疏叶骆驼刺母株与子株间的水分整合

在未灌溉的土地上, 疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)通常不能进行有性繁殖, 克隆繁殖是其种群维持和延续的唯一方式。因此, 克隆性及其相关克隆性状(如水分整合)在疏叶骆驼刺自然种群的维持过程中可能扮演了极其重要的角色。该文通过疏叶骆驼刺母株和子株之间的间隔子切断和给母株补充水分的方法, 研究了母株和子株在各处理下的水势、叶形态和植株生长变化情况。结果表明: (1)间隔子切断后, 疏叶骆驼刺母株和子株正午水势均明显增大(p < 0.01), 说明间隔子切断使得母株和子株水分亏缺值都增大。(2)给母株补水后, 间隔子切断组和间隔子相连组中的母株水势均有明显增加, 同时间隔子相连组的子株水势明显增加(p < 0.01), 而间隔子切断组子株水势没有明显变化(p > 0.05)。(3)间隔子切断组的子株叶片含水率明显低于间隔子相连组子株, 而其株高、冠幅、分枝数和基径的增长量都明显小于间隔子相连组的子株(p < 0.01)。疏叶骆驼刺母株和子株间存在水分整合, 母株会通过根系向子株传输水分。研究成果对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的植被恢复以及水资源的合理利用有着重要的意义。     

水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气孔限制

评述了水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气限制研究的进展,提出了一个判别水分胁迫下气孔和非气孔限制的方法。     

保水剂对水分胁迫下辣椒生长及光合作用的影响

以‘超越5号’辣椒品种为试材,研究了中度水分胁迫10d和20d及随后分别复水的过程中保水剂对始花期辣椒植株的生长量、叶绿素以及光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)水分胁迫显著抑制了辣椒植株的生长、叶绿素含量以及光合作用。(2)添加2‰的保水剂显著提高了水分胁迫下植株的株高、茎粗、干鲜重、叶绿素含量以及净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等光合参数,降低了气孔限制值和水分利用率。(3)保水剂能够显著缓解短时间内中度水分胁迫造成的伤害,但随着胁迫时间的延长保水剂缓解的效果有限。(4)复水后,添加保水剂的植株生长量、叶绿素含量以及光合参数都显著高于未添加保水剂的植株,同时短时间胁迫下恢复的效果明显好于长时间胁迫的效果。研究表明,施加保水剂能通过提高叶绿素含量,缓解水分胁迫对辣椒叶片气孔的限制,从而提高叶片的光合作用效率,促进辣椒植株的生长,且胁迫时间越短,保水剂缓解的效果越好。     

现蕾期水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特性的影响

水分是作物生长的基础, 揭示不同水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合作用的影响有助于阐明紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和产量的响应规律。以甘农3号紫花苜蓿为供试材料, 设充分灌溉(CK)、轻度水分胁迫(LD)、中度水分胁迫(MD)、重度水分胁迫(SD)4个水分处理, 研究了现蕾期水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特征的影响。结果表明: (1)随着水分胁迫的加剧, 紫花苜蓿的光饱和点降低, 暗呼吸速率、光补偿点升高, 表明水分胁迫的加剧降低了紫花苜蓿对弱光的吸收和利用效率; (2)水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn, μmol•m-2•s-1)、气孔导度(Gs, mmol•m-2•s-1)、和蒸腾速率(Tr, mmol•m-2•s-1)均呈下降趋势, LD的胞间CO2浓度(Ci, μmol•mol-1)下降, 气孔限制值(Ls)上升, 表明是由气孔因素所致, 而MD和SD则由非气孔因素所致。(3)随着水分胁迫的加剧, 水分利用效率(WUE)呈先上升后下降的趋势, 表明适度的水分胁迫会提高紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率。     

水分胁迫下烟草光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

快速水分胁迫处理时,处于中度水分胁迫(Ψ_w=-1.54MPa)的烟草叶肉活性、叶绿体放氧能力及光合暗反应受到的影响很小;处于严重水分胁迫(Ψ_w=-1.84MPa)的RuBPCase,FBPase及果糖二磷酸醛缩酶活性明显降低,叶肉活性和叶绿体放氧能力受到强烈的抑制。     

异质水分环境下野牛草相连分株间光合同化物的生理整合及其调控

异质环境下,克隆植物通过生理整合机制使资源在分株间实现共享,提高了其对异质性环境的适应能力,具有重要的生态进化意义,研究生理整合机制及其调控机理可为进一步发掘克隆植物应用潜力提供理论依据。以野牛草3个相连分株为材料,对其中一个分株用30%聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,通过Hoagland营养液培养试验,研究了异质水分环境下光合同化物在野牛草相连分株间的生理整合及分株叶片与根系内源激素ABA与IAA含量的变化规律。结果表明,14C-光合同化物在克隆片断内存在双向运输,但以向顶运输为主,异质水分环境下,受胁迫分株光合同化物的输出率明显降低,而与其相邻分株合成的光合同化物向受胁迫分株方向运输率明显增加;异质水分环境下,各分株ABA含量均明显增加,但以受胁迫的分株叶片及根系ABA的含量增加幅度最大,各分株IAA含量较对照均显著下降(P0.05),且以受胁迫分株IAA含量下降幅度最大;各分株叶片与根系ABA/IAA均显著提高(P0.05),相邻分株ABA/IAA增加幅度低于受胁迫分株。异质水分环境影响野牛草克隆分株间光合同化物的生理整合,且ABA与IAA在分株间光合同化物运输与分配过程中具有重要的调节作用。     

不同程度的水分胁迫对沙棘幼苗生理生态特征的影响

为探讨未来降水减少对内蒙古皇甫川流域沙棘幼苗生理生态特征的影响,特设计平均降雨水平、偏旱、干旱和极端干旱4种不同的水分梯度处理,开展人工水分梯度实验。方差分析表明,不同的水分梯度显著影响土壤的含水量、土壤温度等微生境因子,并显著影响净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等气体交换特征、资源利用效率和叶片水势特征。适度的水分胁迫(干旱环境)能够提高沙棘的水分利用效率,同时却降低净光合速率和蒸腾速率。各种生理生态指标表明,4种水分处理的沙棘幼苗都受到不同程度的水分胁迫的影响,极端干旱环境中沙棘幼苗的内在生理调节机制出现紊乱,皇甫川流域沙棘不适宜在极端干旱环境中生长。     

The relations of stomatal closure and reopening to xylem ABA concentration and leaf water potential during soil drying and rewatering

Two tropical tree species, Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala, were used to study the relationships among stomatal conductance, xylem ABA concentration and leaf water potential during a soil drying and rewatering cycle. Stomatal conductance of both A. confusa and L. leucocephala steadily decreased with the decreases in soil water content and pre-dawn leaf water potential. Upon rewatering, soil water content and pre-dawn leaf water potential rapidly returned to the control levels, whereas the reopening of stomata showed an obvious lag time. The length of this lag time was highly dependent not only upon the degree of water stress but also on plant species. The more severe the water stress, the longer the lag time. When A. confusa and L. leucocephala plants were exposed to the same degree of water stress (around –2.0 MPa in pre-dawn leaf water potential), the stomata of A. confusa reopened to the control level 6 days after rewatering. However, it took L. leucocephala about 14 days to reopen fully. A very similar response of leaf photosynthesis to soil water deficit was also observed for both species. Soil drying resulted in a significant increase in leaf and xylem ABA concentrations in both species. The more severe the water stress, the higher the leaf and xylem ABA concentrations. Both leaf ABA and xylem ABA returned to the control level following relief from water deficit and preceded the full recovery of stomata, suggesting that the lag phase of stomatal reopening was not controlled by leaf and/or xylem ABA. In contrast to drying the whole root system, drying half of the root system did not change the leaf water relations, but caused a significant increase in xylem ABA concentration, which could fully explain the decrease of stomatal conductance. After rewatering, the stomatal conductance of plants in which half of the roots were dried recovered more rapidly than those of whole-root dried plants, indicating that the leaf water deficit that occurred during the drying period was related to the post-stress stomatal inhibition. These results indicated that the decrease in stomatal conductance caused by water deficit was closely related to the increase in xylem ABA, but xylem ABA could not fully explain the reopening of stomata after relief of water stress, neither did the leaf ABA. Some unknown physiological and/or morphological processes in the guard cells may be related to the recovery process.     

Effects of water stress on growth, osmotic potential and abscisic acid content of maize roots

Under water stress conditions, induced by mannitol solutions (0 to 0.66 M ) applied to the apical 12 mm of intact roots of Zea mays L. (cv. LG 11), a growth inhibition, a decrease in the osmotic potential of the cell sap and a significant accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) were observed. When the roots were placed in a humid atmosphere after the stress, the growth rate increased again, even if elongation had been totally inhibited. Under a stress corresponding to an osmotic potential of -1.09 MPa in the solution, growth was totally inhibited, which means that the root cell turgor pressure was reduced to the yield threshold. These conditions led to the largest accumulation of ABA. The effect of water stress on the level of ABA was studied for three parts of the root. The greatest increase in ABA (about 10 fold) was obtained in the growth zone and this increase was apparently independent of the hydrolysis of the conjugated form. With a mannitol treatment of 1 h equivalent to a stress level of -1.39 MPa, a 4-fold increase in ABA efflux into the medium was obtained. These results suggest that there are interactions between water stress, root growth, osmotic potential and the ABA level. The growth under conditions of stress and the role of endogenous ABA in the control of plant metabolism, specially in the growth zone, are discussed.     

Calculation of CO2 gas phase diffusion in leaves and its relation to stomatal resistance

A new theory and experimental method was developed to measure the diffusion resistance to CO₂ in the gas phase of mesophyll leaf tissue. Excised leaves were placed in a chamber and their net evaporation and CO₂ assimilation rates measured at two different ambient pressures. These data were used to calculate CO₂ gas phase diffusion resistances. A variety of field grown leaves were tested and the effects of various experimental errors considered. Increasing the gas phase diffusion resistance decreased transpiration more than it decreased CO₂ assimilation. It was concluded that gas phase diffusion resistance associated with CO₂ assimilation may sometimes be 100 or 200 s·m^-1 greater than the resistance implied by transpiration rates. This may be due to longer path lengths for the CO₂ diffusion, constricted in places by the shape and arrangement of mesophyll cells.     

Water deficits and heat shock effects on photosynthesis of a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana constitutively expressing ABP9, a bZIP transcription factor

The effects of water deficits (WD), heat shock (HS), and both(HSWD) on photosynthetic carbon- and light-use efficienciestogether with leaf ABA content, pigment composition and expressionsof stress- and light harvesting-responsive genes were investigatedin ABP9 [ABA-responsive-element (ABRE) binding protein 9] transgenicArabidopsis (5P2). WD, HS, and HSWD significantly decreasedphotosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) in wild-typeplants (WT). A and g_s of 5P2 transgenic plants were slightlyreduced by a single stress and were hardly modified by HSWD.Although A and electron transport rate (ETR) in 5P2 plants weredepressed under optimal growth conditions (control) in relationto WT, they were enhanced under HS and HSWD. These results indicatethat ABP9 transgenic plants are less susceptible to stress thanthe WT. In addition, the increased ABA contents in both WT and5P2 plants in response to WD and/or HS stresses suggest thatdeclines in A and g_s might have been due to ABA-induced stomatalclosure. Moreover, compared with WT, 5P2 plants exhibited higherABA content, instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE), Chla/b, NPQ, and lower Chl/carotenoid ratios. Finally, alteredexpression of stress-regulated or light harvesting-responsivegenes was observed. Collectively, our results indicate thatconstitutive expression of ABP9 improves the photosyntheticcapacity of plants under stress by adjusting photosyntheticpigment composition, dissipating excess light energy, and elevatingcarbon-use efficiency as well as increasing ABA content, IWUE,and expression of stress-defensive genes, suggesting an importantrole of ABP9 in the regulation of plant photosynthesis understress. Key words: ABP9, ABA, heat shock, photosynthesis, stress tolerance, water deficits Received 1 September 2007; Revised 19 December 2007 Accepted 21 December 2007     

High-Temperature Preconditioning and Thermal Shock Imposition Affects Water Relations,Gas Exchange and Root Hydraulic Conductivity in Tomato

Potted tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Amalia) were submitted to three different treatments: control (C) plants were maintained at day/night temperature of 25/18 °C; preconditioned plants (PS) were submitted to two consecutive periods of 4 d each, of 30/23 and 35/28 °C before being exposed to a heat stress (40/33 °C lasting 4 d) and non-preconditioned (S) plants were maintained in the same conditions as the C plants and exposed to the heat stress. The inhibition of plant growth was observed only in PS plants. Heat stress decreased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in both PS and S plants. However, PS plants showed good osmotic adjustment, which enabled them to maintain leaf pressure potential higher than in S plants. Furthermore, at the end of the recovery period PS plants had higher pressure potential and stomatal conductance than in S plants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Soil and plant water stress in an Appalachian oak forest in relation to topography and stand age

Summary A Forest Site Quality Index (FSQI) formulated to predict site quality in Ridge and Valley terrain based on the topographic parameters of aspect, slope inclination and slope position was used to verify moisture gradients along the southeast face of Potts Mountain in Craig County, Virginia. A gradient of site quality index values representing xeric to mesic sites was established in both recently clearcut and adjacent uncut second-growth forest stands. Soil moisture content was determined gravimetrically at ten day intervals from May to October, 1981. Plant moisture stress measurements were taken in conjunction with soil moisture sampling using the pressure chamber technique on three dominant hardwood tree species.For both clearcut and uncut forest stands, a general gradient of increasing soil moisture availability with increasing FSQI was evident, although differences were not large between index values of 8 and 11 in either stand type. Soil water potential and predawn plant water potential exhibited a strong seasonal trend, their direct relationship suggesting that available soil water is probably the critical factor controlling base P levels. Growth limiting stress levels began in late July and continued for the remainder of the growing season.Funding for this research was granted through Cooperative Research Agreement # 18-882, USDA SE Forest Experiment Station and the Forestry Department of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061.