水肥耦合对橡胶树产胶量的影响

水分和养分是限制橡胶树生长和产胶量的重要因子.以17年生的7-33-97橡胶树为试验材料,采用施氮量、灌水量、施磷量和施钾量四因素五水平(1/2实施)的二次回归通用旋转设计,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树产量和干胶含量的影响,并建立了橡胶树干胶产量的水肥回归数学模型.结果表明：不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树橡胶产量和干胶含量都有显著影响;各因素对橡胶产量的效应顺序为：施氮量＞灌水量＞施磷量＞施钾量;各因素间耦合效应顺序为：氮、水＞氮、磷＞磷、水＞钾、水,且施钾量和土壤水分呈负交互效应;水肥调控的最佳组合为：尿素用量为476.39 kg·hm^-2,过磷酸钙用量为187.70 kg·hm^-2,氯化钾用量为225.77 kg·hm^-2,土壤相对含水量控制在82.78％左右.     

水肥耦合对玉米籽粒全氮含量的影响

采用四因素五水平(1/2实施)二次通用旋转组合设计,选取灌水、施氮肥、施磷肥和秸秆覆盖四因素作为试验因素,在辽西半干旱区褐土农田进行了水肥耦合效应长期定位试验。按照二次通用旋转组合设计统计分析方法建立回归模型,分析了水肥耦合对玉米籽粒全氮含量的影响。结果表明:水肥单因子对籽粒全氮的含量有较明显的影响,影响顺序为施氮秸秆覆盖施磷灌水;当灌水量为700m3.hm-2、施氮量为180kg.hm-2、施磷量为120kg.hm-2和秸秆覆盖量为7500kg.hm-2时,它们每个因素对玉米籽粒全氮含量的影响都集中11.7g·kg-1,此时籽粒蛋白质含量为73g·kg-1,产量为12000kg.hm-2,表明该处理组合下,玉米的经济效益和生态效益达到最佳,推荐生产上以此进行施肥。     

根系分区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响

为了研究根系分区交替灌溉条件下灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥及有机肥用量对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响,采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验,建立了番茄果实中硝酸盐含量与水肥因子的数学模型,并对各单一因素的效应及两两因素的耦合效应进行了分析。结果表明,在其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,随灌水量呈先降低后增加的变化规律;随施氮量和施磷量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随有机肥用量呈逐渐增加的趋势;但不受钾肥用量的影响。交互效应表现为,施磷量与有机肥用量、施氮量与施磷量间的相互作用会促使番茄果实硝酸盐含量提高;灌水量与施钾量和有机肥量、施氮量与施钾量间的相互作用有利于降低番茄果实硝酸盐累积。耦合效应表现为,除不施有机肥时随灌水量增加番茄果实硝酸盐含量显著增加外,对于其它任何有机肥及钾肥施用水平,果实硝酸盐含量皆随灌水量增加呈先减小后增加趋势;灌水量高于中水平时,番茄果实硝酸盐含量随着钾肥与有机肥用量的增加而减少。不论施磷量与施钾量如何变化,番茄果实硝酸盐含量皆随施氮量呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,降低氮肥用量同时提高磷肥用量有利于降低番茄果实硝酸盐累积,而提高施钾量仅在施氮量高于中水平时能显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐含量。适当增加磷肥用量、减小有机肥用量能显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐的累积。     

氮磷钾配施对填充型烤烟烟碱含量的影响

以东北填充型烤烟品种"龙江911"为试验材料,通过正交回归田间试验,建立了氮、磷、钾肥与烤烟上部叶片烟碱含量的回归效应模型,并对各因子和交互作用进行了分析,模拟计算得出以降低上部叶片烟碱含量为目标的优化施肥方案.对模型解析表明,随施氮量增加,上部叶片烟碱含量呈先上升后下降趋势;随施磷量增加,烟碱含量呈上升趋势;随施钾量增加,烟碱含量呈急剧下降趋势.双因素效应大小依次为:氮钾＞磷钾＞氮磷,在一定范围内,氮磷、磷钾与烟碱含量表现为负相关,存在拮抗作用;而氮钾则相反,存在促进作用.对氮、磷、钾肥与烤烟上部叶片烟碱含量模型的综合分析得出:在植烟土壤为河淤土的生产区,烟田的基础施肥量建议为:氮肥33.5～47.8kg·hm-2,磷肥40.2～63.6 kg·hm-2,钾肥78.0～119.6kg·hm-2.     

石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米水氮耦合效应

为探讨西北旱区春玉米最佳的水氮耦合模式,在甘肃石羊河流域武威绿洲边缘进行田间正交试验,研究不同生育阶段水量分配及施氮量对春玉米群体产量和水氮利用的影响.结果表明：石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加;施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2、拔节期灌水136 mm时的籽粒产量最大.籽粒灌溉水利用效率随灌水量的增加而降低;全生育期灌水340 mm时增施氮肥可使籽粒产量和籽粒灌溉水利用效率同时提高;施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2、苗期和灌浆期分别灌水34 mm时籽粒灌溉水利用效率最大.各因素对玉米植株全氮累积总量的影响由大到小依次为：施氮量、拔节期灌水、苗期灌水、灌浆期灌水和抽穗期灌水.石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米水氮耦合最佳模式为：施氮量300 kg·hm^-2,苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别灌水34、136、68和102 mm.     

浅埋滴灌水肥耦合对辽西半干旱区春玉米产量的影响

为揭示辽西半干旱区浅埋滴灌水肥耦合春玉米的产量效应,采用水、氮、钾三因子五水平二次回归正交设计,于2017—2018年开展了田间试验。研究以产量(Y)为因变量,以灌溉量(W)、施氮量(N)、施钾量(K)为自变量,建立二次回归模型,分析Y与W、N、K之间的耦合关系。结果表明: 浅埋滴灌水肥耦合对产量有显著影响。W、N、K单因子对Y的提高均有促进作用,影响程度为W>N>K;二因子交互作用对产量的影响呈先提高后降低的变化趋势,交互作用的大小顺序为WN>WK>NK;三因子耦合产量效应表现为丰水丰氮丰钾配合处理最高,高水高氮高钾次之,低水低氮低钾最低。利用模型寻优,得到较高产量8000～8810 kg·hm^-2的浅埋滴灌适宜水肥配比范围,即在自然降雨条件下,灌溉量43～61 mm、施氮量138～343 kg·hm^-2、施钾量79～163 kg·hm^-2。研究结果可为北方半干旱区浅埋滴灌水肥一体化种植模式的应用推广提供依据。     

长期灌溉施肥对半干旱区褐土氮、磷和钾库的影响Ⅱ.对褐土农田土壤钾库的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计 ,在辽西半干旱区褐土上进行了长期田间试验 ,研究不同的灌水、施氮、施磷和施秸秆水平对土壤钾含量的影响。结果表明 ,土壤全钾含量随着氮、磷和秸秆施用量的增加而增加 ,随着灌水量的增加而降低 ,其中 ,施磷对土壤全钾含量的增加效果最明显 ,其次是施秸秆量。土壤速效钾含量随着灌水和氮、磷施用量的增加而降低 ,随着秸秆施用量的增加而增加 ,其中 ,施秸秆对土壤的速效钾含量影响最明显 ,其次是施用磷肥的影响。另外 ,施肥和灌水在提高土壤全钾含量的同时可能使速效钾含量降低 ,两者的变化表现为一定的负相关。     

水氮互作对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根系生长及产量的影响

为探讨固定道小麦栽培方式下适宜的水氮组合,以低水1200 (W₁)、中水2400 (W₂)、高水3600 m³·hm^-2 (W₃)为主处理,0 (N₀)、低氮90(N₁)、中氮180 (N₂)、高氮270 kg·hm^-2 (N₃)为副处理,采用裂区设计,对固定道垄作栽培方式下水氮互作对春小麦根系生长及产量的影响进行了研究.结果表明:水氮互作能显著影响春小麦根干质量密度(RWD),RWD随着小麦生育期的进程表现为先增大后减小的趋势,在灌浆期达最大;RWD对施氮量的响应取决于灌溉量,在W₁下,RWD在N₁处理下最大,在W₂下,RWD随着施氮量的增加在N₂处理下最大,在W₃下,RWD随着施氮量的增加在N₃ 处理下最大;不同灌溉处理下RWD表现为W₂>W₃>W₁;施氮与灌水显著影响RWD,表现为灌水>氮肥>水氮互作,在W₂N₂处理下最大.根冠比随着灌水量与施氮量的增加逐渐减小,在W₁N₀处理下根冠比最大;85%以上的小麦根系分布于0～40 cm土层,产量与0～40 cm土层RWD呈显著抛物线回归关系,与40～60 cm土层RWD呈显著线性正回归关系.W₂灌溉条件可以促进小麦根系向中下层(40～60 cm)分布;灌水施氮能显著影响春小麦籽粒产量与生物产量,生物产量随着施氮量和灌水量的增加而增加,籽粒产量在W₂N₂最大;灌水生产力随灌水量的增加逐渐降低,氮肥农学利用率随施氮量的增加而减小.因此,在固定道垄作栽培方式下,施肥量与灌水量控制在N₂ (180 kg·hm^-2)与W₂(2400 m³·hm^-2)条件下有利于促进根系生长,进而提高春小麦籽粒产量及水氮利用效率,是河西灌区固定道小麦栽培方式下适宜的水氮组合.     

施氮和秸秆还田对晚播小麦养分平衡和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了水稻秸秆还田和施氮量对晚播小麦产量、养分积累、秸秆养分释放及养分平衡的影响.结果表明: 水稻秸秆还田并配施适当的施氮量有利于提高晚播小麦籽粒产量.晚播小麦全生育期的干物质、氮、磷、钾积累量均随施氮量增加而显著增加,相同施氮量(270 kg N·hm^-2)下,秸秆还田处理的干物质、磷、钾积累高于不还田处理,氮积累则呈相反趋势.随着施氮量增加,秸秆腐解和养分释放率增加,且拔节后秸秆养分释放量占总释放量的比例降低;随生育进程的推进,秸秆的干物质、磷、钾释放量呈倒“N”型变化趋势,而氮释放量则呈“V”型变化趋势.计算养分表观平衡结果表明,秸秆还田并增加施氮量,养分总盈余量显著升高;在获得较高产量的施氮条件下,氮、钾素显著盈余,磷素投入较为合理.晚播小麦实行秸秆还田后,可适当增加氮肥用量至257 kg·hm^-2,并减少钾肥投入.     

水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响

在高肥力条件下,大田试验采用裂区设计,主区为不同灌水频次(0～3次),裂区为不同施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2),结合15N微区示踪技术,研究了水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响.结果表明,在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加.在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势.氮肥水平一定时,在灌0至灌2水范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理中施氮处理(N168、N240)的籽粒产量较灌2水处理显著降低;灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降.在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低,各灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,不灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量显著降低.灌水促进了施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0～100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100～200 cm土层.灌水次数是导致收获期0～100 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100～200 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.