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1.
猪粪好氧堆制不同阶段氧气含量变化特征   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
研究了不同堆肥阶段氧气浓度和耗氧速率的变化特征.结果表明,不同堆肥阶段通风补充氧气所需的时间很短,各阶段通风后氧气浓度都恢复到17%以上.堆肥升温阶段、高温阶段初期耗氧速率高,达900μl·L^-1·s^-1以上;随着堆肥的进行,耗氧速率逐渐降低,经过5~7d的持续高温期后,耗氧速率下降到100μl·L^-1·s^-1以下,堆肥基本腐熟.根据耗氧堆肥的氧气动态变化特征,提出了相应的通风策略.  相似文献   

2.
鼓风对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度变化的影响   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
采用强制通风静态垛和温度反馈自动测控堆肥工艺,研究了鼓风过程对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度的影响。当城市污泥和调理剂比例为1:1时(体积比),处于鼓风口远端(风向远点)各个层次的堆体温度基本上不会随鼓风过程而变化,处于鼓风方向中部(风向中点)、鼓风口近端(风向近点)的堆体,其中层、上层的温度将会下降,平均下降速度分别为0.05℃/min、0.04℃/min,但是温度下降的速率在整个鼓风过程中并不均匀,温度下降速度在0-10min较快,在10-40min较慢;当混合堆料中调理剂含量较低时(3:2),堆体上层温度在鼓风过程中将会上升,上升速率约为0.022-0.05℃/min,中层温度下降,在鼓风开始阶段(0-10min),下降速率较快,约为0.12℃/min,随后变化速率较小,约为0.01℃/min。对于不同调理剂比例的堆体,处于风向远点、中点的下层温度基本不受鼓风作用的影响;处于风向近点的堆体,其下层温度会随着鼓风过程而下降,平均下降速率约为0.025-0.03℃/min。  相似文献   

3.
城市污泥堆肥温度动态变化过程及层次效应   总被引:33,自引:2,他引:31  
对城市污泥强制通风静态垛堆肥的温度变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当调理剂比例较低时,堆体升温速率和降温速率都较为缓慢,堆肥处理长,堆体温度较低,当调理剂比例较高时,堆体升温速率较快,堆肥温度将在较短时间内达到灭菌稳定化所要求的高温。堆体温度在高温阶段持续的时间与调理剂比例有着密切的联系,当调理剂比例太高时,高温持续时间短,如加入适当比例的回流污泥,堆温可以在50℃以上高温阶段持续足够的时间,当堆肥原料的起始温度高于15℃,堆体一般要经历升温阶段、高温持续阶段和降温阶段,但是当堆肥原料的起始温度很低时,堆体温度还要经历一个起爆阶段。堆体内不同层次的温度有着不同的变化趋势,堆肥初始阶段,堆体下层温度高于上层温度,随后上层温度逐渐高于下层温度。  相似文献   

4.
堆肥是一个由多因子所介导的复杂系统。功能微生物在堆肥中扮演着至关重要的因素,其在降解可利用废弃物的同时,也受到其他环境因子的调控,在不同堆肥时期有着明显的菌群差异。近年来,研究人员阐明了不同堆肥时期(嗜温期、嗜热期、降温期和腐熟期)优势微生物菌群多样性、功能以及堆体环境因子(温度、氧气、pH、EC和养分状况)对优势菌群的影响及其机理,这二者之间的相互作用促进了堆肥发酵进程。本文就堆肥不同时期优势微生物菌群多样性、生态学功能及其影响因素进行介绍,并提出堆肥研究所面临的问题,为今后堆肥过程中功能微生物的研究方向及合理利用提供新的视角。  相似文献   

5.
以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8%葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明:添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.  相似文献   

6.
牛粪强化高含油污泥堆肥生物处理及评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以农业废弃物牛粪为生物基质,与油泥废弃物按照质量1∶1混合为3 m×3 m×0.35 m的大型堆肥和1 m×0.5 m×0.35 m的小型堆肥,采用现场堆肥法研究了牛粪对石油烃各组分、生物毒性和微生物多样性交化的影响.结果表明:堆肥初始C/N为26.4,随着堆肥时间的延长,整体呈下降趋势,处理后小型堆肥的C/N为18.4,大型堆肥样品的C/N为18.5,堆体均达到了腐熟;小型堆肥处理堆至115 d后,总石油烃(TPH)降解率达到22.96%;石油烃各组分中饱和烃在堆肥过程中呈减少的趋势;芳香烃在大型堆肥下整体呈升高趋势,小型堆肥下则出现先上升后下降的趋势;发芽指数结果显示,堆肥样品在开始有较大的生物毒性,堆肥过程中发芽指数升高,堆肥结束后由发芽指数得出两种处理方式下的堆肥产物均达到腐熟;由变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)图谱和图谱聚类分析得出,随着堆肥时间的延长,微生物群落也发生了较大的变化.大型堆肥与小型堆肥之间石油烃降解性的差异可能是不同堆肥体积对微生物群落多样性有较大影响所致.  相似文献   

7.
以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8%葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明:添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.  相似文献   

8.
好氧堆肥是有机固体废弃物处理处置的有效手段之一,堆肥还田也是贫瘠土壤改良的常用措施。但好氧堆肥是一个典型的CO_2等温室气体的释放过程。如何减少堆肥过程中的CO_2释放,强化堆肥的腐殖化过程对于实现有机固体废弃物的低碳化堆肥、提高作为优良土壤改良剂的腐殖质产量具有重要意义。本文选取农林秸秆和餐厨垃圾作为堆肥原料,研究不同翻堆频率对堆肥过程中的物料减量化、腐殖化和稳定化的影响,以期发现一个较低碳的堆肥工艺,并从微生物角度初步探索了其影响机制。研究结果显示,不同的翻堆频率(分别为每2 d、4 d和6 d翻堆一次),堆料的减量化和腐殖化程度有一定差异,翻堆频率为4 d的堆肥工艺物料减量率最高为50.5%,但碳减量率最低为77.4%;而翻堆频率为2 d的堆肥工艺腐殖质产量最高;3种堆肥工艺经62 d堆肥都达到了腐熟程度,翻堆频率为4 d的堆肥工艺腐熟化程度最高。不同的翻堆频率可能通过影响堆肥过程中堆料的温度、含氧量等因素从而改变堆料中活性微生物量、种类和生物酶活性,进而影响堆料的矿化和腐殖化进程。  相似文献   

9.
目的利用堆肥处理技术对大庆油田原油污染土壤进行生物修复处理研究,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。方法比较堆肥过程中不同碳氮比对石油烃降解效果的影响,分析堆制过程中各理化参数和总石油烃降解的变化趋势,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。结果 3种比例的堆肥处理,总碳含量呈下降趋势而总氮含量呈上升趋势,当C∶N约为30∶1时,堆肥温度9d持续在50℃以上,土壤中石油烃降解率达到最高。60d后,土壤中总石油烃的降解率可达78%。结论堆肥C∶N为30∶1时为最佳的堆制比例。  相似文献   

10.
城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
对城市污泥好氧堆肥稳定化过程的温热条件进行了探讨 ,将物候学中的积温概念应用于堆肥稳定化 (腐熟 )过程。它同时兼顾到堆肥过程中的温度强度和持续时间两个参数。对于采用的强制通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ( CTB自动控制堆肥工艺 ) ,建议以 1 5℃作为生物学零度 ,积温指标为 1 0 0 0 0℃· h左右。堆肥原料的性质、堆肥工艺、微生物种群、生物学零度、外界环境等因素可能会对积温产生一定影响  相似文献   

11.
AIMS: We aimed to systematically understand the composting processes by a comparison of microbial communities during four full-scale composting processes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microbial communities during the four different full-scale composting processes were analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis combined with measurement of physicochemical parameters. Two composting processes utilized sewage sludge and two utilized food-waste. Comparison of the four processes indicated that the concentration of dissolved organic carbon was higher in the food-waste-composting than in the sewage-sludge-composting processes, and microbial communities varied with composting substrate. The tendency for different microbes to appear in the composting process with different concentrations of dissolved organic carbon agreed with a previous study that showed that microbial succession occurred with a decrease in dissolved organic carbon in a laboratory-scale food-waste-composting process. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the main factor affecting microbial communities in the composting process is the concentration of dissolved organic materials. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In addition to studying microbial communities involved in composting, this research is also the first to study composting mechanisms using molecular methods. The results of our studies may be helpful in the design and management of composting processes.  相似文献   

12.
This paper presents results obtained on the evaluation of static composting process aimed at bioremediation of the hazardous solid olive mill waste (OMW). The static composting process carried out in gas-permeable polyethylene bags followed the fluctuating temperature and oxygen profiles similar to those seen in aerated composting systems. Static composting resulted in apparent increases and decreases in values for total nitrogen and C:N ratios respectively during the process. The amount of nitrogen (>3%) in the composting end product was in agreement with the Italian legislation (Decreto Legislativo 29 aprile 2010, n. 75) specification for nitrogen fertilizer. A gradual decrease in polyphenols during the storage of compost resulted in a non-phytotoxic composted organic matter high in humic substances. Different respirometric tests also stated high biological stability of the end compost product.  相似文献   

13.
The viability of mixtures from manure and agricultural wastes as composting sources were systematically studied using a physicochemical and biological characterization. The combination of different parameters such as C:N ratio, free air space (FAS) and moisture content can help in the formulation of the mixtures. Nevertheless, the composting process may be challenging, particularly at industrial scales. The results of this study suggest that if the respirometric potential is known, it is possible to predict the behaviour of a full scale composting process. Respiration indices can be used as a tool for determining the suitability of composting as applied to manure and complementary wastes. Accordingly, manure and agricultural wastes with a high potential for composting and some proposed mixtures have been characterized in terms of respiration activity. Specifically, the potential of samples to be composted has been determined by means of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the dynamic respirometric index (DRI). During this study, four of these mixtures were composted at full scale in a system consisting of a confined pile with forced aeration. The biological activity was monitored by means of the oxygen uptake rate inside the material (OURinsitu). This new parameter represents the real activity of the process. The comparison between the potential respirometric activities at laboratory scale with the in situ respirometric activity observed at full scale may be a useful tool in the design and optimization of composting systems for manure and other organic agricultural wastes.  相似文献   

14.
Composting of several organic wastes of different chemical composition (source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid waste, dewatered raw sludge, dewatered anaerobically digested sludge and paper sludge) was carried out under controlled conditions to study the suitability of different biological indexes (oxygen uptake rate, respirometric index, and respiratory quotient) to monitor the biological activity of the composting process. Among the indexes tested, oxygen uptake rate (also referred to as dynamic respirometric index) provided the most reliable values of microbial activity in a compost environment. On the other hand, values of the static respirometric index measured at process temperature, especially in the early stages of the composting process, were significantly lower than those of the dynamic index, which was probably due to oxygen diffusion limitations present in static systems. Both static and dynamic indexes were similar during the maturation phase. Static respirometric index measured at 37 degrees C should not be used with samples obtained during the thermophilic phase, since it resulted in an underestimation of the respiration values. Respiratory quotient presented only slight variations when changing the process temperature or the waste considered, and its use should be restricted to ensure aerobic conditions in the composting matrix.  相似文献   

15.
城市垃圾堆肥过程中的生物学问题研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
介绍了城市垃圾堆肥处理的主要工艺,详细分析了垃圾堆肥过程中的生物化学变化和微生物学原理及研究现状。提出了可以将耗氧速率、C/N比、pH值作为堆肥腐熟度在线监测指标及在堆肥过程中,添加高效复合微生物接种剂可加快有机物的分解,缩短发酵周期,减少恶臭气体的产生,提高堆肥制品质量。  相似文献   

16.
Wang K  Li W  Guo J  Zou J  Li Y  Zhang L 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(9):5528-5532
Spatial differences and temporal changes in biological activity characteristics were investigated in a static reactor using intermittent aeration during the sewage sludge composting process. Pumice was proposed as a bulking agent in the composting of sewage sludge. Variations in temperature, moisture, oxygen level, volatile solids, specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were determined during 28 days of composting. The peak temperature in the upper region of the reactor was 10 °C higher than that at the bottom. The moisture level in the middle region was significantly higher than that of other positions. Analysis of SOUR and DHA indicated that the lowest level of sludge stability was at the bottom region. These spatial and temporal differences in biochemical dynamics in the static system could extend the composting period and affect product uniformity.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of the composting process on the chemical and structural properties of humic acids have been studied in seven different organic waste mixtures from different origin. Only slight changes in elemental composition have been found in the humic acids after the composting process pointing to a more aromatic structure with higher proportions of oxygen and nitrogen. Functional groups were the most sensitive to the changes caused by the composting process showing a marked increase in the total acidity and phenolic, carboxyl and carbonyl groups. Gel permeation chromatography showed a slight increase in the average molecular weight of the humic acids. Infrared spectroscopy did not show important differences in humic acid structure but a clear decrease in the intensity of the bands in the region 3000–2850 cm-1 corresponding to the aliphatic fractions. As a general result, the composting process yields humic acids in which the elemental and functional composition are closer to that of the more humified soil humic acids.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of antibiotics on aerobic composting are investigated by dosing of tetracycline (TC) in fresh human feces with sawdust as biomass carrier. Variability in process parameters such as temperature, pH, water-soluble carbon, germination index (GI) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) are evaluated at TC dosages of 0, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg in a 21-day composting. Moreover, microbial community succession is examined by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Findings indicate significant impacts to the process parameters with the increase of TC concentration such as inhibition of temperature increases during aerobic composting, lowering of pH, increasing of water-soluble carbon residue, a decrease of GI, and hindering of DHA. Furthermore, elevated TC concentrations significantly alter the microbial community succession and reduce the community diversity and abundance. Therefore, interference in microbial community structures and a hindrance to biological activity are believed to be the main adverse effects of TC on the composting process and maturity of the composting products.  相似文献   

19.
Large-scale composting of source-separated household waste has expanded in recent years in the Nordic countries. One problem can be low pH at the start of the process. Incoming biowaste at four composting plants was characterised chemically, physically and microbiologically. The pH of food waste ranged from 4.7 to 6.1 and organic acid concentration from 24 to 81 mmol kg(-1). The bacterial diversity in the waste samples was high, with all samples dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, particularly Pseudomonas and Enterobacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter). Lactic acid bacteria were also numerically important and are known to negatively affect the composting process because the lactic acid they produce lowers the pH, inhibiting other bacteria. The bacterial groups needed for efficient composting, i.e. Bacillales and Actinobacteria, were present in appreciable amounts. The results indicated that start-up problems in the composting process can be prevented by recycling bulk material and compost.  相似文献   

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