中国南方典型地区油-稻轮作条件下大气SO2干沉降速率动态变化

以1998年11月～1999年10月中国科学院红壤生态试验站农田小气候观测站气象梯度资料(温度、风速、气压),计算近地面湍流特征参数(u^*、θ^*、L),然后采样阻力模式计算SO₂干沉降速率(V_d),研究了该地油-稻轮作条件下大气SO₂干沉降V_d动态变化。结果表明,一年中大气SO₂于沉降V_d时平均年均值0.124～0.897cm·s^-1(mean±SE=0.507±0.167cm·s^-1).一年中大气SO₂干沉降V_d存在如下规律性:白天>晚上。3～8月份SO₂V_d平均值(0.611cm·s^-1大于9～12、1～2月份SO₂V_d平均值(0.401cm·s^-1)。水稻生长期间(0.605±0.093cm·s^-1)>油菜(0.491±0.166cm·s^-1)>休闲(0.342±0.174cm·s^-1)。     

红壤典型地区大气硫输入的干沉降通量研究——以江西红壤站为例

在江西(鹰潭)红壤典型地区农田下垫面上进行大气SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)的浓度采样,利用阻力模式计算SO₂和SO₄^2-的干沉降速度,估算大气S输入农田生态系统的干沉降通量.结果表明,农田下垫面上SO₂和SO₄^2-干沉降速度的平均值分别是0.3、0.23cm·s^-1.干沉降速度具有明显的日变化特征,一般白天大于夜间,午后出现最大值.大气S输入农田生态系统的半年干沉降通量为6.7g·m^-2.     

红壤典型地区大气硫输入的干沉降通量研究

在江西（鹰潭）红壤典型地区农田下垫面上进行大气SO2、硫酸盐（SO4^2-）的浓度采样,利用阻力模式计算SO2和SO4^2-的干沉降速度,估算大气S输入农田生态系统的干沉降通量,结果表明,农田下热垫面上SO2和SO4^2-干沉降速度的平均值分别是0．43、0．23cm.s^-1,干沉降速率具有明显的日变化特征,一般白天大于夜间,午后出现最大值,大气S输入农田生态系统的半年干沉降通量为6．7g.m^-2。     

冬麦田臭氧干沉降过程的观测

地表臭氧作为近地层最主要的大气污染物之一,其不断上升的浓度及其对粮食作物的影响受到越来越多的关注.本研究利用微气象学观测方法,探明自然条件下冬麦田的臭氧沉降过程,分析了影响臭氧沉降过程的环境因子.结果表明: 观测期内(小麦生长旺期)臭氧通量均值为-0.35 μg·m^-2·s^-1(负号表示沉降方向指向地面),臭氧沉降平均速率为0.55 cm·s^-1,空气动力学阻力均值为30 s·m^-1,粘性副层阻力均值为257 s·m^-1,冠层阻力均值为163 s·m^-1,且均存在明显的日变化趋势.臭氧沉降阻力大小受摩擦速度、太阳辐射强度、温度和相对湿度等因素的影响.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林细根特性和土壤呼吸的影响

细根在森林生态系统地下碳循环过程中具有核心地位.2007年11月-2009年11月,对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验.氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK,0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)处理,研究氮沉降对苦竹人工林细根和土壤根际呼吸的影响.结果表明：不同处理氮沉降下,<1 mm和1～2 mm细根特性差异较大,与< 1 mm细根相比,1～2 mm细根的木质素、磷和镁含量更高,而纤维素、钙含量更低;氮沉降显著增加了<2 mm细根生物量,对照、低氮、中氮和高氮处理的细根生物量分别为(533±89)、(630±140)、(632±168)和(820±161) g·m^-2,氮、钾、镁元素含量也明显增加;苦竹林各处理年均土壤呼吸速率分别为(5.85±0.43)、(6.48±0.71)、(6.84±0.57)和(7.62±0.55) t C·hm^-2·a^-1,氮沉降对土壤呼吸有明显的促进作用;苦竹林的年均土壤呼吸速率与<2 mm细根生物量和细根N含量呈极显著线性相关.氮沉降使细根生物量和代谢强度增加,并通过增加微生物活性促进了根际土壤呼吸.     

南京秋季裸地臭氧干沉降通量观测及土壤阻力模拟

利用涡度相关系统配合快速臭氧浓度脉动仪在南京地区裸地上观测臭氧浓度及沉降通量,分析臭氧浓度、沉降通量与气象条件的相关性,揭示沉降通量和速率的变化特征,利用模拟的土壤阻力计算臭氧沉降通量和速率并与观测结果进行对比.结果表明: 2015年9月25日至10月28日,臭氧浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,并且因辐射的增强而升高.秋季裸地臭氧沉积通量主要受臭氧浓度影响,平均日变化-31.4～-156.8 ng·s^-1·m^-2(负号表示方向向下).因裸地无植被的缓冲作用,臭氧沉降通量受环境因素影响更为明显.臭氧沉降速率为0.09～0.30 cm·s^-1.臭氧在大气传输中湍流交换起主要作用,裸地臭氧干沉降的下垫面条件尤为重要,土壤阻力(R_s)随相对湿度(RH)的增加呈指数上升,其关系模型为R_s=89.981e^0.0246RH,模拟的臭氧通量和沉积速率与观测的通量和速率的一致性较好.     

中国东部地区无机氮湿沉降: 南-北不同类型监测点的比较

中国被认为是全球氮沉降热点地区之一,东部地区作为经济发达和人口密集区域,更是人为活性氮大气排放和沉降的高发区,但针对我国整个东部不同生态系统的氮沉降及其南北区域特征差异的报导较少.2011—2013年,选择在我国东部的12个监测点(南北各6个,均包括城市、农村和背景点3种类型)利用传统雨量器(型号SDM6A)进行连续3年的氮素湿沉降观测.结果表明: 监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮沉降浓度波动范围分别为0.62～2.76、0.54～2.50和1.25～4.92 mg N·L^-1,平均浓度分别为1.4、1.5和2.9 mg N·L^-1,北方监测点的雨水中各活性氮浓度均高于南方监测点.12个监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮的湿沉降量的波动范围分别为7.0～18.3、6.9～18.9和14.9～32.6 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,平均值分别为11.5、12.2和23.7 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1.北方不同类型监测点间存在显著差异,表现为:城市监测点(26.3±6.4 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)>农村监测点(21.8±3.5 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)>背景点(15.5±1.3 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1);与之相反,南方各监测点氮素湿沉降无显著差异,城市、农村和背景点的湿沉降量分别为(26.8±2.7)、(25.5±2.9)和(20.5±2.4) kg N·hm^-2·a^-1.除城市监测点外,南方的农村和背景点的氮素湿沉降量均高于北方相应类型的监测点.表明我国东部的南北各区域(包括背景地区)均面临较高水平的大气氮沉降,其引发的生态环境风险问题应加以重视.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

为理解模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)的影响,通过一年野外模拟氮(NH₄NO₃)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮沉降(L, 5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮沉降(M, 15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮沉降(H, 30 g N·m^-2·a^-1),研究了氮沉降对天然常绿阔叶林土壤MBC和MBN的影响.结果表明: 氮沉降显著降低了0～10 cm土层MBC和MBN,且随氮沉降量的增加,下降幅度增大;L和M处理对10～20 cm土层MBC和MBN无显著影响,H处理显著降低了10～20 cm土层土壤MBC和MBN;氮沉降对MBC和MBN的影响随土壤深度的增加而减弱.MBC和MBN具有明显的季节变化,在0～10和10～20 cm土层均表现为秋季最高,夏季最低.0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量C/N分别介于10.58～11.19和9.62～12.20,表明在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落中真菌占据优势.     

北京东灵山大气氮沉降水平及变化特征

城市人为成因的气态活性氮排放影响空气质量，导致周边的陆地生态系统大气氮输入量持续增加。然而，陆地生态系统大气活性氮特别是溶解态无机氮(DIN)和溶解态有机氮(DON)的同步观测仍然较为缺乏，影响氮沉降生态效应的全面、准确评估。本研究观测了北京东灵山森林生态系统定位研究站2019年6月至2020年1月每周的混合沉降中铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和总溶解态氮(TDN)浓度，计算了DON浓度和各形态氮的沉降通量，分析了它们的月际和干湿季差异及其变化机制。结果表明：该站点大气沉降中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、DON和TDN体积加权平均浓度分别为1.45±0.04、0.70±0.01、1.81±0.66和3.96±0.65 mg N·L^-1,TDN年沉降通量为25.00 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,NH₄^+<...     

华西雨屏区苦竹林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的响应

2007年11月至2008年11月, 对华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验, 氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)。每月下旬, 采用红外CO₂分析法测定土壤呼吸速率, 并定量地对各处理施氮(NH₄NO₃)。结果表明: 2008年试验地氮沉降量为8.241 g·m^-2, 超出该地区氮沉降临界负荷。在生长季节, 苦竹林根呼吸占总土壤呼吸的60%左右。模拟氮沉降促进了苦竹林土壤呼吸速率, 使苦竹林土壤每年向大气释放的CO₂增加了9.4%~28.6%。在大时间尺度上(如1 a), 土壤呼吸主要受温度的影响。2008年6~10月, 土壤呼吸速率24 h平均值均表现为: 对照<低氮<中氮<高氮。氮沉降处理1 a后, 土壤微生物呼吸速率和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮增加, 并且均与氮沉降量具有相同趋势。各处理土壤呼吸速率与10 cm土壤温度、月平均气温呈极显著指数正相关关系, 利用温度单因素模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率的大部分。模拟氮沉降使得土壤呼吸Q₁₀值增大, 表明氮沉降可能增强了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。在氮沉降持续增加和全球气候变暖的背景下, 氮沉降和温度的共同作用可能使得苦竹林向大气中排放的CO₂增加。     

成都平原水稻-油菜轮作系统氧化亚氮排放

2005年6月—2006年6月利用静态箱/气相色谱法对成都平原水稻 油菜轮作系统氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放进行定位观测, 研究了该系统N₂O排放特征及土壤水热状况、氮肥施用、作物参与对N₂O排放的影响. 结果表明: 成都平原水稻-油菜轮作系统N₂O排放总量为（8.3±2.8）kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 水稻季、油菜季和休闲期对整个轮作周期N₂O排放总量的贡献分别为30%、65%和5%. 水稻季N₂O平均排放速率表现为排灌交替期最大, 持续淹水期和排水晒田期相当;氮肥施用是N₂O排放高峰出现的主要驱动力;土壤表层含水量偏低是旱季出现土壤N₂O吸收现象的主要原因. 土壤水分、土壤温度、施用氮肥和作物参与均在不同程度上影响N₂O排放, 土壤水分是影响N₂O排放的关键因子, 避免水稻季土壤频繁干湿交替或控制旱季土壤水分(表层土壤含水孔隙率介于50%～70%)可有效抑制N₂O排放.     

Behavior of red king crab larvae: phototaxis, geotaxis and rheotaxis

Zoeae of Paralithodes camtschatica were positively phototactic to white light intensities above 1 x 10(13) q cm-2 s-1. Negative phototaxis occurred at low (1 x 10(12) q cm-2 s-1), but not high intensities (2.2 x 10(16) q cm-2 s-1). Phototactic response was directly related to light intensity. Zoeae also responded to red, green and blue light. Zoeae were negatively geotactic, but geotaxis was dominated by phototaxis. Horizontal swimming speed of stage 1 zoeae < 4 d old was 2.4 +/- 0.1 (SE) cm s-1 and decreased to 1.7 +/- 0.1 cm s-1 in older zoeae (P < 0.01). Horizontal swimming speed of stage 2 zoeae was not significantly different from > or = 4 d old stage 1 zoeae. Vertical swimming speed, 1.6 +/- 0.1 cm s-1, and sinking rate, 0.7 +/- 0.1 cm s-1, did not change with ontogeny. King crab zoeae were positively rheotactic and maintained position in horizontal currents less than 1.4 cm s-1. Starvation reduced swimming and sinking rates and phototactic response.     

Characterization of wet and dry deposition in the downwind of industrial sources in a dry tropical area

An atmospheric deposition study was conducted in the downwind of Shaktinagar Thermal Power Plant (STPP), Renusagar Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), and Anpara Thermal Power Plant (ATPP), at Singrauli region, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India to characterize dry and wet deposition in relation to different pollution loading. During the study period, dry and wet depositions and levels of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) were estimated across the sites. Dry deposition was collected on a monthly basis and wet deposition on an event basis. Depositions were analyzed for pH, nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and sulphate (SO4(2-)) contents. Dry deposition rate both collected as clearfall and throughfall varied between 0.15 to 2.28 and 0.33 to 3.48 g m(-2) day(-1), respectively, at control and maximally polluted sites. The pH of dry deposition varied from 5.81 to 6.89 during winter and 6.09 to 7.02 during summer across the sites. During the rainy season, the mean pH of clear wet deposition varied from 6.56 to 7.04 and throughfall varied from 6.81 to 7.22. The concentrations of NO2 and SO2 pollutants were highest during the winter season. Mean SO2 concentrations varied from 18 to 75 g m(-3) at control and differently polluted sites during the winter season. The variation in NO2 concentrations did not show a pattern similar to that of SO2. The highest NO2 concentration during the winter season was 50 g m(-3), observed near RTPP. NO2 concentration did not show much variation among different sites, suggesting that the sources of NO2 emission are evenly distributed along the sites. The concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, and SO4(2-) ions in dry deposition were found to be higher in summer as compared to the winter season. In dry deposition (clearfall) the concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, and SO4(2-) varied from 0.13 to 1.0, 0.81 to 1.95, and 0.82 to 3.27 mg l(-1), respectively, during winter. In wet deposition (clearfall), the above varied from 0.14 to 0.74, 0.81 to 1.82, and 0.67 to 2.70 mg l(-1), respectively. The study clearly showed that both dry and wet depositions varied between the sites and season, suggesting significant impact of industrial activities in modifying the atmospheric input. The nonacidic deposition suggests that there is no threat of acidification of the receiving ecosystem at present.     

Effects of age and exercise on physiological dead space during simulated dives at 2.8 ATA.

Physiological dead space (Vds), end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))), and arterial CO(2) (Pa(CO(2))) were measured at 1 and 2.8 ATA in a dry hyperbaric chamber in 10 older (58-74 yr) and 10 younger (19-39 yr) air-breathing subjects during rest and two levels of upright exercise on a cycle ergometer. At pressure, Vd (liters btps) increased from 0.34 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- SD of all subjects for normally distributed data, median +/- interquartile range otherwise) to 0.40 +/- 0.09 (P = 0.0060) at rest, 0.35 +/- 0.13 to 0.45 +/- 0.11 (P = 0.0003) during light exercise, and 0.38 +/- 0.17 to 0.45 +/- 0.13 (P = 0.0497) during heavier exercise. During these conditions, Pa(CO(2)) (Torr) increased from 33.8 +/- 4.2 to 35.7 +/- 4.4 (P = 0.0059), 35.3 +/- 3.2 to 39.4 +/- 3.1 (P < 0.0001), and 29.6 +/- 5.6 to 37.4 +/- 6.5 (P < 0.0001), respectively. During exercise, Pet(CO(2)) overestimated Pa(CO(2)), although the absolute difference was less at pressure. Capnography poorly estimated Pa(CO(2)) during exercise at 1 and 2.8 ATA because of wide variability. Older subjects had higher Vd at 1 ATA but similar changes in Vd, Pa(CO(2)), and Pet(CO(2)) at pressure. These results are consistent with an effect of increased gas density.     

Lateral diffusion of wheat germ agglutinin-labeled glycoconjugates in the membrane of differentiating HL-60 and U-937 cells assessed with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

The promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and the histiocytic cell line U-937 were grown in suspension culture. They were induced to differentiate during 5-d cultivation in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; 1.3% w/v) or phorbol-12-myristate-acetate (PMA; 10(-7) M), which yields granulocyte- and macrophage-like cells, respectively. Differentiation was evidenced by increased capacity to recognize and phagocytize IgG- or complement-coated yeast particles. Aliquots taken from the cultures with and without DMSO (or PMA) were spun down directly on glass microscope slides, washed, labeled with fluoresceinated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and directly examined at room temperature for the rate of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). It was found that cultivation of the HL-60 and the U-937 cells in the presence of DMSO, which yields granulocyte-like cells, reduced the average value of lateral diffusion coefficient D (X 10(10] from 1.72 +/- 0.13 cm2s-1 to 0.97 +/- 0.13 cm2s-1 and from 1.77 +/- 0.11 cm2s-1 to 0.82 +/- 0.13 cm2s-1, respectively. U-937 cells grown with PMA also showed a reduction of D(X 10(10] to 0.88 +/- 0.10 cm2s-1. There was a larger immobile fraction of fluorescence in the HL-60 cells than in the U-937 cells, viz., 70-80% compared to 10-50%. The total number of binding sites for WGA was not altered, but the surface density changed, since the HL-60 and the U-937 cells became smaller and larger, respectively, when grown in the presence of DMSO. It is concluded that differentiation reduces the average lateral mobility of the WGA-binding membrane component by a factor around 2.     

Regulation of middle cerebral artery blood velocity during recovery from dynamic exercise in humans.

We sought to examine the regulation of cerebral blood flow during 10 min of recovery from mild, moderate, and heavy cycling exercise by measuring middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA V). Transfer function analyses between changes in arterial blood pressure and MCA V were used to assess the frequency components of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA). After mild and moderate exercise, the decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mean MCA V (MCA Vm) were small. However, following heavy exercise, MAP was rapidly and markedly reduced, whereas MCA Vm decreased slowly (-23 +/- 4 mmHg and -4 +/- 1 cm/s after 1 min for MAP and MCA Vm, respectively; means +/- SE). Importantly, for each workload, the normalized low-frequency transfer function gain between MAP and MCA Vm remained unchanged from rest to exercise and during recovery, indicating a maintained dynamic CA. Similar results were found for the systolic blood pressure and systolic MCA V relationship. In contrast, the normalized low-frequency transfer function gain between diastolic blood pressure and diastolic MCA V (MCA Vd) increased from rest to exercise and remained elevated in the recovery period (P < 0.05). However, MCA Vd was quite stable on the cessation of exercise. These findings suggest that MCA V is well maintained following mild to heavy dynamic exercise. However, the increased transfer function gain between diastolic blood pressure and MCA Vd suggests that dynamic CA becomes less effective in response to rapid decreases in blood pressure during the initial 10 min of recovery from dynamic exercise.     

Effect of glycerin removal on the electrical resistance of isolated muscle fiber in the frog

Fibres isolated from iliofibularis muscles of the frog Rana esculenta were studied under current-clamp conditions with a double sucrose-gap technique. An increase of membrane resistance in muscle fibres (Rm) was demonstrated during the first 10-15 min of glycerol removal in K2SO4 solution. After a 30 min treatment in glycerol-containing K2SO4 Rm was 1.40 +/- 0.12 k omega X X cm2. The transfer of muscles from the glycerol-K2SO4 solution to an isotonic K2SO4 solution resulted in a progressive increase in the Rm which after a 15 minutes removal of glycerol reached the mean value of 2.02 +/- 0.22 k omega X cm2. It is suggested that this increase may reflect detubulation of the fibres caused by glycerol removal in muscles.