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1.
莽山烙铁头蛇毒液蛋白质组学研究(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
蔡荫和  蓝海  陈远辉  王英敏 《蛇志》2010,22(4):325-331
目的收集一条中国特有品种莽山烙铁头蛇的新鲜毒液,对其蛇毒蛋白作生化分析。方法先以电泳胶片法分析比较莽山烙铁头蛇毒与中国大陆及台湾、日本琉球各地其它品种的烙铁头蛇和各地其他品种的烙铁头蛇的粗蛇毒,在凝胶电泳中展现之异同。然后利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)将莽山烙铁头蛇毒中的磷脂酶分离,再以质谱仪等鉴定,并与以往相同方法分析莽山烙铁头蛇所得到的磷脂酶分析结果比较。结果我们的研究证实了莽山烙铁头蛇毒含唯一主要的磷脂酶,其含量大约占蛇毒总重量的58%,与中国其他烙铁头蛇品种及日本琉球烙铁头蛇的蛇毒某些碱性磷脂酶之氨基酸序列及蛋白结构特别相似。此碱性磷脂酶主要毒性是水肿、局部炎症及肌肉坏死。结论莽山烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床表现为抗凝与出血,局部炎症坏死等特点,亦可由其蛇毒成分得到印证与解释。  相似文献   

2.
莽山烙铁头蛇的养殖现状及存在问题   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
陈远辉 《蛇志》2010,22(1):50-51
莽山烙铁头蛇分布范围狭窄,种群数量稀少,只在中国湘粤边界一带有分布,是中国特有的濒危蛇种。1994年列入《中国生物多样性保护行动计划》一级优先保护动物;1998年列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》极危等级的生物种;多次列入IUCN红色保护名录。开展对莽山烙铁头蛇的人工繁殖研究,扩大其种群数量,是保护好这一珍稀物种的唯一和关键的措施。我们从1994年起就开展了对莽山烙铁头蛇的人工繁殖和养殖研究,并成功繁殖100条莽山烙铁头幼蛇。在养殖莽山烙铁头蛇的过程中,我们发现有食物链狭窄、繁殖率低下、种群内亲杀、疾病与寄生虫等几种因素,严重影响莽山烙铁头蛇的成活率,这些因素的存在严重威胁着这个种群的生存。  相似文献   

3.
陈远辉  杨道德  龚世平 《蛇志》2012,(4):387-388
目的探讨我国特有的珍稀蛇种──莽山烙铁头蛇的濒危现状与保护对策。方法基于文献资料,结合作者近年来的调查工作,对莽山烙铁头蛇的分布区、种群数量、濒危现状与威胁因素进行分析和探讨。结果近10年来,莽山烙铁头蛇的种群数量没有明显增加,基本保持稳定,但是仍遭受猎捕、贸易及栖息地破坏等因素的威胁。结论要保护好我国这一特有的珍稀蛇种,需要尽快将莽山烙铁头蛇列入国家重点保护野生动物名单,列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》,加强法律保护力度及国际贸易管控,积极开展生态生物学研究,实施人工繁殖和放归野外计划,以促进野生种群复壮。  相似文献   

4.
1998~ 2 0 0 0年 ,在莽山地区对莽山烙铁头蛇的分布、种群数量等进行了专项调查。调查结果表明莽山烙铁头蛇确实是一种数量稀少、分布范围狭窄的蛇类 ,已经处于极度濒危程度 ,建议尽快将其列为国家一级重点保护动物。  相似文献   

5.
莽山烙铁头蛇Ermiamangshanensis(Zhao,1990)专项调查结果   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陈远辉 《四川动物》2002,21(3):183-184
1998-2000年,在莽山地区对莽山烙铁头蛇的分布、种群数量等进行了专项调查。调查结果表明莽山烙铁头蛇确实是一种数量稀少、分布范围狭窄的蛇类,已经处于极度濒危程度,建议尽快将其列为国家一级重点保护动物。  相似文献   

6.
《蛇志》2010,(3):F0004-F0004
莽山烙铁头蛇是一种巨型毒蛇,也是我国独有的珍稀濒危蛇种,该蛇在蛇类演化中有着极其特殊的地位,有着无与伦比的生态价值和极高的学术研究价值。由于该蛇极其罕见珍贵,黑市价格从每条数百元暴涨至百万元,因此,有蛇中“大熊猫”之称的莽山烙铁头蛇再次引起人们的极大关注,对莽山烙铁头蛇采取抢救性的保护工作已刻不容缓。  相似文献   

7.
陈远辉 《四川动物》2004,23(3):236-237,F003
1994~2003年间对莽山烙铁头蛇进行人工孵化繁殖,总计孵出幼蛇89条。从2000年起,孵化率最高达79%。  相似文献   

8.
莽山烙铁头蛇生殖的初步观察   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
陈远辉 《四川动物》1996,15(2):62-64
1994年6月-1995年2月对新属新种莽山烙铁头蛇Ermiamagnshanensis的生殖生态进行了观察。记录到该种蛇生殖前后的生态习性、产卵时间和数量、孵出仔蛇的时间等资料。  相似文献   

9.
陈远辉 《蛇志》1996,8(4):48-48
莽山国家级自然保护区发现罕见蛇种白头蝰及海南闪鳞蛇陈远辉(湖南省郴州市莽山国家级自然保护区)湖南省莽山国家级自然保护区自发现新蛇种莽山烙铁头蛇以后,近两年的蛇类资源调查中,又分别发现一种白脑袋的毒蛇和一种鳞版具金属光泽,在日光和灯光下均能闪耀出多种色...  相似文献   

10.
1994~ 2 0 0 3年间对莽山烙铁头蛇进行人工孵化繁殖 ,总计孵出幼蛇 89条。从 2 0 0 0年起 ,孵化率最高达 79%。  相似文献   

11.
The sense of smell relies on the diversity of olfactory receptor (OR) repertoires in vertebrates. It has been hypothesized that different types of ORs are required in terrestrial and marine environments. Here we show that viviparous sea snakes, which do not rely on a terrestrial environment, have significantly lost ORs compared with their terrestrial relatives, supporting the hypothesis. On the other hand, oviparous sea snakes, which rely on a terrestrial environment for laying eggs, still maintain their ORs, reflecting the importance of the terrestrial environment for them. Furthermore, we found one Colubroidea snake (including sea snakes and their terrestrial relatives)‐specific OR subfamily which had diverged widely during snake evolution after the blind snake–Colubroidea snake split. Interestingly, no pseudogenes are included in this subfamily in sea snakes, and this subfamily seems to have been expanding rapidly even in an underwater environment. These findings suggest that the Colubroidea‐specific ORs detect nonvolatile odorants.  相似文献   

12.
A key component of the venom of many Australian snakes belonging to the elapid family is a toxin that is structurally and functionally similar to that of the mammalian prothrombinase complex. In mammals, this complex is responsible for the cleavage of prothrombin to thrombin and is composed of factor Xa in association with its cofactors calcium, phospholipids, and factor Va. The snake prothrombin activators have been classified on the basis of their requirement for cofactors for activity. The two major subgroups described in Australian elapid snakes, groups C and D, are differentiated by their requirement for mammalian coagulation factor Va. In this study, we describe the cloning, characterization, and comparative analysis of the factor X- and factor V-like components of the prothrombin activators from the venom glands of snakes possessing either group C or D prothrombin activators. The overall domain arrangement in these proteins was highly conserved between all elapids and with the corresponding mammalian clotting factors. The deduced protein sequence for the factor X-like protease precursor, identified in elapids containing either group C or D prothrombin activators, demonstrated a remarkable degree of relatedness to each other (80%-97%). The factor V-like component of the prothrombin activator, present only in snakes containing group C complexes, also showed a very high degree of homology (96%-98%). Expression of both the factor X- and factor V-like proteins determined by immunoblotting provided an additional means of separating these two groups at the molecular level. The molecular phylogenetic analysis described here represents a new approach for distinguishing group C and D snake prothrombin activators and correlates well with previous classifications.  相似文献   

13.
Complete or nearly complete mitochondrial DNA sequences were determined from four lizards (Western fence lizard, Warren's spinytail lizard, Terrestrial arboreal alligator lizard, and Chinese crocodile lizard) and a snake (Texas blind snake). These genomes had a typical gene organization found in those of most mammals and fishes, except for a translocation of the glutamine tRNA gene in the blind snake and a tandem duplication of the threonine and proline tRNA genes in the spinytail lizard. Although previous work showed the existence of duplicate control regions in mitochondrial DNAs of several snakes, the blind snake did not have this characteristic. Phylogenetic analyses based on different tree-building methods consistently supported that the blind snake and a colubrid snake (akamata) make a sister clade relative to all the lizard taxa from six different families. An alternative hypothesis that snakes evolved from a lineage of varanoids was not favored and nearly statistically rejected by the Kishino-Hasegawa test. It is therefore likely that the apparent similarity of the tongue structure between snakes and varanoids independently evolved and that the duplication of the control region occurred on a snake lineage after divergence of the blind snake.  相似文献   

14.
The occurrence of coral snake coloration among unrelated venomous and non-venomous New World snake species has often been explained in terms of warning coloration and mimicry. The idea that snake predators would avoid coral snakes in nature seems widely established and is postulated in many discussions on coral snake mimicry. However, the few workers that have tested a potential aposematic function of the conspicuous colour pattern focused exclusively on behaviour of snake predators towards coloured abstract models. Here we report on behaviour of temporarily caged, wild coatis (Nasua narica) when confronted with co-occurring live snakes, among which were two species of venomous coral snakes. Five different types of responses have been observed, ranging from avoidance to predation, yet none of the coatis avoided either of the two coral snake species or other species resembling these. As in earlier studies coatis appeared to avoid coral snake models, our findings show that results from studies with abstract snake models cannot unconditionally serve as evidence for an aposematic function of coral snake coloration.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The Locomotory activity of the Plains Garter snake was determined under L/D: 12/12 conditions at five constant temperatures and three light intensities during the light period. The snakes were diurnal at low temperatures with nocturnal activity increasing in various amounts at higher temperatures. The different light intensities had relatively small effects on the activity rhythm.

Activity was recorded under four constant light conditions at five constant temperatures and the characteristics of the free‐running rhythm measured. A comparison of the characteristics of the free‐running rhythm to Aschoff's circadian rule indicates that this snake is an exception to this rule.

Increase light intensity decreased total activity under all conditions. Under a L/D: 12/12 cycle the decrease in activity was more pronounced during the dark period than the light period.

It is suggested that crepuscular or nocturnal activity shown by snakes at high temperatures may be an effect the temperature level has on the biological clock and activity controlling mechanisms rather than temperature selection by the snake.  相似文献   

16.
Madtsoiids constitute a successful group of extinct snakes widely distributed across Gondwana and the European archipelago during Late Cretaceous times, surviving in reduced numbers to the Pleistocene. They are renowned for including some of the largest snakes that have ever crawled on earth, yet diverse small madtsoiids are also known. Uncovering the evolutionary trends that led these snakes into disparate body sizes has been hampered mainly by the lack of phylogenetic consensus and the paucity of taxa with novel combinations of features. Here we describe a new large madtsoiid snake based on isolated vertebrae from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian–Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis recovers Madtsoiidae as a basal ophidian lineage and the new snake as sister to a clade of mostly big-to-gigantic taxa, providing insights into early stages and evolutionary trends towards madtsoiid gigantism.  相似文献   

17.
18.
Although Brazil is a hotspot for snake species, there is a lack of information on the biodiversity of haemoparasites infecting these hosts. Thus, the present study aimed to bring new insights on the diversity of species of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) infecting Brazilian snakes from the Midwest and Southeast regions. The snakes were captured from 2018 to 2020 from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, and São Paulo. Three to five blood smears were made and the remaining blood sample was stored for further molecular analysis. Moreover, histopathological slides of the organs were stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Regarding molecular diagnosis, PCR was performed targeting different regions of the 18S rRNA gene of apicomplexan parasites. From the 13 free-living snakes screened, ten (76.92%) were found infected with Hepatozoon spp. Based on morphological and morphometric tools, five different morphotypes of species of Hepatozoon gamonts were detected. Molecular data and phylogenetic analysis support the morphological data, identifying five species of Hepatozoon from snakes, of which three species belong to previously described species, Hepatozoon cevapii, Hepatozoon cuestensis, and Hepatozoon quagliattus, with a genetic similarity of 100% (based on the 18S rRNA genetic marker). The present study identifies and describes two new species of Hepatozoon, Hepatozoon annulatum sp. nov. infecting the snake Leptodeira annulata and Hepatozoon trigeminum sp. nov. infecting the snake Oxyrhopus trigeminus. Thus, based on morphological and molecular data the present study provides new insights on haemogregarine diversity infecting Brazilian snakes from the Midwest and Southeast regions.  相似文献   

19.
We examined alternative hypotheses for the benefits of footdrummingin the presence of snakes by the banner-tailed kangaroo rat,Dipodomys spectabitis, by testing whether the target of thesignal includes conspecifics, the predator or both. Footdrummingrecorded in the field revealed that rats altered their footdrummingsignatures when drumming at snakes. In playback tests, however,neighbors failed to show any measurable change in behavior tobroadcasts of the snake drumming pattern, but mothers footdrummedsignificantly more than nonmothen in the presence of a tetheredsnake. Gopher snakes, Pituophis melanolsucus affinis, respondedto footdrumming vibrations created by a mechanical thumper.Nonhungry snakes avoided footdrumming, while hungry snakes approachedthe seismic footdrumming. Snakes decreased stalking rates asfootdrumming increased, but they spent more time stalking drummingthan nondnimming rats. We conclude that D. spectabilis footdrumsin individual defense and in parental care, rather than to warnadult conspecfics. Footdrumming deters pursuit by informingthe snake that the rat is alert and the chances of predationare low. We find little evidence that footdrumming startles,confuses, or harasses the snake. Hungry gopher snakes, however,may locate prey by eavesdropping on territorial footdrumming  相似文献   

20.
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