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1.
高温和密度效应对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在室内采用叶子圆片培养基饲养棉蚜的方法,研究不同温度(32、34、36、38、40℃)和密度(每皿5、25、50、75)对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高、密度和持续天数的增加,棉蚜累计死亡率呈上升趋势.互补重对数模型模拟结果表明:β值随着密度的增加而减小,说明随着棉蚜密度的增加,温度对棉蚜的作用减弱;不同持续天数的γj值不同,说明棉蚜条件死亡率受温度和作用时间的共同影响.双因素方差分析结果表明,温度和密度显著影响棉蚜的繁殖率,且存在交互作用.32~36℃范围内,棉蚜繁殖率随密度的增加呈降低趋势,40℃条件下,不同密度棉蚜繁殖率没有差异,说明随着温度的升高,密度对棉蚜的作用逐渐减弱.即在不同的温度区间和密度范围内,温度和密度对棉蚜的作用大小、主次发生了改变.研究结果为棉蚜种群监测、预警和改进害虫控制方法提供了科学依据.  相似文献   

2.
高桂珍  吕昭智  夏德萍  孙平 《生态学报》2012,32(23):7568-7575
为探索高温胁迫对棉蚜的影响,室内采用叶子圆片培养基饲养棉蚜的方法,研究不同温度(32,34,36,38,40℃)、不同处理时间(1,2,4,6h)对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响.结果表明:棉蚜每日死亡率可用互补重对数模型较好地拟合.随着温度的升高和持续天数的延长,棉蚜累计死亡率呈上升趋势,38 ℃条件下其累计死亡率明显迅速上升.棉蚜半数致死温度随着每天高温处理时间的增加和高温持续天数的延长而降低,且第1-2天下降明显.棉蚜繁殖率随着温度的升高呈下降趋势,每天处理时间不同其繁殖率规律不同,但均是在38℃时下降最多.38℃可能是棉蚜耐高温能力的拐点.研究结果为提高棉蚜种群预测准确性、科学决策最佳化学防治时间提供依据.  相似文献   

3.
取食转基因抗虫棉上的棉蚜对粉舞蛛存活和发育的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文以转双价基因棉花SGK321、棉蚜Aphis gossypii和粉舞蛛Alopecosa pulverulenta为对象,研究了捕食转基因植物上的植食性害虫对多食性捕食性天敌的影响。结果表明,粉舞蛛可以猎食棉蚜,但单独捕食棉蚜不足以长期维持若蛛的生存和发育; 与果蝇混合饲养,能显著提高若蛛存活率和体重。在猎物过量或数量不足的情况下,单独捕食转基因棉或常规棉上的棉蚜,若蛛的生存曲线和体重差异不显著。在猎物过量的条件下,用转基因棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合饲养,若蛛的存活率显著高于用常规棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合的处理; 但这两种处理下,若蛛的体重差异不显著。在猎物数量不足的情况下,用转基因棉或常规棉上的棉蚜与果蝇混合饲养,若蛛的存活率和体重差异都不显著。可见,转双价基因棉花SGK321上的棉蚜对粉舞蛛的存活和发育没有显著的不利影响。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】克隆棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover溶菌酶基因并进行原核表达,分析其在不同日龄和不同寄主植物上棉蚜体内的表达特征,为进一步研究溶菌酶的功能及其与棉蚜共生菌间的关系奠定基础。【方法】以无翅棉蚜成虫总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR与RACE方法获得棉蚜溶菌酶基因的cDNA全长序列;将信号肽序列剪切后的棉蚜溶菌酶基因片段连接到原核表达载体pET-30a,并转化到大肠杆菌Eschericha coli中进行诱导表达;采用定量PCR方法测定该基因在不同日龄(1-19日龄)以及西葫芦、黄瓜和豇豆等不同寄主植物上棉蚜体内的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得棉蚜溶菌酶基因,命名为AgLYS(Gen Bank登录号:KY575341),cDNA全长为680 bp,开放阅读框为516bp,编码172个氨基酸残基。AgLYS的N-末端含有长度为36个氨基酸残基的信号肽序列。系统发育分析表明,棉蚜溶菌酶属于i型溶菌酶,并且与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum i型溶菌酶基因的氨基酸序列一致性达90%。AgLYS可在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,表达蛋白分子量为20 k D左右。AgLYS在1-19日龄的棉蚜体内均有表达,但在1-9日龄棉蚜体内表达量较低,11日龄后的棉蚜体内表达量极显著升高(P0.01)。同时,在西葫芦上饲养的棉蚜体内AgLYS的表达量极显著高于在黄瓜和豇豆上饲养的棉蚜体内的表达量(P0.01)。【结论】从棉蚜中克隆获得了i型溶菌酶基因AgLYS,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。棉蚜AgLYS基因的表达量受蚜虫日龄及所取食寄主种类的影响,推测棉蚜i型溶菌酶AgLYS可能与棉蚜体内共生菌种群密度的调控相关。  相似文献   

5.
在室内采用叶子圆片培养基饲养棉蚜的方法,研究不同温度(32、34、36、38、40 ℃)和密度(每皿5、25、50、75)对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响.结果表明: 随着温度的升高、密度和持续天数的增加,棉蚜累计死亡率呈上升趋势.互补重对数模型模拟结果表明:β值随着密度的增加而减小,说明随着棉蚜密度的增加,温度对棉蚜的作用减弱;不同持续天数的γj值不同,说明棉蚜条件死亡率受温度和作用时间的共同影响.双因素方差分析结果表明,温度和密度显著影响棉蚜的繁殖率,且存在交互作用.32~36 ℃范围内,棉蚜繁殖率随密度的增加呈降低趋势,40 ℃条件下,不同密度棉蚜繁殖率没有差异,说明随着温度的升高,密度对棉蚜的作用逐渐减弱.即在不同的温度区间和密度范围内,温度和密度对棉蚜的作用大小、主次发生了改变.研究结果为棉蚜种群监测、预警和改进害虫控制方法提供了科学依据.  相似文献   

6.
李姣  龙大彬  肖铁光 《昆虫知识》2013,50(4):959-966
本文以蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead与棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover系统为研究对象,以内禀增长率r m作为适合度指标,通过开顶式动态CO2气室(OTC),重点比较了目前大气CO2浓度与未来加倍的大气CO2浓度下(375μL/L VS 750μL/L)直接放入蚜茧蜂、笼罩间接放入蚜茧蜂的胁迫作用对不同世代和3个连续世代棉蚜适合度的影响。结果表明:CO2浓度变化、世代之间、寄生胁迫方式对棉蚜净繁殖率R0、平均世代时间T和内禀增长率r m均存在着极显著的影响;CO2浓度变化和寄生胁迫方式之间、CO2浓度变化和棉蚜发生世代之间的交互作用对棉蚜净繁殖率R0和内禀增长率r m也存在着极显著的影响。结果提示:大气CO2浓度将通过影响寄生蜂的间接干扰作用,从而影响棉蚜的适合度和种群动态,使棉蚜种群有下降的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
研究了叶色草蛉对棉蚜的搜索行为及其自身的种群干扰行为。结果表明:1)在两处地点的4种试验容器即培养皿、养虫器、内置障碍物的养虫器和内置盆栽棉花的笼罩中,草蛉幼虫的捕食效率因猎物的密度而变化。其捕食常数(Q)和干扰系数(m)随密度的增加而增大,但随空间异质性的增加而减小;2)在笼罩的棉株上,一龄和二龄草蛉幼虫每天的食蚜量分别为13.6头和29.4头。幼虫较多地在上部叶片上捕食棉蚜;3)在笼罩的棉株上,无论是一龄幼虫还是二龄幼虫草蛉都更多地停留在下部的棉叶上,且在上部叶片和下部叶片上的草蛉幼虫的百分率存在明显差异  相似文献   

8.
李超 《生态学报》1983,3(2):149-155
根据实验室实验的结果,李超等(1982a、b)分别提出了草间小黑蛛-棉铃虫作用系统和草间小黑蛛-棉铃虫-棉蚜作用系统的模拟模型。本文通过大田中进行的笼罩实验结果,进一步完善了功能反应参数的修正方法,使模型的行为更接近于实际情形。在此基础上,对描述草间小黑蛛-棉铃虫-棉蚜作用系统的四种可能的模拟模型的行为,通过数值模拟的结果来进行初步的探讨。  相似文献   

9.
<正> 1982年在江苏棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glov.的抗性调查中,发现江苏南部非棉区宜兴县木槿Hibiscus syriacus L.上的棉蚜对乐果的敏感性显著高于棉区的棉蚜。自1983—1985年,我们利用宜兴县木槿上的棉蚜对各种杀虫剂的毒力反应监测泗阳棉区棉蚜耐药力的发展,为棉蚜的化学防治提供抗性信息,同时对棉蚜抗药性监测方法进行了探讨。  相似文献   

10.
棉蚜体色变化的生态遗传学研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
赵惠燕  张改生 《昆虫学报》1993,36(3):282-289
调查了不同寄主上棉蚜刀Aphis gossypll自受精卵孵化出的自然种群、室内混合饲养以及单个饲养蚜虫的体色变化。结果表明:不论是自然还是实验种群,是群体还是个体饲养,不论寄主、栽培条件、生育期营养相同与否,棉蚜体色在世代内稳定不变,即出生时是什么颜色保持终生不变;在世代间则随温度升高体色渐变为黄色,温度降低体色逐渐转绿。伏蚜由苗蚜而来。X2检验证实:棉蚜体色变化与营养、寄主种类、光照、光质、栽培条件等无关,仅与温度密切相关,属于同一基因型在不同环境条件下的反应规范。但在太槿上还发现有个别深黄色棉蚜,从卵孵化到迁飞体色不随温度变化,表明棉蚜体色变化中还存在遗传多态现象。胚胎学观察与染色体校型分析结果证实了上述结论与观点。  相似文献   

11.
棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
通过生活在甜瓜和棉花上的棉蚜Aphisgossypii Glover的行为,研究棉蚜的寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理。生物学观察显示: 两类棉蚜在寄主植物相互交换以后,定居数显著减少,棉花蚜型棉蚜的繁殖系数及若虫存活率显著下降,说明棉蚜存在甜瓜蚜型和棉花蚜型两种寄主专化型。通过刺探电位技术研究棉蚜的取食行为,以探索其寄主专化型形成的行为机理。结果表明: 甜瓜蚜型棉蚜在棉花上的取食行为容易被中断,但其口针定位韧皮部的能力并没有显著削弱;而棉花蚜型棉蚜在甜瓜上的取食行为受到更大的影响,口针无法顺利定位至韧皮部,并在2 h内根本无法在筛管内取食。生物学观察和EPG取食行为分析都显示: 与甜瓜蚜型棉蚜相比,棉花蚜型棉蚜对寄主的要求更严格-寄主专化程度更高,对寄主的利用率更高。  相似文献   

12.
通过滤纸酯酶反应法比较 4种有机磷杀虫剂对北京和山东高密地区取食不同寄主植物的棉蚜β-乙酸萘酯 (β -NA)酯酶的抑制作用。结果表明高密地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜 β -NA酯酶活力高的个体多于北京地区 ,同时辛硫磷对高密地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜 β -NA酯酶的抑制作用亦高于北京地区 ,而久效磷和DDVP对两地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜种群中 β-NA酯酶的抑制作用相似。  相似文献   

13.
Although distinct host specialization is observed for the cotton-melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on cotton and cucurbit plants, it is still ambiguous whether the specialization is altered by experience on a novel host plant. Here the performance of cotton and cucurbit-specialized aphids, A. gossypii on novel host plants was studied by a host-selection test and by the life-table method. The two host-specialized aphids cannot survive and establish populations after reciprocal host transfers. They have ability to recognize the host plants on which they were reared, and escape behavior from novel hosts was observed. Interestingly, the cotton and cucurbit-specialized aphids survive and reproduce normally on hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus), a main overwintering host plant, and host-fidelity of A. gossypii to cucurbit plants is altered by feeding and living experience on hibiscus, which confers the same capacity to use cotton and cucumber on to the cucurbit-specialized population, but host-fidelity to cotton is not altered and the fitness of the cotton specialized population to cucumber is still poorer. A. gossypii from hibiscus has a significant preference for cotton to cucumber in the host-selection process, and none stays on cucumber more than 20 h after transfer. The results presented imply that cucurbit-specialized aphids might not return to an overwintering host plant (hibiscus) in wild fields, so host conservatism to cucurbit plants is maintained. The potential of cucurbit-specialized aphids of A. gossypii to use cotton plants, intermediated by experience on hibiscus, suggests that the specialized host-plant performance of phytophagous insects is not wholly conservative.  相似文献   

14.
1. The consequences to plants of ant–aphid mutualisms, particularly those involving invasive ants, are poorly studied. Ant–aphid mutualisms may increase or decrease plant fitness depending on the relative cost of herbivory by ant‐tended aphids versus the relative benefit of increased ant suppression of other (non‐aphid) herbivores. 2. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments in which we manipulated the presence and absence of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) on cotton plants to test the hypothesis that a mutualism between cotton aphids and an invasive ant, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), benefits cotton plants by increasing fire ant suppression of caterpillars. We also manipulated caterpillar abundance to test whether the benefit of the mutualism varied with caterpillar density. 3. We found that more fire ants foraged on plants with cotton aphids than on plants without cotton aphids, which resulted in a significant reduction in caterpillar survival and caterpillar herbivory of leaves, flower buds, and bolls on plants with aphids. Consequently, cotton aphids indirectly increased cotton reproduction: plants with cotton aphids produced 16% more bolls, 25% more seeds, and 10% greater seedcotton mass than plants without aphids. The indirect benefit of cotton aphids, however, varied with caterpillar density: the number of bolls per plant at harvest was 32% greater on plants with aphids than on plants without aphids at high caterpillar density, versus just 3% greater at low caterpillar density. 4. Our results highlight the potential benefit to plants that host ant–hemipteran mutualisms and provide the first experimental evidence that the consequences to plants of an ant–aphid mutualism vary at different densities of non‐aphid herbivores.  相似文献   

15.
棉蚜对寄主的选择及寄主专化型研究   总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13  
采用叶片选择法,生命表及EPG技术研究了棉蚜对寄主植物的选择和专化性,结果表明,棉花上生长的棉蚜对棉花,西葫芦和西瓜叶片均具有强选择性,而对黄瓜和南瓜选择性弱,西瓜,南瓜和黄瓜上生长的棉蚜对其原寄主选择性强,而对棉花选择性弱,棉花上的棉蚜转接到黄瓜和南瓜上,其存活率和繁殖力极低,棉蚜的取食行为在黄瓜和马铃薯,黄瓜和棉花之间存在明显的寄主专化型,黄瓜与棉花上的棉蚜相互转接均难成功,而黄瓜和马铃薯上的棉蚜转移具有不对称性。  相似文献   

16.
1 Spatial and temporal habitat heterogeneity represented by annual crops is a major factor influencing population dynamics of phytophagous insect pests such as the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. We studied the effects of instability of the cotton agroecosystem resulting from the temporary availability of the plant resource and the repeated use of insecticides on the genetic variability of the cotton aphids.
2 Samples of A. gossypii were collected in cotton plots, treated or not with insecticides and from vegetable crops (Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae) within the cotton growing area of northern Cameroon. The genetic structure of the samples was assessed using eight microsatellite markers. Insecticide resistance was estimated through the detection of two mutations in the ace -1 gene that are associated with insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides.
3 The results obtained show that both host plants and insecticides act in genetic structuring of A. gossypii . Ninety-three percent of aphids collected on cotton were characterized by the same microsatellite multilocus genotype, Burk1 , which also displays the insecticide resistant alleles.
4 During the dry season, the cotton crop season after, the genotype Burk1 was principally found on two other malvaceous cultivated plants, rosella and okra, acting as suitable reservoir plants. The ability of the cotton aphid to move among asynchronous suitable habitats in response to changes in resource availability enables the pest to exploit unstable cropping systems. An understanding of the cotton aphid life system may aid to improve strategies for integrated resistance management.  相似文献   

17.
18.
取食不同寄主植物对棉蚜后代抗药性的影响   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7  
测定了5种药剂对棉蚜Aphis gossypii抗氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉品系和敏感品系取食棉花、黄瓜和石榴的后代的毒力,并对它们的后代体内乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的比活力做了初步探索。结果表明,氰戊菊酯抗性品系取食棉花比取食黄瓜的后代对氰戊菊酯的抗性大76.4倍,对灭多威、氧乐果、硫丹和吡虫啉的抗性也大0.5~4.6倍;取食石榴的后代对5种药剂的抗性介于取食棉花和黄瓜的之间。吡虫啉抗性品系的测定结果与氰戊菊酯抗性品系基本一致。敏感品系取食黄瓜比取食棉花的后代对5种药剂的敏感性更高。3个品系取食不同植物的后代相比,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的比活力,取食棉花的为取食黄瓜的2.4~2.8倍;羧酸酯酶的比活力,取食棉花的为取食黄瓜的1.8~2.4倍。证明棉蚜的抗性和敏感品系取食的寄主植物不同,可引起对药剂敏感性的变化。乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶活力的变化均是引起这种变化的重要因素。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract:  A short-term study was carried out to evaluate the influence of some predators on cotton aphid in Xinhe County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, where cotton was mainly intercropped with alfalfa. In spring, alfalfa was cut at the size of 20 m × 10 m and some groups of predators were obliged to migrate into cotton fields. Cotton aphid and its predators including spiders and lacewings were surveyed on cotton plants before and after alfalfa-cutting. The result indicated that the increment of population of cotton aphids was significantly slower in cotton grown in plots which bordered the alfalfa-cutting areas than in the uncut control areas (CK), while the rate of increase of spiders and lacewings were significantly faster in cotton grown in plots bordering on the cut areas than CK .  相似文献   

20.
棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜对寄主植物的适合度   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
刘向东  翟保平  张孝羲  方军 《生态学报》2004,24(6):1199-1204
采用寄主转换建立生命表及触角电位 (EAG)方法比较了棉蚜两寄主专化型 (棉花型和黄瓜型 )对不同夏季作物的适合度。结果表明 ,棉花型蚜转到黄瓜上及黄瓜型蚜转接到棉花上均不能正常产仔繁殖和建立种群。两种蚜型均不能在茄子和苋菜上建立种群。黄瓜型蚜能在豇豆上建立种群 ,但棉花型蚜不能 ,表现出两种寄主型棉蚜对夏寄主利用上存在显著差异。受棉蚜为害 12~ 36 h后的黄瓜或棉花植株仍不适合于棉花型或黄瓜型蚜 ,表现出黄瓜型蚜不能在被棉花型蚜为害过的棉株上正常存活和繁殖 ,棉花型蚜也不能在被黄瓜型蚜为害过的黄瓜苗上存活和繁殖。两种寄主型蚜对不同寄主叶片丙酮提取物的触角电位表明 ,黄瓜型蚜对棉花、哈密瓜和马铃薯叶片提取物的反应显著强于棉花型蚜 ,而对黄瓜和甜瓜叶片提取物的反应上两种蚜型差异不显著。文中同时对棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜产生的生态机制进行了讨论。  相似文献   

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