肿瘤病毒诱导细胞异常增殖作用机制的研究进展

肿瘤是当前危害人类健康最严重的疾病,它以细胞增殖为主要病变特征.自从1911年Rous发现鸡肉瘤病毒可以使鸡发生白血病,人们就将病毒与肿瘤联系起来.本文就肿瘤病毒诱导细胞异常增殖作用机制方面分两部分进行阐述.     

肿瘤病毒的发现历程及在肿瘤发生机制中的研究意义

1911年Peyton Rous发现禽肉瘤病毒,从而建立了肿瘤病毒学这一学科领域。20世纪30年代,Richard发现哺乳动物肿瘤病毒,60年代发现第一个人类肿瘤病毒--EB病毒,随后相继鉴定出乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)。肿瘤病毒的深入研究带动了癌基因概念的确立和抑癌基因功能的发现,促进癌症疫苗的研究,后者可以抑制病毒的传染性并降低肿瘤的发病率。20世纪80-90年代发现了人T细胞白血病Ⅰ型病毒(HTLV-1),丙型肝炎病毒(HVC)及卡波西肉瘤病毒(KSHV)。目前已知6种病毒(EBV、HBV、HPV、HTLV-1、HCV、KSHV)引起世界范围10%-15%的癌症,因此,病毒不仅是许多人类癌症的病原体,还可以作为揭示人类恶性肿瘤发病机制的研究工具。     

禽流感病毒感染人类及其致病机制研究

禽流感病毒感染禽类可引发呼吸系统到全身不同程度的病变,严重的可导致败血症、休克、多脏器功能衰竭,甚至死亡。上世纪末,禽流感病毒开始跨种向人类传播,其感染引起急性肺损伤、多器官衰竭等,具有较高的致病率和致死率,危害极大,引起了研究者的广泛关注。目前禽流感病毒感染人类及其致病机制尚不明确,本文就此做一综述,为其防治提供参考。     

志贺菌致病机制的研究进展

一些肠道致病菌能诱导宿主细胞凋亡,促进炎症反应的发生,导致细胞的损伤和细胞的进一步侵袭。志贺菌是痢疾重要的致病因子,诱导巨噬细胞凋亡是志贺菌致病机制的重要的环节。该菌与巨噬细胞接触后分泌侵袭质粒抗原（Ｉｐａ）,Ｉｐａ复合物激活巨噬细胞并使其骨架重排,胞膜皱折或形成粘着斑,然后蚕噬细胞。ＩｐａＢ在巨噬细胞质内与白细胞介素１β（ＩＬ－１β）转化酶（ＩＣＥ）结合,激活的ＩＣＥ裂解活化ＩＬ－１β,并最终启     

HIV的致病机制研究进展

人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV,俗称艾滋病病毒,在分类学上属于逆转录病毒科,怪病毒属中的灵长类免疫缺陷病毒亚属,有互型和11型2种。1983年由法国巴斯德研究所的L．M0ntngnier首次证实HIV是艾滋病的病原体,并分离到了病毒一HIV－1。1986年L．Montagnier研究组的F．Clavel等人又分离到了另1种HIV,即HIV一人HIV－1与HIV－2又都有许多亚型。科学家们最近研究发现HIV－1和HIV－2起源于非洲,大约在本世纪础到50年代传染给人类,并在流行传播过程中变异为各种亚型。HIV－1致病力强,是引起全球艾滋病流行的主要病原;HIV－2毒力较…     

幽门螺杆菌CagA蛋白及其致病机制的研究进展

幽门螺杆菌感染是导致从胃炎到胃癌等一系列胃相关疾病的主要病因,但具体的致病机制仍不是很清楚。细胞毒素相关蛋白A(cytotoxin-associated gene A,Cag A)是幽门螺杆菌编码的一种重要毒力因子,且作为细菌来源的唯一癌蛋白被大量研究。Cag A蛋白是由幽门螺杆菌Ⅳ型分泌系统介导并注入宿主胃上皮细胞内,一旦进入细胞,Cag A能够与多个分子发生相互作用,扰乱细胞正常的信号通路,引起细胞病变和转化,而动物实验也证明了Cag A蛋白的致癌特点。本文重点对Cag A蛋白的序列特征,转位方式及致病机制等方面的最新进展进行了综述,希望能进一步阐释Cag A介导的幽门螺杆菌的致病机制,为以后的研究提供一定的方向和指导。     

几丁质合酶在人类致病真菌中的研究进展

抑制真菌细胞壁的合成常作为防治真菌感染的安全有效手段。几丁质是真菌细胞壁及隔膜的重要结构成分,几丁质合酶是催化几丁质合成的关键酶。真菌细胞中几丁质合酶家族的不同成员在调控几丁质的合成中存在着差异,因此产生不同的生物学效应。本文通过综述几丁质合酶在人体三大条件致病真菌白色念珠菌、烟曲霉、新生隐球菌中的研究进展,分析了几丁质合酶对真菌致病性影响的机制,总结了几丁质合酶调控真菌细胞增殖、形态转换、病原菌与宿主的相互作用和细胞壁损伤诱导的补偿效应,展望了抗真菌感染的新策略及关于真菌几丁质合酶的未来研究方向。     

缺氧反应基因及调控机制研究进展

细胞在缺氧情况下,可诱导缺氧反应基因转录增加,维持血氧稳定。缺氧诱导因子－１和包含有启动子、增强子序列的顺序作用元件为转录调控的关键环节,缺氧诱导因子－１可通过顺式作用元件内的缺氧诱导因子－１结合位点与之相结合,二者通过复杂的相互作用来实现转录调控。     

创伤弧菌致病机制的研究进展

创伤弧菌是一种致病性极强的细菌,可引起严重的伤口感染和败血症等痰患。其确切的致病因子和致病机制至今尚未完全阐明。兹将近年来有关其主要致病因素,如溶细胞素、金属蛋白酶、儿荼酚亲铁物质、英膜多糖及磷脂酶的研究动态作一综述。     

人类的致病基因

在人类基因组计划取得重大进展的背景下,有1000多种致病基因被克隆鉴定出来并加以分类。定位克隆,定位候选克隆及新兴的SNP标记均被用于搜索新的致病基因。对肿瘤,神经系统和视觉系统等致病遗传基因的研究已获初步成果。     

Ligand-independent oncogenic signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor: v-ErbB as a paradigm

Relay of information from the extracellular environment into the cell often results from a peptide growth factor binding to its cognate cell surface receptor; this event is an integral mechanism by which many cellular functions occur, including cell growth, motility, and survival. In recent years, however, this requirement for ligand binding has been shown to be surpassed by several distinct mechanisms, including cell surface receptor cross-talk (e.g., between epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] and G-coupled receptors), receptor-extracellular matrix interactions (e.g., EGFR: integrin complexes), and finally by structural mutations within the receptor itself. While all of these pathways result in so-called ligand-independent signaling by the EGF receptor, to date, only structural mutations in the receptor have been shown to result in qualitative changes in downstream targets of the receptor, which specifically result in oncogenic signaling, transformation, and tumorigenicity. In this review, we describe aspects of the known signaling properties of the retroviral oncogene v-ErbB as a model of ligand-independent oncogenic signaling, and compare these properties to results emerging from ongoing studies on structurally related EGF receptor mutants originally identified in human tumors. A better understanding of the signaling pathways used by these uniquely oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutants may ultimately reveal new targets for the development of novel therapeutics selective for the inhibition of tumor cell growth.     

Human oncogenic viruses: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses and their role in hepatocarcinogenesis

Chronic infections caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the main risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. Both viruses cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from healthy carrier state to acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. HBV and HCV belong to different viral families (Hepadnoviridae and Flaviviridae, respectively); they are characterized by different genetic structures. Clinical manifestations of these viral infections result from the interaction between these viruses and host hepatocytes (i.e. between viral and cell genomes). Proteins encoded by both viruses play an important role in processes responsible for immortalization and transformation of these cells. Chronic inflammation determined by host immune response to the viral infection, hepatocyte death and their compensatory proliferation, as well as modulation of expression of some regulatory proteins of the cell (growth factors, cytokines, etc.) are the processes that play the major role in liver cancer induced by HBV and HCV.     

The signaling pathway of hypoxia inducible factor and its role in renal diseases

Abstract

It is well-documented that hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a key mediator of tissue and cellular adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-target genes are also involved in cellular apoptosis and profibrotic mechanisms. The role of HIF in diseases is not consistent. It is a risk factor for tumor progression, whereas it plays a protective role against ischemic hypofusion. For renal diseases, it is not always a risk or protective factor. Many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. It is reported that HIF not only increases hypoxia tolerance, but also regulates a lot of signaling pathways. In the past decades, a number of studies were also conducted to explore the association between HIF and the risk of renal diseases. However, the role of HIF in the development of renal diseases was not entirely clear. In this study, the signal transduction pathways of HIF and its role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases were reviewed.     

NDRG3-mediated lactate signaling in hypoxia

Hypoxia is associated with many pathological conditions as well as the normal physiology of metazoans. We identified a lactate-dependent signaling pathway in hypoxia, mediated by the oxygen- and lactate-regulated protein NDRG family member 3 (NDRG3). Oxygen negatively regulates NDRG3 expression at the protein level via the PHD2/VHL system, whereas lactate, produced in excess under prolonged hypoxia, blocks its proteasomal degradation by binding to NDRG3. We also found that the stabilized NDRG3 protein promotes angiogenesis and cell growth under hypoxia by activating the Raf-ERK pathway. Inhibiting cellular lactate production abolishes NDRG3-mediated hypoxia responses. The NDRG3-Raf-ERK axis therefore provides the genetic basis for lactate-induced hypoxia signaling, which can be exploited for the development of therapies targeting hypoxia-induced diseases in addition to advancing our understanding of the normal physiology of hypoxia responses. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(6): 301-302]     

Functional implications of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generated by oncogenic viruses

Between 15% and 20% of human cancers are associated with infection by oncogenic viruses. Oncogenic viruses, including HPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV-1, target mitochondria to influence cell proliferation and survival. Oncogenic viral gene products also trigger the production of reactive oxygen species which can elicit oxidative DNA damage and potentiate oncogenic host signaling pathways. Viral oncogenes may also subvert mitochondria quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy and metabolic adaptation pathways to promote virus replication. Here, we will review recent progress on viral regulation of mitophagy and metabolic adaptation and their roles in viral oncogenesis.     

Wnt signaling promotes oncogenic transformation by inhibiting c-Myc-induced apoptosis

Aberrant activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is associated with numerous human cancers and often correlates with the overexpression or amplification of the c-myc oncogene. Paradoxical to the cellular transformation potential of c-Myc is its ability to also induce apoptosis. Using an inducible c-MycER expression system, we found that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling suppressed apoptosis by inhibiting c-Myc-induced release of cytochrome c and caspase activation. Both cyclooxygenase 2 and WISP-1 were identified as effectors of the Wnt-mediated antiapoptotic signal. Soft agar assays showed that neither c-Myc nor Wnt-1 alone was sufficient to induce cellular transformation, but that Wnt and c-Myc coordinated in inducing transformation. Furthermore, coexpression of Wnt-1 and c-Myc induced high-frequency and rapid tumor growth in nude mice. Extensive apoptotic bodies were characteristic of c-Myc-induced tumors, but not tumors induced by coactivation of c-Myc and Wnt-1, indicating that the antiapoptotic function of Wnt-1 plays a critical role in the synergetic action between c-Myc and Wnt-1. These results elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Wnt/beta-catenin inhibits apoptosis and provide new insight into Wnt signaling-mediated oncogenesis.     

梅毒螺旋体遗传物质和致病机制的研究进展

梅毒螺旋体(Treponema pallidum,Tp)是慢性全身性性传播疾病梅毒的病原体。由于Tp不能持续体外培养,阻碍了对Tp结构及其致病机制的深入研究。目前,Tp(Nicholes株)基因组测序的完成以及分子生物学技术的发展,为Tp的研究提供了机遇。就Tp的遗传物质和致病机制的研究进展进行综述。