酵母发酵蔗渣半纤维素水解物生产木糖醇

采用二次正交旋转组合设计研究了蔗渣半纤维素水解过程中硫酸浓度与液/固比对木糖收率的影响。回归分析表明,这两个因素与木糖的收率之间存在显著的回归关系。通过回归方程优化水解条件,当硫酸浓度2.4g/L,液/固=6.2,在蒸汽压力2.5×10⁴ Pa的条件下水解2.5h,100g蔗渣可水解生成木糖约24g 。大孔树脂吸附层析处理蔗渣半纤维素水解物,能有效地减少其中的酵母生长抑制物含量,显著改善水解物的发酵性能。用大孔树脂在pH 2条件下处理过的蔗渣半纤维素水解物作基质,含木糖200g/L,产木糖醇酵母菌株Candida tropicalis AS2.1776发酵110h耗完基质中的木糖,生成木糖醇127g/L,产物转化率0.64（木糖醇g/木糖g）,产物生成速率1.15g/L·h.     

利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液产油酵母的筛选、鉴定及发酵实验

对已分离到的产油酵母通过木糖摇瓶发酵,从中筛选到2株H2-1和J2-2利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液高产油脂酵母,其利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液油脂得率系数分别为13.49和10.28,均显示出对蔗渣半纤维素水解液的高转化率.根据常规生理生化特征和26S rDNA序列分析结果,确认H2-1为小红酵母(Rhodotorula minuta),J2-2为粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis).     

半纤维素水解物生物转化生产木糖醇

木糖醇在食品、医药及化工行业中有着广泛的用途而深受关注。但是,传统的化学法生产木糖醇需要一系列复杂的分离纯化步骤,过高的生产成本限制了木糖醇的使用范围。发酵工艺生产木糖醇无需木糖的纯化步骤,是取代化学合成法的一条可行工艺路线。本文着重介绍产木糖醇的微生物,酵母对木糖的同化途径,半纤维素水解物的脱毒方法,影响木糖醇发酵的工艺条件等。     

菊糖酶发酵生产条件的研究

脆壁克鲁维氏酵母（Kluyveromycesfragilis）在pH5．5的适当培养基中,28℃摇瓶培养30h后,进行分批发酵。结果表明：发酵初始pH为6．0～6．5,菊糖浓度为2％,接种量4％,控制前期发酵温度为28℃,33h后发酵温度为32～34℃。发酵周期为70h左右,最高产酶达240u／ml。在5L自控发酵罐中,产酶达到同样水平,发酵周期缩短约10h。     

假丝酵母发酵玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇

采用一株驯化过的假丝酵母(Candida sp.)直接发酵经过简单脱毒处理的玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇。确定了水解液的最适浓缩倍数在3.0～3.72的范围内。利用正交实验,确定了摇瓶分批发酵工艺条件的最适组合为：摇床转速180r/min,起始C/N为50,起始pH 5.5,接种量5% (体积比)。在此基础上,重点研究了在发酵罐中通气量对酵母发酵玉米芯水解液生产木糖醇的影响。结果表明采用先高后低的分段通气发酵在木糖醇得率方面明显优于恒定通气发酵;其中,在0～24h,3.75 L/min;24～108h,1.25 L/min的分段通气条件下(装液量为2.5L),木糖醇得率(木糖醇/木糖,g/g) 达到0.75 g/g。该结果将有助于建立一种高效的、大规模的利用玉米芯半纤维素水解液发酵生产木糖醇的工艺。     

生物氧化产碱去除半纤维素水解物中的有机酸

盔形毕赤酵母Pichia galeiforms B-10对半纤维素水解物中的有机酸具有良好的降解活性,影响它脱酸活性的最主要因素是水解物初始pH。将半纤维素水解物初始pH值调节至5.0以上而无需其他处理,Pichia galeiforms B-10便可发挥良好的脱酸发酵性能。Pichia galeiforms B-10代谢有机酸盐可产生碱性物质,使水解液pH升高。在pH值5.0的条件下,只要调节补酸(补加低pH值水解物)的速率与代谢耗酸速率相平衡,发酵体系即可始终处于有利于酵母快速代谢有机酸的高pH环境。这种生物氧化产碱连续脱酸发酵方式,可有效降低中和半纤维素水解物的外加用碱量,具有降低成本,减少新污染物的优势。     

不溶性着色蔗渣木聚糖检测木聚糖酶活性*

蔗渣木聚糖经1.4-丁二醇二环氧甘油醚与染料气巴蓝3GA交联形成不溶性着色固体。这种着色蔗渣木聚糖在pH4-8范围内表现稳定,用于评价木聚糖酶活性及在平板上检测产酶微生物具有简捷而灵敏的效果。     

日本用固定化酵母快速发酵生产酒精

日本日挥、关西油漆、三乐三家公司采用固定化耐热酵母与快速发酵组合的酒精生产工艺。以糖蜜为原料发酵生产酒精的这一新工艺比旧法降低2成多。酒精生产成本中,糖蜜原料占了50—75％,因其价格变动大,难以作精确比较。     

利用肌苷发酵废液生产酵母的研究

本课题筛选了适宜在肌苷发酵废液中生长的酵母菌,从中选出了生长量最大的ＣＦ菌。并对利用肌苷发酵废液生产该酵母的条件进行了初步研究。     

Xylitol production from aspenwood hemicellulose hydrolysate by Candida guilliermondii

The production of xylitol by the yeast Candida guilliermondii was investigated in batch fermentations with aspenwood hemicellulose hydrolysate and compared with results obtained in semi-defined media with a mixture of glucose and xylose. The hemicellulose hydrolysate had to be supplemented by yeast extract and the maximum xylitol yield (0.8 g g^–1) and productivity (0.6 g l^–1 h^–1) were reached by controlling oxygen input.     

Fermentation of sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate and sugar mixtures to ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli KO11

Escherichia coli KO11, carrying the ethanol pathway genes pdc (pyruvate decarboxylase) and adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) from Zymomonas mobilis integrated into its chromosome, has the ability to metabolize pentoses and hexoses to ethanol, both in synthetic medium and in hemicellulosic hydrolysates. In the fermentation of sugar mixtures simulating hemicellulose hydrolysate sugar composition (10.0 g of glucose/l and 40.0 g of xylose/l) and supplemented with tryptone and yeast extract, recombinant bacteria produced 24.58 g of ethanol/l, equivalent to 96.4% of the maximum theoretical yield. Corn steep powder (CSP), a byproduct of the corn starch-processing industry, was used to replace tryptone and yeast extract. At a concentration of 12.5 g/l, it was able to support the fermentation of glucose (80.0 g/l) to ethanol, with both ethanol yield and volumetric productivity comparable to those obtained with fermentation media containing tryptone and yeast extract. Hemicellulose hydrolysate of sugar cane bagasse supplemented with tryptone and yeast extract was also readily fermented to ethanol within 48 h, and ethanol yield achieved 91.5% of the theoretical maximum conversion efficiency. However, fermentation of bagasse hydrolysate supplemented with 12.5 g of CSP/l took twice as long to complete. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cultivation of Candida langeronii in sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolyzate for the production of single cell protein

Sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic fraction was hydrolysed by treatment with 70 mg of sulphuric acid per gram of dry mass at 125 °C for 2 h. The hydrolysate was used as the substrate to grow Candida langeronii RLJ Y-019 at 42 °C; initial pH 6.0; stirring at 700 rev/min and aeration at 1.0 and 2.0 v/v/min. The utilization of D-xylose, L-arabinose, and acetic acid were delayed due to the presence of D-glucose, but after D-glucose depletion the other carbon sources were utilized. The kinetic parameters calculated for both cultivations at 1.0 and 2.0 v/v/min included: maximum specific growth rate (_max) of 0.29 ± 0.01 h^–1 and 0.43 ± 0.016 h^–1, yields (Y _x/s) of 0.36 ± 0.012 and 0.40 ± 0.012 g_x/g_s and productivity (Q _x) of 0.81 ± 0.016 and 0.97 ± 0.012 g_x/l/h, respectively, and compared favourably with published results obtained with Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum. Candida langeronii appeared superior to C. utilis for biomass production from hemicellulose hydrolysate, in that it utilized L-arabinose and was capable of growth at higher temperatures. The biomass contained 48.2, 1.4, 5.8 and 23.4% of total protein, DNA, RNA and carbohydrate, respectively and contained essential amino acids for animal feed.     

Effect of selected aldehydes found in the corncob hemicellulose hydrolysate on the growth and xylitol fermentation of Candida tropicalis

The effects of four aldehydes (furfural, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, vanillin and syringaldehyde), which were found in the corncob hemicellulose hydrolysate, on the growth and xylitol fermentation of Candida tropicalis were investigated. The results showed that vanillin was the most toxic aldehyde for the xylitol fermentation, followed by syringaldehyde, furfural and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Moreover, the binary combination tests revealed that furfural amplified the toxicity of other aldehydes and the toxicities of other binary combinations without furfural were simply additive. Based on the fermentation experiments, it was demonstrated that the inhibition of aldehydes could be alleviated by prolonging the fermentation incubation, increasing the initial cell concentration, enhancing the initial pH value and minimizing the furfural levels in the hydrolysate evaporation process. The strategies that we proposed to suppress the inhibitory effects of the aldehydes successfully avoided the complicated and costly detoxifications. Our findings could be potentially adopted for the industrial xylitol fermentation from hydrolysates. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1181–1189, 2013     

Reduced Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in Peritoneal Macrophages and Inhibited LPS-Induced Lethal Shock in Mice by a Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Extract

A sugar cane extract (SCE) has been found to have an immunostimulating effect in several animals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce endotoxin shock via the production of inflammatory modulators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nitric oxide (NO). We examined in the present study the effects of SCE on the TNF-α and NO production in LPS-stimulated mice peritoneal cells and the endotoxin shock in mice. The supplementation of SCE to peritoneal macrophages cultured with LPS resulted in a significant decrease in NO production. All the mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS and D-galactosamine (LPS+GalN) died within 24 h. However, a peritoneal injection, but no intravenous or oral administration, of SCE (500–1,000 mg/kg) at 3 to 48 h before the LPS+GalN-challenge resulted in a significantly improved survival rate. These results suggest that SCE had a protective effect on LPS-induced endotoxin shock via one of possible mechanisms involving the suppression of NO production in the mouse peritoneal cavity.     

Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by Penicillium echinulatum grown on pretreated sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran in solid-state fermentation

AIM: To evaluate the solid-state fermentation (SSF) production of cellulase and hemicellulases (xylanases), by Penicillium echinulatum 9A02S1, in experiments carried out with different concentrations of the pretreated sugar cane bagasse (PSCB) and wheat bran (WB). METHODS AND RESULTS: This study reports the production of xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by P. echinulatum 9A02S1 using a cheap medium containing PSCB and WB under SSF. The highest amounts of filter paper activity (FPA) could be measured on mixtures of PSCB and WB (32.89 +/- 1.90 U gdm(-1)). The highest beta-glucosidase activity was 58.95 +/- 2.58 U gdm(-1) on the fourth day. The highest activity for endoglucanases was 282.36 +/- 1.23 U gdm(-1) on the fourth day, and for xylanases the activity was around 10 U gdm(-1) from the second to the fourth day. CONCLUSIONS: The present work has established the potential of P. echinulatum for FPA, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and xylanase productions in SSF, indicating that WB may be partially substituted by PSCB. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The incorporation of cheap sources, such as sugar cane bagasse, into media for the production of lignocellulose enzymes should help decrease the production costs of enzymatic complexes that can hydrolyse lignocellulose residues for the formation of fermented syrups, thus contributing to the economic production of bioethanol.     

An improvement in Pichia stipitis fermentation of acid-hydrolysed hemicellulose achieved by overliming (calcium hydroxide treatment) and strain adaptation

The fermentability of a corn cob, acid-hydrolysed hemicellulose by Pichia stipitis was considerably improved by pre-treatment with Ca(OH)₂. The total sugars utilized and ethanol yield for the untreated hydrolysate were 18% and 0.21 g/g, respectively, compared with 82% and 0.32 g/g respectively for the treated material. Adaptation of the yeast to the hydrolysate resulted in a significantly higher fermentation rate with over 90% of the initial total sugars being utilized and an ethanol yield and maximum ethanol concentration of 0.41 g/g and 13.3 g/l, respectively.The authors are with the USDA Forest Products Laboratory. One Gifford Pinchot Drive. Madison, WI, 53705 USA