陕北地区提高石油采收率菌株筛选及其降解性能评价

筛选出可提高石油采收率的降解菌株。采用富集培养和稀释平板法,从陕北某采油厂附近长期受原油污染的水域和油污泥中筛选获得以原油为唯一碳源的降油菌株,并对其生长条件、排油圈能力、代谢产物表面活性物质、表面张力与乳化性及原油降解实验进行一系列的研究。含油废水和油污泥中筛选出10株细菌,从中选择了6株优势菌作为供试菌株进行后续研究,6株供试菌株均可使原油的理化性质发生变化。菌株B与原油作用后,使原油黏度降低了49.02%,菌株A-08、菌株5-13、菌株1-2及菌株A和菌株A-08复合菌群可使原油乳化为细小的圆型颗粒,与原油作用后,降解率达到43.25%-60.00%。     

驯化复合微生物菌群处理废弃钻井泥浆活性研究

【背景】油田废弃钻井泥浆含油量高,污染物复杂,环境危害严重,现有技术无法满足日益发展的石油开采行业在废弃钻井泥浆处理方面的需求。生物法处理废弃钻井泥浆,工艺简单,成本低,但也存在局限,包括广谱性差、处理周期长、原油降解率低、泥浆性质波动冲击工艺稳定性等。【目的】构建一种高活性和高环境耐受能力的微生物菌群,分析遗传稳定性和综合性能,提高废弃钻井泥浆处理技术水平。【方法】通过定向富集、诱导驯化的方法,提高活性群落对石油烃乳化降解效率,降低共代谢底物反馈抑制和群体感应系统敏感度,分析群落结构和活性成员的种群类别,分析乳化降解石油烃的活性对应关系。【结果】从含油量超过12g/kg、芳烃-胶质沥青含量超过80%、含盐量超过8g/kg的钻井废弃泥浆中富集得到1个活性微生物菌群,主要成员包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、红细菌属(Rhodobacter)和嗜碱还原硫素杆菌(Dethiobacter alkaliphilus),比例分别达27.44%、20.73%、8.54%和7.93%。在超过22代的连续驯化过程中,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、类希瓦氏菌(Alishewanella)和盐单胞菌(Halomonas)数量达92.72%,菌群结构和活性趋于稳定。处理钻井废弃泥浆5 d,土壤含油率由处理前的12403 mg/kg降低到处理后的42 mg/kg,综合脱油效率99.67%,石油烃降解率68.9%。分析微生物群落作用前后石油饱和土壤中的石油含量变化,原始含油量261 g/kg,处理后含油量305 mg/kg,脱油率99.88%。【结论】菌群驯化后活性稳定,耐受高盐环境能力强,在钻井废弃泥浆、含油土壤及油泥污染物处理方面具有很强的工业应用潜力。     

城市污泥好氧发酵菌种放线菌的初步筛选

目的：微生物好氧发酵处理城市污泥是解决我国大中城市污水厂污泥的一种切实可行的方法,放线菌在其中起关键作用,该研究尝试分离筛选降解污泥的放线菌。方法：采用菌种分离方法,淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素水解实验进行进一步筛选。结果：从城市污泥中筛选到8个放线菌菌株。这些菌株对淀粉、蛋白质和纤维素都有一定的水解能力,其中A1和A7菌株分解淀粉和蛋白质的能力都比较强,淀粉水解实验的透明圈Up值分别为9．0和11．1,明胶液化程度也最高。A7和A8菌株分解纤维素的能力较强,透明圈Up值均为4．0。结论：A1、A7和A8菌株可以应用于城市污泥的好氧发酵。     

一株苯胺降解菌的分离及其苯胺降解特性的研究

目的:筛选高效苯胺降解菌并研究其降解特性,为利用微生物进行苯胺环境污染物修复奠定基础.方法:利用含苯胺的A15培养基分离筛选苯胺降解菌,探讨苯胺降解最佳条件、降解代谢途径,利用16S rDNA基因扩增测序法对株菌进行分子鉴定.结果:获得了一株以苯胺为惟一碳源、氮源生长的高效苯胺降解菌AN6-4.该菌降解苯胺的最高浓度为2500mg/L,降解苯胺的最适温度和pH值分别为30℃、7.0;该菌在60h内可以将1500mg/L浓度的苯胺完全降解;重金属离子对该菌株降解苯胺有不同程度的抑制作用;代谢机制研究表明,该菌株可以诱导合成邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶并分泌到胞外降解苯胺;16S rDNA基因序列同源性比较结果表明该菌属芽孢杆菌的一种.结论:所获得的苯胺降解菌对于研究苯胺降解机制和苯胺环境污染物的生物修复具有重要的理论和潜在应用价值.     

一株异养脱硫反硝化菌株的筛选及其生物脱硫脱氮特性研究

【目的】从生物脱硫脱氮EGSB-DSR反应器的污泥中分离筛选出具有生物脱硫脱氮特性的细菌,并对其生物脱硫脱氮的性能进行研究。【方法】采用Hungate厌氧滚管技术筛选功能微生物,从稳定运行的生物脱硫脱氮EGSB-DSR反应器的污泥中分离筛选出一株高效的生物脱硫脱氮细菌A2。【结果】经过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,菌株A2为固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus sp.)。其典型特征为能够以有机碳作为电子供体,将亚硝酸盐或者硝酸盐转化为氮气的同时还能将硫化物氧化为硫单质。因此具备了高效同步代谢有机碳、NO3–和S2–的特征。这是首次关于固氮弧菌属能够进行反硝化脱硫的相关报道。对菌株A2的生物脱硫脱氮能力的分析表明,在硫化物S2–浓度200 mg/L,NO3?浓度87.5 mg/L,乙酸根离子浓度200 mg/L的条件下,菌株A2在20 h内完成对碳、氮、硫的脱除。菌株对于碳、氮去除率均达到99%,对于硫的去除率达到95%。【结论】结果表明固氮弧菌属A2具有高效的生物脱硫脱氮功能,将有望成为强化生物脱硫脱氮工艺的潜在微生物资源。     

高效降解环己酮的无色杆菌JDM-3-03株的分离和鉴定

目的：分离、鉴定高耐受和高效降解环己酮的菌株。方法：从采自岳阳巴陵石化公司环己酮生产车间总出水口的污泥中,通过逐步驯化筛选环己酮降解菌株;通过形态观察、生理生化特征检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对分离到的菌株进行初步鉴定。结果：分离得到一株环己酮降解菌株JDM-3-03,初步鉴定其为无色杆菌Achromobacter insolitus的一个菌株;该菌能以环己酮为惟一碳源,且能耐受5000mg/L的环己酮;当环己酮的质量浓度为2000mg/L时,在温度为30℃、转速为150r/min的条件下,72h内该菌株对环己酮的降解率达到90.17%。结论：菌株JDM-3-03是一株可高效降解环己酮的无色杆菌。     

微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解活性研究

采用从巢湖水华蓝藻细胞中提取、提纯的藻毒素（Microcystins,MCs）为微生物生长的唯一碳源和氮源,通过平板分离纯化,从巢湖底泥中分离出5株能够降解藻毒素的菌株,并对其中降解活性较高的一株进行分子鉴定。应用PCR技术克隆到16S rDNA片段,核苷酸序列分析结果表明,该菌的16S rDNA的全序列与吉氏库特菌kurthia gib-soniistrain HC050630C-1的相似性达99%。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,用15mg/L乙醇作为外加碳源时可显著提高菌株M9降解MCs的能力,在48h内对初始浓度分别为17.1mg/L的MC-RR和11.3mg/L的MC-LR的降解率分别达到70.0%和81.6%。而葡萄糖对菌株M9的生长有明显抑制作用。     

粪臭素高效降解菌YKSW-6的分离、鉴定及降解特性

【背景】粪臭素是畜牧堆肥中有机污染物的主要成分,造成养殖场及周边环境恶化,粪臭素污染问题亟待解决,利用微生物降解粪臭素是一种环保节能的有效方法。【目的】分离鉴定粪臭素高效降解菌株,研究其降解特性,为粪臭素降解提供高效的菌种资源,为该菌株应用于臭味污染环境的净化提供基础。【方法】以粪臭素为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基作为培养基质,从猪粪堆肥样品中分离筛选粪臭素高效降解菌株,通过形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行分离菌株的初步鉴定,分析其生长规律及粪臭素降解特性,并利用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)对菌株代谢粪臭素的产物进行分析。【结果】从样品中分离获得一株能以粪臭素为唯一碳源的细菌YKSW-6菌株,形态学和16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定该菌株为戈登氏红球菌(Rhodococcus gordoniae)。接种量为10%时,该菌培养14 h对100 mg/L的粪臭素降解率达到100%。其能够利用D-山梨醇、溴-丁二酸等18种碳源,对亚碲酸钾、溴酸钾等13种化学敏感物具有抗性。菌株YKSW-6在5%接种量、温度30-42℃和pH值为6.0-9.0时对100 mg/L的粪臭素降解效率均能达到100%,菌株生长和降解粪臭素的最佳条件为：pH 7.2,温度37℃,转速180 r/min。GC-MS结果表明,粪臭素在菌株的作用下C2先被氧化,转变为3-甲基羟基吲哚,随后进一步被氧化为N-(2-乙酰基苯基)甲酰胺。同时中间产物还有苯乙醛和苯乙酸。【结论】红球菌YKSW-6为目前已报道的降解粪臭素能力较强的菌株,丰富了粪臭素降解菌种的资源库,为实际环境微生物修复应用提供了理论参考。     

泽普油田石油降解功能菌株的分离与鉴定

目的:在研究泽普油田产区菌株多态性的基础上,对石油降解功能菌株进行探讨。方法:通过稀释平板涂布法分离微生物;采用TLC和HPLC方法对分离菌株进行多糖成分鉴定,并进行16S rRNA和18S rRNA序列分析;采用溶血圈实验、排油圈法、石油黏度测定等方法,测定石油降解菌株降解能力。结果:分离菌株中有5株细菌和4株真菌,且菌株多糖的TLC分析结果与形态学鉴定结果基本相同;5株分离细菌中,2株细菌隶属于Bacillus属,3株细菌隶属于Enterobacter。另外4株真菌被鉴定为隶属于Penicillium属;分离菌株B2能降解石油。结论:泽普油田石油产区微生物的群落中存在一定丰度的细菌和真菌,含有B2的原油发酵液黏度为0.67±0.20 mPa.s.和原油在0.05水平上有显著性差异。推断B2对石油具有一定的降解能力。     

一株新型莫能菌素高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解性能解析

利用微生物对抗生素类污染物进行生物降解是目前的研究热点之一。寻找能高效降解抗生素的微生物是该类研究的重要前提。本研究以莫能菌素为唯一碳源,从莫能菌素污染的鸡粪中分离出一株能高效降解莫能菌素的菌株DM-1。根据菌落形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S r RNA基因系统发育分析,对该菌株进行种属鉴定;利用柱后衍生化法的高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测DM-1对莫能菌素的降解效率;并对DM-1的降解条件进行了优化。结果表明,筛选到的莫能菌素降解菌DM-1为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)的细菌,命名为鲍曼不动杆菌DM-1 (Acinetobacter baumannii DM-1);该菌株在10 mg/L莫能菌素的无机盐液体培养基中,避光培养28 d后,莫能菌素的降解率为87.51%,对照组仅为8.57%;菌株DM-1对莫能菌素降解的最优条件为：p H 7.0、温度30℃,最适初始添加莫能菌素浓度为50 mg/L;本研究结果表明菌株DM-1在莫能菌素污染环境的生物修复方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Biotreatment of hydrocarbons from petroleum tank bottom sludges in soil slurries

Summary Biotreatment of oil wastes in aqueous slurries prepared with sandy loam soil and inoculated with selected soil cultures was evaluated. After 90 days, oil removal was 47%. Removal of each hydrocarbon class was 84% for saturates, 20% for aromatics, and 44% for asphaltenes. Resins increased by 68%. The use of a soil with a lower level of fine particles or minor organic matter content, or reinoculation with fresh culture did not improve oil elimination. Residual oil recovered from slurries was biotreated. Oil removal was 22%. Slurry-phase biotreatment showed less variability and faster oil removal than solid-phase biotreatment.     

Biodegradation of Hopane Prevents Use as Conservative Biomarker During Bioremediation of PAHs in Petroleum Contaminated Soils

The pentacyclic triterpane C₃₀ 17α (H), 21β (H)-hopane, a biomarker commonly used in hydrocarbon bioremediation laboratory experiments and field studies, was found to be completely removed without the formation of the demethylated intermediate nor-hopane in a crude oil-contaminated soil undergoing slurry biotreatment, while PAHs such as benzo(e)pyrene were recalcitrant. The partial or complete biodegradation of hopane has also been previously reported in a few bioremediation studies and has been explored by petroleum geochemists in an effort to characterize crude oil deposits. It is currently not clear what conditions induce hopane biodegradation or biotransformation, although the use of microbial enrichment cultures appears to speed up the process. Considering that hopane is not necessarily conserved during a bioremediation study, the uncritical normalization of hydrocarbon concentrations using this biomarker can lead to incorrect estimates of biodegradation rates and extents. If hopane is found to be unstable in a particular case, other potential biomarkers such as pentahopane, oleanane, or vanadium may be used instead.     

Biotreatment of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons from an oily Sludge Using Co-Composting Approach

Discharging of non-treated oily sludge from oil refineries has undesirable impacts on the environment. In this research, the biotreatment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from Abadan Petroleum Refinery, Iran was done using co-composting method. A 5 kg mixture of oily sludge and compost (oily sludge: compost ratios 1:0, 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, and 1:0.7 w/w) and a bulking agent of wheat straw were used as treatments. All treatments were placed in a wooden box inside a laboratory and aerated every 2–3 days by mixing during two months of the experiments. The variation of TPHs concentration, bacterial density, C/N ratio, pH, and temperature were assessed during the 63 days- experiments. Results showed that the majority of TPHs of samples was removed at first 30 days. The maximum TPHs removal (65%) was obtained in the sludge: compost = 1:0.5 at the operation time of 63 day. The significant different between removal efficiency of oily sludge: compost ratios and the control sample (p value < 0.05) indicated the appropriate density of TPHs degrader-bacteria in treated samples. The highest variation in C/N ratio was observed 15± 0.58 in the oily sludge: compost = 1:0.1. At the beginning of experiments, the pH values of all treatments was alkaline, but became neutral at the end of the reaction time. The TPHs degradation kinetic for all oily sludge: compost ratios followed pseudo second-order model. In general, co-composting has high efficiency in oily sludge remediation and can be potentially applied as a simple and cost-effective approach for remediation of oily sludge.     

Passive/aggressive detoxification of continuous flow biotreatment systems using absorptive polymers: partitioning bioreactors treating transient phenol loadings

Biotreatment of wastewaters containing toxic compounds can be jeopardized by surges in substrate concentration. Preventative measures include tight monitoring and control to either dilute high concentration transients, or to divert them to surge tanks for later release and treatment. Using phenol as a typical toxic substrate, we have imposed 4?h phenol surges of 3,000, 6,000 and 8,000?mg/l from a steady-state feed of 500?mg/l, demonstrating such reduced treatment efficiency. In contrast, with the addition to the bioreactor of a small amount (3–10?% w/v) of inert polymer beads (Hytrel 8206) possessing a high affinity for phenol (partition coefficient of 39), significant detoxification was achieved, resulting in a 100?% increase in treatment efficiency, and good performance at phenol surges of up to 16,000?mg/l. The addition (passive operation) of polymers to a biotreatment system eliminated the need for intervention during toxic transients while, at the same time, demonstrating that the polymers perform this function automatically and at all times (aggressive operation).     

Degradation of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum by a newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa DQ8

A bacterial isolate, designated as DQ8, was found capable of degrading diesel, crude oil, n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum. Strain DQ8 was assigned to the genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on biochemical and genetic data. The metabolites identified from n-docosane as substrate suggested that P. aeruginosa DQ8 could oxidize n-alkanes via a terminal oxidation pathway. P. aeruginosa DQ8 could also degrade PAHs of three or four aromatic rings. The metabolites identified from fluorene as substrate suggested that P. aeruginosa DQ8 may degrade fluorene via two pathways. One is monooxygenation at C-9 of fluorene, and the other is initiated by dioxygenation at C-3 and C-4 of fluorene. P. aeruginosa DQ8 should be of great practical significance both in bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils and biotreatment of oil wastewater.     

Functional gene diversity of soil microbial communities from five oil-contaminated fields in China

To compare microbial functional diversity in different oil-contaminated fields and to know the effects of oil contaminant and environmental factors, soil samples were taken from typical oil-contaminated fields located in five geographic regions of China. GeoChip, a high-throughput functional gene array, was used to evaluate the microbial functional genes involved in contaminant degradation and in other major biogeochemical/metabolic processes. Our results indicated that the overall microbial community structures were distinct in each oil-contaminated field, and samples were clustered by geographic locations. The organic contaminant degradation genes were most abundant in all samples and presented a similar pattern under oil contaminant stress among the five fields. In addition, alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation genes such as monooxygenase and dioxygenase were detected in high abundance in the oil-contaminated fields. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the microbial functional patterns were highly correlated to the local environmental variables, such as oil contaminant concentration, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, salt and pH. Finally, a total of 59% of microbial community variation from GeoChip data can be explained by oil contamination, geographic location and soil geochemical parameters. This study provided insights into the in situ microbial functional structures in oil-contaminated fields and discerned the linkages between microbial communities and environmental variables, which is important to the application of bioremediation in oil-contaminated sites.     

黄土高原石油污染土壤微生物群落结构及其代谢特征

针对污染胁迫下土壤微生物群落变化和代谢变异等问题,基于平板稀释法和Biolog微平板分析方法,研究了陕北黄土高原石油污染土壤微生物群落结构、代谢特征及其功能多样性。结果表明,不同类群的土壤微生物对石油污染胁迫的响应不同,污染土壤细菌和真菌数量高出清洁土壤1个数量级,而污染土壤的放线菌数量极显著减少(P0.01);污染土壤和清洁土壤微生物对糖类和多聚物类碳源较易利用,污染土壤微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性均低于清洁土壤。微生物群落主成分分析(PCA)表明,石油污染土壤和清洁土壤的微生物群落存在显著差异(P0.01),起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类;随着土壤石油含量增加,典型变量值变异(离散)增大,土壤微生物群落结构稳定性降低。微生物群落多样性分析表明,Shannon丰富度指数(H)、McIntosh均一度指数(U)和Simpson优势度指数(1/D)均达到极显著差异(P0.01),污染土壤微生物群落H和U低于清洁土壤,但是一定浓度的石油污染可以刺激土壤微生物群落中优势种群的生长,1/D增高。研究结果为陕北黄土高原石油污染区土壤微生物修复提供理论基础。     

Effects of Light Crude Oil Contamination on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fine Sand

The use of oil-contaminated sand in building and construction is now being considered as an alternative and cost-effective way to minimize its adverse effect on the environment. To achieve this, the effect of oil contamination on the important mechanical properties of sand should be investigated first. This study investigated the effect of petroleum-derived contaminants on the water absorption, permeability, cohesion, friction angle, and shear strength of fine sand. Contaminated samples were prepared by mixing fine sand with different percentages of light crude oil (0 to 20%). The results indicated that the water absorption of fine sand decreases with an increase in crude oil. An increase in the cohesion was observed for sand with up to 1% of oil contamination, after which the cohesion began to decrease, which also results in the reduction in the permeability. A slight reduction in the friction angle was found for oil-contaminated fine sand. At a low normal stress of 50 kPa, as the percentage of light crude oil increased, the shear strength increased up to 1% of oil contamination and then it decreased. These results provided useful information on how oil-contaminated sand can be used safely and effectively in building and construction.     

Microflora patterns in oil-contaminated soils

The method of glass slides was modified to study the dynamics of microbial cenoses in oil-contaminated soils. The resulting microflora patterns can be clearly distinguished between soil types and oil quality and utilization.     

Biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Oily Sludge

The present study concerns the biotreatment of oily sludge of petroleum refineries. Experiments were performed to assess the degradation potential of the microbial species present in the oily sludge through augmentation, and using the augmented microbial inoculums to treat oily sludge in a slurry form containing mineral medium and water. The optimum pH of the slurry was found to be 8 for the biodegradation of oily sludge. The effect of oily sludge concentration, stirring rate, and treatment time on degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was studied. It was found that the degradation process consists of two consecutive stages and that each stage follows a first-order kinetics. The first stage lasted 4 days followed by a second stage up to 7 days. The faster first stage had a rate constant of 0.1 day^?1, whereas the slower second stage had a rate constant of 0.056 day^?1. The kinetics was found to be time-dependent. The study showed that the mineral medium provided essential nutrients to the microbial species and that the degradation efficiency of the whole microbial species present in the oily sludge was quite high (～90%).