一种改进的阴茎电刺激采精法和猕猴藏酋猴及熊猴的采精及其精液特征的初步研究

本文报道了一种改进的阴茎电刺激采精法,用脱脂棉和铝箔作为电极,以避免直接用金属电极可能对阴茎的损伤,并运用这一方法对猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ）、藏酋猴（Ｍ．ｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎａ）和熊猴（Ｍ．ａｓｓａｍｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了电刺激采精及其精液特征研究。电刺激采精模式为连续刺激和间断刺激方式。在采精过程中没有发生阴茎损伤。对初次接受电刺激采精的动物以间断刺激模式效果较好。猕猴、藏酋猴和熊猴的射精体积分别为２．０±０．１、６．３±１．１和３．２±０．６ｍｌ;液化体积分别为０．７±０．６、２．１±０．４和１．７±０．３ｍｌ;精子浓度分别为１２．６±１．２×１０~８、４５．６±５．６×１０~８和１１．５±０．９×１０~８／ｍｌ。３种动物精液的液化率分别为：猕猴３６．２±０．９％,藏酋猴３４．０±１．４％;熊猴５１．８±１．２％。３种动物的精子总数与射精体积和凝块体积没有相关性（ｒ~２＝０．０７９;０．０１６;０．０９４和ｒ~２＝０．０６４;０．０２０;０．０７２）。上述结果表明：１）改进的阴茎电刺激采精法适用于猕猴,特别是阴茎表面较为粗糙的藏酋猴和熊猴;２）藏酋猴的射精体积和精子总数是迄今已报道的非人灵长类中最大的,可能     

磷脂酰甘油分子种与杨树抗寒性关系的研究

用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）方法分析了杨树叶磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）的分子种组成,用酶解和气相色谱（ＧＣ）方法分析了ＰＧ脂肪酸定位,比较了抗寒性不同的杨树叶片ＰＧ分子种。结果表明,杨树叶片ＰＧ主要含有以下的分子种脂肪酸组成（ｓｎ－１和ｓｎ－２）：１８：１８：２（１８：２／１８：３）,１８：３／１６：１（３ｔ）;１８：３／１６：０;１８：２／１６：１（３ｔ）;１６：０／１８：２,１８：２／１６：０;１８：１     

慢性低氧对大鼠肺内几种原癌基因表达的影响

本文用原位杂交技术动态观察了慢性低氧大鼠肺内原癌基因ｊｕｎ、ｆｏｓ和ｍｙｂ的表达,结果发现：（１）正常大鼠肺内有一定量的ｊｕｎｍＲＮＡ表达,少见到ｍｙｂ及ｆｏｓ的表达;（２）低氧１周时,ｊｕｎ的表达较正常下降,２周后有所增加。低氧３周后,ｊｕｎ的ｍＲＮＡ表达较正常明显上升;（３）低氧１、２周后,ｍｙｂ的表达明显增加,３周时基本恢复到正常水平;（４）ｆｏｓ原癌基因在低氧１、２周时有一定量的表达,低氧３周时达最大值。提示低氧可刺激大鼠肺内原癌基因ｊｕｎ、ｍｙｂ和ｆｏｓ的表达。     

丹皮酚对心肌细胞自律性和延迟后除极的影响

目的与方法：采用常规玻璃微电极技术研究丹皮酚对离体心肌细胞自律性（ＡＭ）、延迟后除极（ＤＡＤ） 及触发活动（ＴＡ）的影响。结果：１．８×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丹皮酚灌流组,肾上腺素（Ａｄｒ）的阈浓度空白对照组为（１．２８±０．５７）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,药后为（１．５６±０．５３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ＝９,Ｐ＞０．０５）;用（１．８×１０－ ３） ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丹皮酚（Ｐａｅ）灌流组,Ａｄｒ 浓度由空白对照组的（１．２２ ±０．６２）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ升高到（６．２２±２．１１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ＝９,Ｐ＜０．０１）。１．８×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｐａｅ 能明显抑制哇巴因（Ｏｕａ）诱发的ＤＡＤ的幅值,当基本刺激周长为５００,４００,３００ 和２００ ｍｓ 时,其ＤＡＤ幅值从（５．５±２．０）ｍＶ,（７．３±２．１）ｍＶ,（８．０ ±２．４）ｍＶ和（９．２±１．９）ｍＶ减小到（３．０±１．１）ｍＶ、（３．６±１．７）ｍＶ,（４．３±２．０） ｍＶ和（５．９ ±１．６） ｍＶ,Ｐ＜０．０１。当基本刺激周长为２００ ｍｓ时,ＴＡ 数目由５．５±１．０ 降至０．７±０．３（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：丹皮酚能抑制心肌细胞ＡＭ、ＤＡＤ及ＴＡ,具有抗心律失常作用     

植物细胞胞内产物释放行为研究进展

本文介绍了植物细胞培养中胞内产物释放的研究现状,包括：１、化学法：（１）有机溶剂法,（２）抗生素法,（３）蛋白质、溶血卵磷脂、脱乙酰几丁质,（４）去污剂、螯合剂;２、物理法：（１）渗透压冲击,（２）温度冲击,（３）电处理,（４）超声波处理、激光打孔,３、ｐＨ扰动及生物碱在胞内积累的两种机理 。     

植物细胞内产物释放行为研究进展

本文介绍了植物细胞培养中胞内产物释放的研究现状,包括：１、化学法：（１）有机溶剂法,（２）抗生素法,（３）蛋白质、溶血卵磷脂、脱乙酰几丁质,（４）去污剂、螯合剂;２．物理法：（１）渗透压冲击,（２）温度冲击,（３）电处理,（４）超声波处理、激光打孔,３、ｐＨ扰动及生物碱在胞内积累的两种机理。     

刺激黄雀新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部对发声和呼吸的影响

实验材料为乌拉坦麻醉的鸣禽黄雀（Ｃａｒｄｕｅｌｉｓ ｓｐｉｎｕｓ）。观察了电及化学刺激新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（１ＭＡＮ）对发声和呼吸的影响。结果如下：（１）电刺激１ＭＡＮ的不同区域都引起鸣叫反应。（２）长串电脉冲刺激１ＭＡＮ使呼吸频率增加,呼吸幅度降低。（３）短串电脉冲刺激１ＭＡＮ,落位于吸气相,产生吸气要断效应;落位于呼气相,可使呼气时程延长,以冲刺激１ＭＡＮ,落位于吸气相,产生吸气切断效应     

神经生长因子家族及其受体研究进展

过去几年在神经营养因子、受体和神经元细胞程序性死亡的研究领域中取得了几项引人注目的进展：（１）神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）基因家族的其他一些成员包括脑源性神经营养因子（ＢＤＮＦ）、神经营养素－３（ＮＴ－３）、神经营养素－４（ＮＴ－４）、神经营养素－５（ＮＴ－５）的发现;（２）神经生长因子三维结构及功能和进化之关系的阐明;（３）定性了两种神经生长因子受体Ｐ７５＾ＮＧＦＲ和原癌基因ｐ１４０＾ｔｒｋＡ以及相关     

上下视野空间选择性注意的ERP研究

该文主要研究上、下视野空间选择性注意早期所诱发的ＥＲＰ反应,探讨注意上、下视野视觉信息处理的特征与差别。１０名被试的主要实验果为：１）对上、下视野的选择注意产生类似于注意左、右视野时Ｐ１、Ｎ１,Ｐ２的相对增强;２）偶极子定位显示,上、下视野刺激的早期注意反应（Ｐ１）以交叉方式投射到枕区,即下视野刺激的注意反应偏向枕区的背侧,而上视野刺激的注意反应偏向枕区的腹侧;３）上下视野的早期注意反应（Ｐ１）具     

银杏叶片磷脂酰甘油脂肪酸分子种组成及其位置分布

用高效液相色谱法和酶解的方法检测了银杏叶片磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）脂肪酸的分子种组成和位置分布,确定银杏叶片ＰＧ主要分子种的脂肪酸组成（ｓｎ１／ｓｎ２）是１８∶３／１６∶１（３ｔ）,１８∶３／１６∶０,１８∶２／１６∶１（３ｔ）,１８∶２／１６∶０,１８∶１／１６∶１（３ｔ）,１６∶０／１６∶１（３ｔ）,１８∶１／１８∶１,１８∶１／１６∶０和１６∶０／１６∶０。银杏叶片ＰＧ脂肪酸组成和位置分布的分析结果表明,Ｃ１８脂肪酸主要位于ｓｎ１位,１６∶１（３ｔ）只分布于ｓｎ２位,１６∶０在ｓｎ１位和ｓｎ２位上均有发现。ｓｎ１位上的不饱和度∑ｕ大于ｓｎ２位上的∑ｕ。     

Long-distance pine pollen still germinates after meso-scale dispersal

Viability of long-distance pollen links ecological models to the genetic structure of forest tree populations, determining how forests will adapt to climate change and how far genes flow from genetically modified (GM) pine plantations. Addressing this landscape-scale inquiry is feasible when the pollen source, the delivery system, and the receiver field can be made explicit. To this end, I measured long-distance pollen germination along a 160-km transect along the North Carolina coastline, including 45000 ha of mature Pinus taeda plantations and barrier islands. Using this system, I tested three hypotheses: (1) pine pollen germinates after dispersal on meso-scale distances, (2) sodium chloride exposure reduces germination of pollen captured over open saltwater, and (3) viable pine pollen is present at high altitudes before local peak pollen shed. The experimental findings are as follows: pine pollen had germination rates of 2 to 57% after dispersal at distances from 3 to 41 km, sodium chloride solutions mildly reduced P. taeda pollen germination, and viable pine pollen grains were captured at an altitude of 610 m. GM pine plantings thus have a potential to disperse viable pollen at least 41 km from the source. Wind and rainfall, as integral parts of regional atmospheric systems, together exert a powerful influence on the genetic structure of forest tree populations.     

A lagged, density-dependent relationship between jack pine budworm Choristoneura pinus pinus and its host tree Pinus banksiana

Abstract. 1. Survival of newly emerged jack pine budworm Choristoneura pinus pinus is related to the density of available pollen cones (microsporangiate strobili) produced by its host tree, jack pine Pinus banksiana. 2. A 7‐year time series of observations from a plot network in Ontario, Canada, compared the propensity of jack pine to produce pollen cones, τ, on trees that were either defoliated or undisturbed by the jack pine budworm. 3. Non‐defoliated jack pine trees have a high propensity to produce pollen cones. More than one‐third of these trees produced pollen cones in every year of the series. Propensity varied significantly among plots and trees. Temporal patterns in propensity were also highly variable but within a plot propensity was often autocorrelated in time. 4. Defoliation by the jack pine budworm was associated with forest plots composed of the oldest and the largest trees and with the fewest trees per hectare. Within a plot, outbreaks lasted 3 or 4 years although individual trees were only defoliated in 1 or 2 years. 5. The propensity to produce pollen cones in jack pine was reduced in the years after defoliation. The most pronounced reductions in propensity occurred where defoliation was most severe. 6. The reduction in propensity to produce pollen cones resulting from previous defoliation, coupled with the dependence of jack pine budworm survival on the availability of pollen cones, induces a lagged, negative feedback between the density of the consumer and that of its resource. 7. The lagged, density‐dependent relationship between jack pine budworm and its jack pine host contributes to oscillatory dynamics of the jack pine budworm. Comparison of the outbreak behaviour of jack pine budworm with that of the closely related eastern spruce budworm C. fumiferana suggests that differences in the strength of the host‐plant interaction may account for differences in the relative frequency of outbreaks in the respective systems.     

Host-plant influence on the population ecology of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract.

• 1 Newly-emerged, second-instar jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) establish spring feeding sites preferentially in the pollen cones of their host tree, Pinus banksiana Lamb.
• 2 Laboratory studies showed that the rate of establishment and survival of jack pine budworm on pollen cones was high throughout the entire spring emergence period of the insect.
• 3 In contrast, the rate of establishment and survival of jack pine budworm on vegetative buds was very poor early in the spring. Vegetative buds were only acceptable as feeding sites to the jack pine budworm for a relatively brief period in late spring.
• 4 Field studies showed that the change in population density of jack pine budworm during the spring emergence stage, as expressed by k-values, was a function of the abundance of pollen cones in the stand. Population reduction was greatest in those stands with the fewest pollen cones.
• 5 Direct measurement of spring dispersal by jack pine budworm showed that dispersal and consequent losses to the budworm population were greatest in stands with the fewest pollen cones.
• 6 We conclude that changes in the density of jack pine budworm are strongly influenced by production of pollen cones in the host stand. Because pollen cone production is related to previous years of defoliation by the jack pine budworm, we propose that pollen cones act as a density-dependent factor governing the density of early-stage jack pine budworm.
• 7 The resulting dynamics are compared to those of other budworm species and used to explain observed regional and temporal patterns of jack pine budworm outbreaks.

     

Acid-Fastness of pine pollen

This is a study of the acid-fast staining characteristics of pine pollen and an investigation of factors causing loss of acid-fastness after pine pollen has been in contact with tisues or mucous membranes. Intact loblolly pine pollen was readily stained with cold carbol-fuchsin, and retained its acid-fastness after decolorization with 3% HC1 in 95% ethyl alcohol for 2 min, followed by methylene blue counterstain. Pine pollen resembles spermatozoa in ease of staining and resistance to decolorization. Acid-fastness was destroyed by crushing or by germination of the pollen grain, and by contact for several hours with serum or saline solutions, but was unchanged by exposure to 0.1% solution of streptomycin in water. Nonviable pine pollen did not lose acid-fastness after suspension for several days in serum or water. When counterstain was omitted, crushed or germinated pollen appeared red to pink after staining with carbol-fuchsin and decolorization with acid alcohol, thus indicating that lipids of an acid-fast nature were still present. The large size and biologic properties of pine pollen provide a unique means of studying the chemical and physical aspects of the acid-fast phenomenon.     

Enhanced airborne radioactivity during a pine pollen release episode

 A single episode of pine pollen release in the highly contaminated area of Novozybkov, Russian Federation, which led to enhanced atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs is discussed. The pollen grains were sampled by a rotating arm impactor and analysed by gamma-spectrometry for ¹³⁷Cs activity and by image analysis for their size. In the vicinity of a forest, a maximum concentration of 4.5±0.4 mBq m^–3 was measured, and a mean activity per pollen grain of 260±80 nBq was determined. The emission rate of the Novozybkov mixed pine forest was estimated to be approximately 400 Bq m^–2 per year. Because of the large size of pine pollen grains (about 50 μm) and the short emission period of 5–8 days per year, the estimated potential annual inhalation doses are very low. Biological emissions including pollen release may be a source of increased airborne radionuclide concentrations at larger distances from the source areas as well. Received: 2 October 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 30 January 1999     

Control of pollen-mediated gene flow in transgenic trees

Pollen elimination provides an effective containment method to reduce direct gene flow from transgenic trees to their wild relatives. Until now, only limited success has been achieved in controlling pollen production in trees. A pine (Pinus radiata) male cone-specific promoter, PrMC2, was used to drive modified barnase coding sequences (barnaseH102E, barnaseK27A, and barnaseE73G) in order to determine their effectiveness in pollen ablation. The expression cassette PrMC2-barnaseH102E was found to efficiently ablate pollen in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), pine, and Eucalyptus (spp.). Large-scale and multiple-year field tests demonstrated that complete prevention of pollen production was achieved in greater than 95% of independently transformed lines of pine and Eucalyptus (spp.) that contained the PrMC2-barnaseH102E expression cassette. A complete pollen control phenotype was achieved in transgenic lines and expressed stably over multiple years, multiple test locations, and when the PrMC2-barnaseH102E cassette was flanked by different genes. The PrMC2-barnaseH102E transgenic pine and Eucalyptus (spp.) trees grew similarly to control trees in all observed attributes except the pollenless phenotype. The ability to achieve the complete control of pollen production in field-grown trees is likely the result of a unique combination of three factors: the male cone/anther specificity of the PrMC2 promoter, the reduced RNase activity of barnaseH102E, and unique features associated with a polyploid tapetum. The field performance of the PrMC2-barnaseH102E in representative angiosperm and gymnosperm trees indicates that this gene can be used to mitigate pollen-mediated gene flow associated with large-scale deployment of transgenic trees.     

Paternal chloroplast inheritance patterns in pine hybrids detected with trnL-trnF intergenic region polymorphism

The inheritance patterns of the chloroplast genomes of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were investigated through the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer polymorphism analysis. The DNA sequences of this spacer differ among these three closely related Pinus species. A modified 'cold' PCR-SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of this spacer shows that the artificial hybrids (F1) from the shortleaf pine (seed parent) 2 loblolly pine (pollen parent) cross, exhibit the loblolly pine profile. Additionally, nine putative hybrids between shortleaf pine and loblolly pine, previously identified by the IDH (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) allozyme marker, presented the shortleaf pine profile indicating that shortleaf pine, not loblolly pine, sired all of the putative hybrids. Nondenatured polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer demonstrated that the artificial hybrids (F1) from the cross, slash pine (seed parent) 2 shortleaf pine (pollen parent), present the shortleaf pine profile. Those results confirmed that the chloroplast genome is paternally inherited in these three species of the genus Pinus. The significance of the trnL-trnF intergenic region polymorphism and our modified 'cold' SSCP protocol for population genetic studies is discussed.     

Effect of insoluble fibre on intestinal morphology and mRNA expression pattern of inflammatory,cell cycle and growth marker genes in a piglet model

The effects of insoluble dietary fibre differing in lignin content on intestinal morphology and mRNA expression was tested in an animal model of 48 weaned piglets. Engaged fibre sources were wheat bran (rich in cellulose and hemicellulose) and pollen from Chinese Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) (rich in lignin), respectively. The fibre sources were added to a basal diet as follows: no addition (control), 3.0% wheat bran, 1.27% pine pollen, and 2.55% pine pollen. The 12 animals of each feeding group were fed four experimental diets ad libitum for 37 days and were then slaughtered for retrieving tissue samples from stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon and mesenterial lymph nodes. Both fibre sources increased villus height of mucosa in jejunum (+10% on average) and ileum (+16% on average). Results of mRNA expression rates of inflammatory, cell cycle and growth marker genes (NFκB, TNFα, TGFβ, Caspase3, CDK4, IGF1) were specific to fibre source and tissue: wheat bran induced an up-regulation of NFκB in stomach and jejunum, as well as TNFα and TGFβ, and Caspase3 in jejunum. Pine pollen induced down regulation of NFκB, TNFα, TGFβ, Caspase3, CDK4 and IGF1 in the colon as well as up-regulation of NFκB and TGFβ in mesenterial lymph nodes. Finally, an overall data comparison based on a hierarchical cluster analysis showed a close relation between gene regulation in different gut sections and organs, as well as between small intestine morphology and zootechnical performance.     

Terminal settling velocity and physical properties of pollen grains in still air

Numerical simulation of wind pollination requires knowledge of pollen grain physical parameters such as size, shape factor, bulk density, and terminal settling velocity. The pollen grain parameters for Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, short ragweed, Japanese black pine, and Japanese red pine were assessed for dry condition. Terminal settling velocities of dry pollen grains in still air were measured using image analysis of scattered light tracks in a dark settling tube. The measurement system was validated by comparing results to those obtained for standard microspheres of known size and density. Dry pollen grain shape factors indicate the resemblance of particles to spheres, except for pine pollen. Circularity factors of dry pine pollen grains were 0.90–0.86, suggesting more irregular shape than those of other pollen species. Aerodynamic diameters of dry pollen grains were calculated based on the terminal settling velocity. Aerodynamic diameters of Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, and short ragweed closely resembled the projected area equivalent diameters, suggesting that aerodynamic behaviors of these pollen grains can be managed simply in numerical simulations. However, aerodynamic diameters of dry pine pollen grains were nearly 30 % smaller than projected area equivalent diameters. Sacci on dry pine pollen can reduce the terminal settling velocity through low density and shape effects attributed to their non-sphericity, engendering aerodynamic diameter smaller by more than 10 µm from area equivalent diameters.     

诱导小麦-天兰偃麦草-黑麦三属杂种花粉植株的研究

以法国六倍体小黑麦为母本,分别与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)和天兰偃麦草(Elytrigia intermedia of Agropyron glaucum)的杂交后代中的中间类型3号和5号杂交。由此获得的三属杂种F_1性状介于亲本之间,兼有三属亲本类型的特征,呈中间类型。用马铃薯-Ⅱ培养基培养三属杂种F_1的花药,诱导花粉愈伤组织。将所获得的愈伤组织转入190-2培养基进行分化,已成功地诱导出一批三属间杂种花粉植株,并用Giemsa显带技术鉴定花粉植株的染色体组组成。