基因型和胚龄对小麦未成熟胚离体培养反应的影响

本文对34种基因型的小麦未成熟胚在离体培养中的反应进行了比较。结果表明,94％的供试基因型愈伤组织诱导率都可达到80％以上,若排除供体植株环境条件的不同和接种过程中的人为因素可能造成的影响,不同基因型的愈伤组织诱导率看来没有根本的差异。愈伤组织分化率因基因型的不同变动在0—60％之间,平均为32.7％。虽然同一基因型的盾片愈伤组织分化率在不同年份中有所不同,但是愈伤组织是否具有再生能力?看来是个稳定的遗传性状。因此小麦未成熟胚对愈伤组织诱导的反应和愈伤组织的再生能力可能具有不同的遗传基础。本文的结果还表明,虽然最适于培养的未成熟胚的大小为1毫米左右,伹小至0.3毫米的未成熱胚仍能以几乎100％的频率形成愈伤组织,60％左右的愈伤组织能分化出再生檀株,只是所需的时间比1毫米左右的胚较长。     

CuSO4和ZnSO4对尼罗罗非鱼N-乙酰--D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的影响

以分离自尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)精巢的N-乙酰--D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.52, NAGase)为研究对象,探讨了两种水产常用药物CuSO4和ZnSO4对NAGase的影响。研究结果表明CuSO4和ZnSO4对该酶抑制的IC50分别为(1.230.05)和(0.280.02) mmol/L,都能改变酶的构象从而影响到其内源荧光的发射。这两种药物对该酶的抑制机理均为可逆抑制,其中CuSO4对酶的抑制类型为非竞争型, ZnSO4为竞争型,且均能明显影响该酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性。研究结果为罗非鱼养殖过程中CuSO4和ZnSO4的使用和监控提供了参考。     

胚龄和激素对小麦幼胚组织培养的影响

以扬麦158为试验材料,通过田间取样室内培养的方法研究了胚龄和激素对小麦幼胚组织培养的作用。结果表明,幼胚组织培养最适宜的胚龄为14—16d;适宜的2,4-D浓度为1．5-2．5mg/L;适宜的IAA浓度为2．0-3．0mg/L;适宜的6-BA浓度为0．1-0．8mg/L;适宜的KT浓度为0．5—1．5mg/L。因此,胚龄和激素对于小麦幼胚组织培养具有明显的调节作用．在组织培养实践中,充分认识和综合协调这些因素对小麦幼胚组织培养的作用,可以提高组织培养效率,使其更加有利于生物学研究、遗传转化和快速育种等工作。     

诱发小麦成熟胚愈伤组织及其再生植株抗盐性变异的研究

本研究以普通小麦成熟胚为起始材料,以平阳霉素(PYM)和正定霉素(ZDM)为诱变剂。发现不同基因型对药物的敏感性不同,其中对药物敏感的在含盐筛选培养基上的存活率高。在诱导培养基内添加一定量的诱变剂可以产生耐盐变异。这种抗性愈伤组织转入与筛选培养基含盐量相同的分化培养基,比较容易产生耐盐再生植株。其M_1、M_2代较亲本系表现株高降低,穗长变短、籽粒饱满度也差;M_1代的结实率仅有5.5%,M_2代恢复到40.9%。利用M_1代和亲本系实生苗叶片,进行脯氨酸含量测定。发现耐盐变异株在无盐的Hoagland溶液中,游离脯氨酸的含量超过亲本系,对盐胁迫不敏感,其耐受力强于对照,具有一定的抗盐稳定性。     

影响小麦成熟胚再生频率因素的研究(简报)

以小麦成熟胚为外植体,研究了基本培养基、预处理类型、接种方式、植物激素的浓度和不同组合以及分化培养基中是否添加抗生素对愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响．在此基础上建立了一套高效的小麦成熟胚植株再生系统。经过试验,我们选择在MS培养基上接种经无菌水预处理的纵切成熟胚作为起始的试验条件。在含2mg／L2,4-D的MS培养基上．初级愈伤组织的诱导频率可达80％以上．在继代培养基中添加0．5mg／L6-BA和0．2mg／LNAA可以显著提高胚性愈伤组织的产生。而在再生培养基中加入适当浓度的头孢霉素可以有效提高胚性愈伤组织再生出小植株的比例。利用该再生系统,我们从5个小麦优良主栽品种的成熟胚再生出了可育的植株,再生频率达15．3％-34．5％。     

小麦幼胚培养高效成株系统的建立

研究探讨了不同的基因型、幼胚取材时期、４℃处理时间、盾片接种方式、分化及生根条件等对小麦幼胚培养再生成株特性的影响,并在此基础上建立了一套高效、可靠、重复性好的小麦组培再生系统。优化条件下,该系统从幼胚诱导致密俞伤组织的频率为８９％,致密愈伤组织的分化频率诱导２周时为９５％,培养近３个月时仍可达５０％以上。此外还发现部分叶状结构当转至新鲜的分化培养基上时能够进一步发育成为芽苗。分化的芽苗在生根培养     

水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦盐害的缓解作用

盐胁迫条件下水杨酸和阿斯匹林能提高小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,降低幼苗叶片质膜透性和盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,减少膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低根系Ｎａ＾＋和提高根系Ｋ＾＋的向上运输选择性。所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐胁迫对小麦的伤害,提高其对盐胁迫的适应性。     

小麦幼胚培养高效成株系统的建立

研究探讨了不同的基因型、幼胚取材时期、4℃处理时间、盾片接种方式、分化及生根条件等对小麦幼胚培养再生成株特性的影响,并在此基础上建立了一套高效、可靠、重复性好的小麦组培再生系统。优化条件下,该系统从幼胚诱导致密愈伤组织的频率为89％,致密愈伤组织的分化频率诱导2周时为95％,培养近3个月时仍可达50％以上。此外还发现部分叶状结构当转至新鲜的分化培养基上时能够进一步发育成为芽苗。分化的芽苗在生根培养基上大多生成丛生苗。从基部切开后,每棵芽苗／分蘖均可独立成株。组培苗均可正常地开花结实。     

Cytoplasmic effects on the tissue culture response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) callus

Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of eight lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nuclear donor Chinese Spring and seven alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. The calli were found to differ in their initial growth rates, their sensitivity to 2,4-D and their ability to organise shoot primordia, demonstrating that the cytoplasm can significantly affect the behaviour of tissues in culture. The potential for improving the responses of tissues in culture by cytoplasmic changes is noted.     

Chromosomal intervals responsible for tissue culture response of wheat immature embryos

To study the genetic mechanism underlying the tissue culture response (TCR) of immature embryos, callus induction and regeneration were performed in two separate trials using the recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from a cross of Nanda2419 with Wangshuibai. In the first trial, immature embryos were collected from plants grown in the greenhouse in the winter of 2005; while in the second trial, immature embryos were collected from donor plants grown in the field during the growing season. Through whole genome screening, seven chromosome regions conditioning percent embryos forming embryogenic callus (PEFEC) and one conditioning percent callus pieces regenerating plantlets (PCRP) were detected. These QTLs were distributed on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 2, 3, 5 and 7. Among all, QPefec.nau-3B.2, QPefec.nau-7D, and QPcrp.nau-3A were consistently identified. The relationship of these identified wheat TCR QTLs with those of other cereal crops has been evaluated. PCR markers linked to TCR QTLs would facilitate germplasm identification, marker-assisted evaluation and utilization of these QTLs.     

The effect of the 4B chromosomes of hexaploid wheat on the growth and regeneration of callus cultures

Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of nine lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). These were the euploid lines Chinese Spring and Cappelle-Desprez, a line of Chinese Spring ditelocentric for the long arm of 4B, four substitution lines of Chinese Spring in which chromosome 4B has been replaced by its homologues from different wheat varieties and substituted into Chinese Spring and a substitution line of Besostaya I 4B into Cappelle-Desprez. The calli from these lines were found to differ in their growth rates and morphogenic and regenerative activities. The substitution of different 4B chromosomes into Chinese Spring significantly increased morphogenesis and shoot regeneration from callus. The potential for developing wheat lines with improved culture characteristics is discussed.     

Control of tissue culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary The ability of immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to respond to tissue culture has been shown to involve the group 2 chromosomes. The available group 2 ditelosomic and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring wheat were used to determine the chromosome arm location and chromosome dosage effect associated with the expression of tissue culture response (TCR). Significant differences were found between the aneuploid lines and the euploid control for the expression of both regenerable callus formation and callus growth rate. A model is proposed suggesting that a major TCR gene is located on 2DL and that 2AL and 2BS possess minor TCR genes. Furthermore, a major regulatory gene controlling the expression of TCR genes may be located on chromosome 2BL.     

Is Nor region variability in wheat invariably caused by tissue culture?

Summary In a previous study we observed extensive Nor region variability in tissue-culture derived plants of only one out of three tested wheat cultivars. This finding prompted us to further question whether or not this variability was invariably caused by in vitro culture. In the present study, the upper halves of spikes from four source plants of the inbred cultivar ND7532 were removed 12 days after anthesis. The immature embryos from these halves were cultured and regenerated into plants. The lower halves of the same spikes were retained on the plants to obtain mature caryopses. DNA was extracted from seedlings, cut with TaqI endonuclease, run on agarose gels, and the respective Southern blots were probed with the plasmid pTA71 to reveal the Nor region patterns. The sexual progeny of regenerants from three out of four source plants derived from the immature embryos provided Nor region patterns which were exactly identical to the patterns obtained from seedlings which germinated from the caryopses matured on the respective source spikes. The regenerants from the fourth source plant provided variable Nor region patterns. Analyses of the Nor region patterns of 21 individual seedlings germinated from caryopses of this source plant showed that 18 had a three-fragment pattern (consisting of 3.0, 2.7 and 1.9 kb fragments) while three seedlings lacked one (2.7 of 1.9 kb) fragment. Furthermore, the next sexual progeny of the regenerants which had a three-fragment pattern further segregated into three- and two-fragment patterns.These results, in conjunction with previous reports on Nor region variability among tissue-culture derived plants, suggest that this variability is not invariably related to in vitro culture.     

Studies on the application of iron to some glasshouse vegetables grown in soilless culture

Summary The application of iron to some glasshouse crops in soilless culture was studied in the course of an investigation. The growing systems consisted of nutrient film technique and rockwool. The test crops were tomatoes, cucumbers and sweet peppers.Various iron chelates were compared in a range of concentrations in a nutrient film system as well as in a rockwool system. The results showed that higher iron levels in the nutrient solution are required in the nutrient film technique than in the rockwool system. The level of the iron content in the nutrient solution had a significant effect on the structure of the root system. Crop analyses showed that on the whole no clear relationship could be found between the iron content of the plant tissues and iron chlorosis in the crop. Only in a few instances could a relationship be established and them only by averaging the results of a series of samplings.     

小麦子粒铁、锌元素含量的研究进展

目前,铁、锌元素营养失衡已严重影响人类健康,而小麦作为人们的主要食物,其子粒中铁、锌元素含量普遍较低。因此,通过小麦育种策略提高铁、锌元素含量则被认为是最经济有效的手段,这也引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。本文概述了小麦子粒铁、锌元素含量的遗传差异、影响因素以及分子机理的研究现状,并展望了提高小麦子粒铁、锌元素含量的研究前景及途径。