植物硅营养的研究进展

阐述了植物吸收硅的机理、硅与其它营养元素的关系及其对非胁迫和胁迫条件下植物生长发育的有益作用。植物吸收硅的机制目前尚不是很清楚,不同植物吸收硅的方式不同。硅可影响植物中其它营养元素的含量。在非胁迫条件下,硅可促进植物的生长;硅也参与了植物抗病、抗虫等生物胁迫,以及抗金属毒害、盐害、温度胁迫、干旱、抗倒伏等非生物胁迫的反应。目前,应从多种植物上深入研究硅的吸收方式与机理;同时,应该改变硅在细胞壁的沉积仅仅起增强组织机械强度作用的观点．而应从生理代谢调控的角度进行硅作用机制的研究,为生产实践中硅肥的应用奠定理论基础。     

活性硅缓解植物重金属胁迫及其生物学机制研究进展

土壤重金属污染可抑制植物的正常生长并增加其在食物链传播的风险。硅是重要的植物营养元素, 可通过多种途径调节植物生理、生化和代谢功能, 在缓解植物的重金属胁迫及促进植物生长方面发挥重要作用。论文从活性硅促进组织结构发育、调节基因表达、增强抗氧化防御系统及建立重金属内部隔离等方面进行分析, 阐述活性硅缓解植物重金属胁迫的生物学机制。建议针对硅材料的施加方式、自然条件下硅缓解复合重金属污染胁迫机制、硅材料在土壤中的老化机理等方面, 系统开展长期田间实验, 以阐明活性硅缓解植物重金属胁迫作用机制并应用于农田土壤重金属修复。     

植物的硅素营养研究综述

本文阐述了硅在植物中的形态、分布、吸收、积累、生理作用及其与其它元素的关系。研究表明：1．硅主要以二氧化硅胶(SiO2.nH2O)的无机物形态存在于植物表皮细胞和细胞壁。植物体内硅的含量在不同物种间差异很大。根据硅的含量,可将一般栽培植物分为三种类群;同时根据植物硅钙摩尔比值可将植物分为喜硅植物和非喜硅植物。硅在植物各部分分布不均匀,并且随着植株的生长发育,植株中的硅含量不断变化。植物中硅的积累受环境中多种因素的影响。2．植物主要以单硅酸形态吸收硅,不同植物吸收硅的能力不同。水稻具有主动吸硅能力,其吸收过程受体内代谢活动影响<请合法使用软件>其它大多数植物主要以被动方式吸收硅,但不排除具有选择性吸收硅的可能性。3．硅对植物的生长发育产生影响。硅是一些植物(如禾本科植物、甜菜、木贼属植物及某些硅藻)的必需元素。硅对其它很多植物具有有益作用。硅对植物的作用主要表现在对形态结构、生理过程和抗逆能力三方面的影响 上。在去硅条件下,多种植物表现出缺硅症状。4．硅对植物吸收利用对其它营养元素产生影响。硅对不同元素的影响方式和程度不同,同时随着植物的生长发育,对某种元素的作用常发生变化。     

植物的硅素营养研究综述

本文阐述了硅在植物中的形态、分布、吸收、积累、生理作用及其与其它元素的关系。研究表明：１硅主要以二氧化硅胶（ＳｉＯ２．ｎＨ２Ｏ）的无机物形态存在于植物表皮细胞和细胞壁。植物体内硅的含量在不同物种间差异很大。根据硅的含量,可将一般栽培植物分为三种类群;同时根据植物硅钙摩尔比值可将植物分为喜硅植物和非喜硅植物。硅在植物各部分分布不均匀,并且随着植株的生长发育,植株中的硅含量不断变化。植物中硅的积累受环境中多种因素的影响。２植物主要以单硅酸形态吸收硅,不同植物吸收硅的能力不同。水稻具有主动吸硅能力,其吸收过程受体内代谢活动影响＜请合法使用软件＞其它大多数植物主要以被动方式吸收硅,但不排除具有选择性吸收硅的可能性。３硅对植物的生长发育产生影响。硅是一些植物（如禾本科植物、甜菜、木贼属植物及某些硅藻）的必需元素。硅对其它很多植物具有有益作用。硅对植物的作用主要表现在对形态结构、生理过程和抗逆能力三方面的影响上。在去硅条件下,多种植物表现出缺硅症状。４硅对植物吸收利用对其它营养元素产生影响。硅对不同元素的影响方式和程度不同,同时随着植物的生长发育,对某种元素的作用常发生变化。     

硅在植物体内的分布和吸收及其在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用

硅在地壳中含量位居第二位,尽管还没有被列为植物生长的必需营养元素,但它在促进植物生长发育和营养吸收、提高植物对非生物逆境胁迫和生物逆境胁迫的抗性等方面都具有重要作用。综述了近些年来国内外关于硅在植物体内的分布、吸收及其生理效应,重点介绍了硅在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用机理。高等植物以单硅酸[Si(OH)4]的形式吸收硅,存在硅的主动吸收和被动吸收机制。硅主要沉积在叶片及叶鞘表皮细胞,形成硅化细胞和角质-硅双层结构,能增强寄主植物细胞壁的机械强度和稳固性,从而延缓和抵御病菌的侵入和扩展。更多的证据表明,硅处理能增加植物叶片保护酶(过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等)活性和诱导寄主产生次生代谢抗性物质(如植保素、多酚类化合物、木质素),从而激活植物的防御系统,增强对病原菌的抵抗能力。分子水平上的研究显示,硅能诱导与植物防御机制相关的基因表达,参与抗病信号分子(如水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯)在信号传导中的作用。     

硅提高植物抗旱性的生理机制研究进展

干旱作为限制作物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一,对全球社会、经济和生态造成巨大损失。在全球气候变化背景下,提高植物抗旱性的重要性日益突显。硅能够提高植物的抗旱性：外源硅的施用可以影响气孔导度,改变蒸腾速率,改善植物水分状况;通过调节气孔动力学、合成光合色素,促进光化学反应,从而改善光合作用;此外硅可通过渗透调节以平衡植物对矿质元素的吸收,以及调节抗氧化防御系统,减轻植物在干旱胁迫中的氧化损伤。总结了硅对干旱胁迫下植物水分利用、光合作用、矿质元素吸收、抗氧化系统、植物激素代谢等方面的作用及相关生理机制。建议未来从复合逆境胁迫、低硅积累植物等方面进一步揭示硅提高植物抗旱性的作用机制,从而为农林生态系统合理利用硅素来提高生产效率提供科学依据和理论基础。     

Cu胁迫对黄菖蒲和马蔺Cu富集及其他营养元素吸收的影响

研究了不同浓度Cu胁迫下,黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacaorus L.)和马蔺〔I.lacteaPall. var. chinensis(F isch.)Roide〕对Cu的富集作用及对其他营养元素的吸收作用。结果表明,黄菖蒲和马蔺均能超量富集吸收Cu,在55和80 mg.L-1Cu胁迫下,黄菖蒲和马蔺地上部分对Cu的富集量分别达2 933.93和5 614.56μg.g-1、2 586.83和8 846.44μg.g-1,地下部分对Cu的富集量明显高于地上部分,表明这2种植物为潜在的Cu富集植物。低浓度(1、3和5 mg.L-1)Cu胁迫下,2种植物对Mn、Ca、K和Mg的吸收与对照差异不显著,但高浓度Cu胁迫可导致各营养元素吸收代谢失衡。     

植物硼钙效应及其在细胞壁中互作机制的研究

植物营养元素之间存在着相互作用,其作用机理一直是相关学者研究的重点。硼是植物必需的营养元素,近年来,有关硼与其它元素之间的相关性研究已取得了一系列成果。本文综述了国内外关于植物在不同硼、钙条件下的形态发育、代谢组学、细胞壁果胶网络中的交联机制等方面的研究进展,并对如何充分利用代谢组学手段探究硼钙之间相互作用的机制以及硼钙互作对植物生长发育的调控作用,尤其是两者在细胞壁的互作机制方面的研究进行了展望。     

硅对植物抗虫性的影响及其机制

硅不是植物必需营养元素,但硅在提高植物对一系列非生物和生物胁迫的抗性方面都具有重要作用。综述了硅对植物抗虫性的影响及其机制。在多数植物中,增施硅肥可增强其抗虫性;所增强的抗性与硅肥种类和施用方式之间存在关系。植物组织中沉积的硅可增加其硬度和耐磨度,降低植物可消化性,从而增强植物组成性防御,包括延缓昆虫生长发育、降低繁殖力、减轻植物受害程度;植物体内的硅含量以及硅沉积的位点和排列方式影响组成性防御作用的强度。此外,硅可以调节植物诱导性防御,包括直接防御和间接防御,直接防御涉及增加有毒物质含量、产生局部过敏反应或系统获得抗性、产生有毒化合物和防御蛋白,从而延缓昆虫发育;间接防御主要通过释放挥发性化合物吸引植食性昆虫的捕食性和寄生性天敌而导致植食性昆虫种群下降。     

硅缓解植物镉毒害的生理生态机制

镉是对生物毒性最强的污染物之一。过量的镉能够抑制植物的生长和光合作用,干扰矿质代谢并诱发氧化胁迫。硅作为一种有益元素,主要以Si(OH)_4的形态通过主动或被动方式被植物体吸收并转运到地上部分。硅对植物镉毒害具有缓解作用,但其缓解机制在不同物种、品种或生态型之间存在显著差异,并表现出一定的硅/镉浓度依赖性。总体上可概括为避性机制和耐性机制。避性机制包括:(1)在器官水平,减少植物根系对镉的吸收及其向地上部的转运;(2)在细胞水平,增强细胞壁对镉的吸附能力,减少共质体中镉的含量。耐性机制包括:(1)诱导细胞产生小分子螯合剂,增强对镉的螯合作用,减少细胞中游离态镉的含量;(2)增强抗氧化机制,减轻氧化胁迫;(3)改善光合作用和无机营养,促进植物生长。从植物对硅的吸收和转运、镉对植物的毒害作用以及硅对缓解植物镉毒害的生理生态机制3个方面进行了综述,并基于目前的研究现状和薄弱之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

黄瓜中硅的生理功能及转运机制研究进展

硅是植物体的重要组成部分,尽管硅尚未被列为植物生长的必需元素,但它在促进植物生长发育、提高作物对非生物逆境（干旱、盐分和重金属等）和生物逆境（病虫害）抗性等方面都具有重要作用。硅不仅能改善植株对矿质营养的吸收,提高作物产量和品质,而且能沉积在叶片及叶鞘表皮细胞,形成硅化细胞和角质双硅层结构,增强寄主植物细胞壁的机械强度和稳固性,从而增强植物对真菌侵入和扩展的抵御能力,提高植物对金属离子毒害的抗性、缓解盐胁迫、增强抗高低温和抗紫外线辐射等。本文在植物硅素营养和转运机制研究的基础上,对硅素营养在黄瓜中生长发育、抗逆和吸收转运机制等方面的效应做了相关综述,并展望了黄瓜中硅研究的未来发展。     

Silicon nutrition potentiates the antioxidant metabolism of rice plants under iron toxicity

Iron toxicity reduces growth of rice plants in acidic lowlands. Silicon nutrition may alleviate many stresses including heavy metal toxicity in plants. In the present study, the ameliorating effects of silicon nutrition on rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under toxic Fe levels were investigated. Plants were cultivated in greenhouse in hydroponics under different Fe treatments including 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg L^?1 as Fe-EDTA and silicon nutrition including 0 and 1.5 mM sodium silicate. Iron toxicity imposed significant reduction in plant fresh weight, tiller, and leaf number. The activity of catalase, cell wall, and soluble peroxidases, and polyphenol oxidase in shoots decreased due to moderate Fe toxicity (50 and 100 mg L^?1), but increased at greater Fe concentration. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in both roots and shoots of Fe-stressed plants. Iron toxicity led to increased tissue hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Silicon nutrition improved plant growth under all Fe treatments and alleviated Fe toxicity symptoms, probably due to lower Fe concentration of Si-treated plants. Silicon application could improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and soluble peroxidase under moderate Fe toxicity, which resulted in greater hydrogen peroxide detoxification and declined lipid peroxidation. Thus, silicon nutrition could ameliorate harmful effects of Fe toxicity possibly through reduction of plant Fe concentration and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity.     

Silicon: its manifold roles in plants

The title of this essay declares that silicon does have roles in plants and all participants in this conference know that that is so. This knowledge, however, is not shared by the general community of plant biologists, who largely ignore the element. This baffling contrast is based on two sets of experience. First, higher plants can grow to maturity in nutrient solutions formulated without silicon. That has led to the conventional wisdom that silicon is not an essential element, or nutrient, and thus can be disregarded. Second, the world's plants do not grow in the benign environment of solution culture in plant biological research establishments. They grow in the field, under conditions that are often anything but benign. It is there, in the real world with its manifold stressful features, that the silicon status of plants can make a huge difference in their performance. The stresses that silicon alleviates range all the way from biotic, including diseases and pests, to abiotic such as gravity and metal toxicities. Silicon performs its functions in two ways: by the polymerization of silicic acid leading to the formation of solid amorphous, hydrated silica, and by being instrumental in the formation of organic defence compounds through alteration of gene expression. The silicon nutrition of plants is not only scientifically intriguing but also important in a world where more food will have to be wrung from a finite area of land, for that will put crops under stress.     

Overexpression of dehydrin tas14 gene improves the osmotic stress imposed by drought and salinity in tomato

One strategy to increase the level of drought and salinity tolerance is the transfer of genes codifying different types of proteins functionally related to macromolecules protection, such as group 2 of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins or dehydrins. The TAS14 dehydrin was isolated and characterized in tomato and its expression was induced by osmotic stress (NaCl and mannitol) and abscisic acid (ABA) [Godoy et al., Plant Mol Biol 1994;26:1921-1934], yet its function in drought and salinity tolerance of tomato remains elusive. In this study, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing tas14 gene under the control of the 35SCaMV promoter were generated to assess the function of tas14 gene in drought and salinity tolerance. The plants overexpressing tas14 gene achieved improved long-term drought and salinity tolerance without affecting plant growth under non-stress conditions. A mechanism of osmotic stress tolerance via osmotic potential reduction and solutes accumulation, such as sugars and K(+) is operating in tas14 overexpressing plants in drought conditions. A similar mechanism of osmotic stress tolerance was observed under salinity. Moreover, the overexpression of tas14 gene increased Na(+) accumulation only in adult leaves, whereas in young leaves, the accumulated solutes were K(+) and sugars, suggesting that plants overexpressing tas14 gene are able to distribute the Na(+) accumulation between young and adult leaves over a prolonged period in stressful conditions. Measurement of ABA showed that the action mechanism of tas14 gene is associated with an earlier and greater accumulation of ABA in leaves during short-term periods. A good feature for the application of this gene in improving drought and salt stress tolerance is the fact that its constitutive expression does not affect plant growth under non-stress conditions, and tolerance induced by overexpression of tas14 gene was observed at the different stress degrees applied to the long term.     

The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments

Both biotic and abiotic stresses are major constrains to agricultural production. Under stress conditions, plant growth is affected by a number of factors such as hormonal and nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, physiological disorders, susceptibility to diseases, etc. Plant growth under stress conditions may be enhanced by the application of microbial inoculation including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi. These microbes can promote plant growth by regulating nutritional and hormonal balance, producing plant growth regulators, solubilizing nutrients and inducing resistance against plant pathogens. In addition to their interactions with plants, these microbes also show synergistic as well as antagonistic interactions with other microbes in the soil environment. These interactions may be vital for sustainable agriculture because they mainly depend on biological processes rather than on agrochemicals to maintain plant growth and development as well as proper soil health under stress conditions. A number of research articles can be deciphered from the literature, which shows the role of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae alone and/or in combination in enhancing plant growth under stress conditions. However, in contrast, a few review papers are available which discuss the synergistic interactions between rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae for enhancing plant growth under normal (non-stress) or stressful environments. Biological interactions between PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi are believed to cause a cumulative effect on all rhizosphere components, and these interactions are also affected by environmental factors such as soil type, nutrition, moisture and temperature. The present review comprehensively discusses recent developments on the effectiveness of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing plant growth under stressful environments. The key mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance and the effectiveness of microbial inoculation for enhancing plant growth under stress conditions have been discussed at length in this review. Growth promotion by single and dual inoculation of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi under stress conditions have also been discussed and reviewed comprehensively.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates physiology and performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Digitaria eriantha</Emphasis> plants subjected to abiotic stresses by modulating antioxidant and jasmonate levels

This study evaluates antioxidant responses and jasmonate regulation in Digitaria eriantha cv. Sudafricana plants inoculated (AM) and non-inoculated (non-AM) with Rhizophagus irregularis and subjected to drought, cold, or salinity. Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass production, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants enzymes activities, and jasmonate levels were determined. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency decreased in AM and non-AM plants under all stress conditions. However, AM plants subjected to drought, salinity, or non-stress conditions showed significantly higher stomatal conductance values. AM plants subjected to drought or non-stress conditions increased their shoot/root biomass ratios, whereas salinity and cold caused a decrease in these ratios. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which was high in non-AM plant roots under all treatments, increased significantly in non-AM plant shoots under cold stress and in AM plants under non-stress and drought conditions. Lipid peroxidation increased in the roots of all plants under drought conditions. In shoots, although lipid peroxidation decreased in AM plants under non-stress and cold conditions, it increased under drought and salinity. AM plants consistently showed high catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity under all treatments. By contrast, the glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of AM roots was lower than that of non-AM plants and increased in shoots. The endogenous levels of cis-12-oxophytodienoc acid (OPDA), jasmonic acid (JA), and 12-OH-JA showed a significant increase in AM plants as compared to non-AM plants. 11-OH-JA content only increased in AM plants subjected to drought. Results show that D. eriantha is sensitive to drought, salinity, and cold stresses and that inoculation with AM fungi regulates its physiology and performance under such conditions, with antioxidants and jasmonates being involved in this process.     

硅对干旱胁迫下玉米水分代谢的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了施硅(K2SiO3)对玉米植株水分代谢的影响.结果表明:施硅降低了干旱胁迫下玉米植株的气孔导度,降低了干旱胁迫早期到中期的蒸腾速率,保持了干旱胁迫后期较高的蒸腾速率,从而导致施硅玉米植株的叶片含水量和水势高于对照.由于植株的水分状况改善,施硅玉米植株生物量高于对照.硅增强玉米植株的抗旱性,而提高植株保水能力是硅提高抗旱性的重要原因.