historical development and advances of the research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Mexico, as well as the prospects for future research. AMF-research has been focused on studying both diversity and functionality in several ecosystems of Mexico, but mainly in the tropical dry and rainy ecosystems, and the agricultural systems. In Mexico, 95 species of AMF have been recorded, representing 41% of the known species worldwide. The functional effects of AMF colonization have been examined in approximately 10% of the known host plants, but greenhouse studies continue to dominate over those conducted under field conditions. Even though research to date has been at the organismic level, further effort is needed due to the high plant diversity in Mexico. Studies on AMF biomass under field conditions and more taxonomic determination are required based on morphological features, biochemical determinations (fatty acids) and molecular tools. In addition, ecophysiological and ecological in situ studies would help in understanding the relationships among AMF, soil fauna, nutrients, and host plants. The contribution of AMF to ecosystemic processes is a priority line of research that requires an integrated approach (inter- and multidisciplinary) in order to define the role of AM symbioses for biogeochemical models. The creation of a Mexican mycorrhizal research network has and will help to identify the main challenges. Generating similar research protocols, and sharing databases and experience will assist mycorrhizologists working under the diverse financial and ecological contexts that is to be found in Mexico and Latin America.     

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in differing wetland habitats

The dynamics and role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been well described in terrestrial ecosystems; however, little is known about how the dynamics of AMF are related to the ecology of wetland ecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization within different wetland habitats were examined in this study to determine the factors that influence AM associations and to further assess the ecological role of AMF in wetlands. Fen and marsh habitats of four wetlands in west central Ohio were sampled monthly from March to September. AMF were found at all four sites for each month sampled and were present in all of the dominant plant species. A significant effect of month (P<0.001) on AM colonization did occur and was attributable to maximum colonization levels in the spring and minimum levels in late summer. This trend existed in all four wetlands in both fen and marsh habitats, regardless of variation in water levels, percent soil moisture, or available phosphorus levels. Because abiotic factors had minimal influence on AM colonization variation and the level of AM colonization paralleled plant growth patterns, we conclude that the AM seasonal dynamic was in response to plant phenology. Our data suggest that AM associations in temperate fen and marsh habitats are prevalent in the spring during new root and vegetative growth, even for plants experiencing flooded conditions. Evidence of an overriding AM seasonal trend indicates that future studies should include a seasonal component to better assess the role and distribution of AMF in wetland ecosystems.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sedges to soil aggregation along an altitudinal alpine grassland gradient on the Tibetan Plateau

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in sedges on the Tibetan Plateau remains largely unexplored, and their contribution to soil aggregation can be important in understanding the ecological function of AMF in alpine ecosystems. Roots of Kobresia pygmaea C.B. Clarke and Carex pseudofoetida Kük. in alpine Kobresia pastures along an elevational transect (4149–5033 m) on Mount Mila were analysed for AMF diversity. A structural equation model was built to explore the contribution of biotic factors to soil aggregation. Sedges harboured abundant AMF communities covering seven families and some operational taxonomic units are habitat specific. The two plant species hosted similar AMF communities at most altitudes. The relative abundance of the two sedges contributed largely to soil macroaggregates, followed by extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae (EMH) and total glomalin‐related soil protein (T‐GRSP). The influence of plant richness was mainly due to its indirect influence on T‐GRSP and EMH. There was a strong positive correlation between GRSP and soil total carbon and nitrogen. Our results indicate that mycorrhization might not be a major trait leading to niche differentiation of the two co‐occurring sedge species. However, AMF contribute to soil aggregation and thus may have the potential to greatly influence C and N cycling in alpine grasslands.     

丛枝菌根真菌在外来植物入侵演替中的作用与机制

外来植物入侵不仅是环境、经济和社会问题,也是一个生理学和生态学问题,尤其是入侵植物与本地植物、入侵植物和本地土壤生物之间的相互作用决定外来植物入侵程度。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）作为土壤中一类极为重要的功能生物,在外来植物入侵演替过程中发挥多种不同作用。文章系统总结了AMF对入侵植物个体和群体的影响,入侵植物与本地植物竞争中AMF发挥的促进和抑制作用;探讨了AMF与入侵植物的相互作用关系,以及环境因子对AMF一入侵植物关系的影响：对AMF在外来植物入侵演替中的作用机制进行了讨论。旨在为探索控制生物入侵的新途径、为我国开展外来植物入侵研究与防控实践提供新思路。     

Parasitism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: reviewing the evidence.

In order to understand the functioning of mycorrhizal fungi in ecosystems it is necessary to consider the full suite of possible biotic interactions in the soil. While a number of such interactions have recently been shown to be crucially important, parasitism is a highly neglected feature in the ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A number of studies have classified some interactions between populations of bacteria and fungi with AMF as parasitism, generating discussion about its consequences at both 'parasite' and host population levels. This paper reviews these various publications, and based on a set of criteria that are necessary to demonstrate parasitism, it was concluded that parasitism has not been conclusively shown to exist in AMF, even though some data are highly suggestive of such a relationship. The difficulties in gathering data supportive of parasitism were discussed, and hypotheses for defense were offered. This paper concludes by presenting potential consequences of AMF parasitism at the population/community levels and by discussing applied aspects.     

不同施肥处理对丛枝菌根真菌生态分布的影响

研究了在东北海伦实验站长期定位培肥实验地不同施肥处理下丛枝菌根（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM）真菌生长发育状况（包括侵染率、菌丝量和孢子数）,同时还分析了不同施肥处理下AM真菌群落生态分布和特征.结果表明施肥处理,尤其是磷肥（NP2K）处理显著降低AM真菌侵染玉米根系,而根外菌丝长度和孢子数并无显著变化,这和施肥处理下AM真菌的种群结构发生变化有关.随着土壤肥力的增高,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有增加的趋势,而当肥力增高到一定程度后（磷肥和钾肥继续增加到NP2K和NPK2处理后）,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有下降的趋势;从AM真菌属在不同肥力处理下出现的频度来看,Glomus属在7个处理中出现的频度最高,在每一个肥力处理中都有分布,Acaullospora属次之,Entrohospora属则只是出现在NK处理下;而Glomus属中出现频度最高的种是Glomus mosseae,其次是Glomus caledonium;再次是Glomus diaphanium,这说明施肥处理会影响到AM真菌种属的分布,进而影响到AM真菌的群落结构和生态分布.     

Seasonality of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and glomalin in a western Montana grassland

In order to more fully understand the basic biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and their role in natural ecosystems, it is necessary to document seasonal changes of various aspects of the life history of these fungi. Due to their unique position at the root-soil interface, AMF have been described as `keystone mutualists' in ecosystems. Despite the importance of AMF in ecosystems, few studies exist that examine the seasonality of external hyphae and their exuded products (e.g. glomalin), the AMF variables directly related to ecosystem function through their contributions to soil aggregation. This study examined seasonal dynamics of several soil variables, with a specific interest in the seasonality of external hyphae and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by AMF, which is correlated with soil aggregate stability. Here we measured glomalin concentrations and external AMF and non-AMF hyphal length, as well as soil moisture, percent fungal root colonization (AMF and non-AMF), and root length in soil in an intermountain grassland in western Montana over one growing season (13 time points). Of the glomalin pools and hyphal lengths measured, significant seasonal changes occurred for total glomalin (TG; 24.5% change), immunoreactive easily extractable glomalin (IREEG; 53.8% change), and AM hyphal length (107% change). Prior studies on glomalin in natural systems have not considered seasonal effects. The small seasonal change in glomalin pools lends further support to the hypothesis that glomalin is relatively stable in soils, and suggests that one-time sampling may be sufficient to satisfactorily capture this response variable. However, the generality of this observation has yet to be tested in a wider range of ecosystems.