山东地区清墓中女性居民的缠足现象

山东安丘牟山水库遗址和广饶十村遗址的清代墓葬中出土了存在足部畸形的3例女性个体,结合历史记载以及近代缠足女性X光照片的对比,推测应为缠足后所产生的现象。通过观察其足部骨骼,总结出缠足畸形在骨骼标本上的几个特点:1)足部骨骼整体纤弱化,以跖骨最为明显;2)跖骨的跖跗关节处以及跗骨出现楔形改变;3)下肢骨肌嵴不发达,骨骼表面较为光滑,胫骨下端前缘出现关节面。缠足组与未缠足组进行对比发现,跖骨是差异最为明显的骨骼,且缠足组的肢骨粗壮度稍弱于未缠足组。     

天津蓟州区桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性的足骨形变

本文通过量化方法,对桃花园墓地明清时期101例女性足骨形变方式、程度、对称性等进行了系统分析。研究结果表明,双侧足骨形变总体上是对称的。缠足对跗骨的影响主要在于整体尺寸缩小和关节面改变。第1跖骨除整体尺寸缩小外,还存在诸多明显的骨体形态改变;第2、3跖骨头部和底部尺寸缩小,但形变不大。第3至第5近节趾骨骨体长度和高度的侧别差异明显,特别是第3近节趾骨双侧整体不对称。该群体至少在18岁时已经缠足,25岁以后足骨已发生形变,35岁之后形变较明显。部分个体足骨形变程度较轻,其生前可能仅束足纤直,未经裹弯。足骨形变程度与陪葬品多寡并无相关性,其形变差异很可能与身体疾病、劳作需要、缠足方法或缠足观念差异有关。     

天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性足骨的形态观察

本文对天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期101例缠足女性足骨形变情况进行了观察和分析。结果显示,不同个体的同名骨骼形变类型和程度不同,有的个体两侧足骨呈不对称状。跗骨在整体尺寸上缩小,且部分跗骨会产生形变。跖骨和近节趾骨因受缠足外力的影响在形态上会产生剧烈的变化,主要变现为跖骨和近节趾骨纤细、弓弯,关节面改变,其近、远端以及跖骨体和趾骨体的上下径和横径均产生形变。总体而言,跖骨和近节趾骨的形变程度较跗骨而言更大。本文总结了判断某个体是否缠足的依据,特别指出需要同时观察距骨和跟骨的形态改变。鉴于其他疾病（如高弓足、麻风病、风湿性关节炎）也可导致足骨的畸形样貌,在进行个体缠足判定时,需要进行综合成因分析。缠足由文化行为所导致,其足骨形变特征有别于因病理原因导致的足部畸形。功能压力分析能够有效地解释缠足个体足骨形变的成因及过程。     

中药熨疗腰椎骨性关节炎的护理

腰椎骨性关节炎(Lumbar osteoarthritls,LOA)是指以腰椎小关节肥大变性等病理改变引起的以腰痛为主要表现的临床病症.临床上又称为腰椎退行性关节病、腰椎增生性关节炎及老年性腰椎关节炎等,其病理特点为关节软骨变性、破坏,软骨下骨硬化,关节边缘和软骨下骨反应性增生,骨赘形成.     

无蹼壁虎的骨骼系统

骨骼特征在动物的分类和系统进化研究中具有重要的作用。利用透明骨骼双色法对采自河南省洛阳市的无蹼壁虎Gekko swinhonis制作骨骼标本,对骨骼系统各部分骨骼的位置、形状和构成进行了详细描述,并与大壁虎G.gecko、多疣壁虎G.japonicus和原尾蜥虎Hemidactylus bowringii等进行了比较。无蹼壁虎的骨骼系统分为中轴骨骼(头骨、脊柱、胸骨、肋骨)和附肢骨骼(肩带、腰带、前肢骨和后肢骨)。与壁虎科其他物种相比,无蹼壁虎没有泪骨;前颌骨鼻突短小;鼻骨略呈长方形;后额骨呈"人"字形;前肢肱骨和尺骨关节的韧带内具有1枚肘骨;后肢股骨与胫骨关节的韧带内具有1枚髌骨;股骨与胫骨、腓骨关节的关节内具有2枚腓肠关节籽骨;雄性个体肛门后具有1对肛后骨;趾式为2、3、4、5、4。     

沣西新城曹家寨清代墓地古人口学初步研究

曹家寨墓地是一处位于陕西西咸新区沣西新城的清代平民墓地,文章通过体质人类学和古人口学研究方法,结合历史文献,对曹家寨墓地的人口结构进行了初步分析。结果表明,沣西新城曹家寨清代居民的性别比为117.5,男性远多于女性,可能与清代盛行的“溺女婴”风俗有关。两性的死亡高峰皆在中年期,但生育行为使得女性壮年期的死亡率是男性的2倍多,有更多的男性居民活到了老年期,表明男性个体有相对更长的寿命。墓地人骨的埋葬方式和迁葬行为,反映了清代一夫一妻多妾的婚姻形式以及平民阶层个体家庭为主的家庭结构。     

骨性关节炎软骨细胞凋亡的研究

骨性关节炎是一种以软骨下骨改变和软骨退化为特征的关节退行性疾病.研究证实软骨细胞凋亡在骨性关节炎发生发展中起到关键作用.因此,研究骨关节炎软骨细胞凋亡机制及研发或筛选抗软骨细胞凋亡的药物必将给骨关节炎的防治开辟一条崭新的途径.     

风湿性疾病的药物治疗进展

风湿性疾病(风湿病)是以骨、关节、肌肉及关节周围软组织(肌腱、韧带、筋膜)为主要病变,具有疼痛和晨僵、慢性进展、畸形及破坏为特征的骨骼肌肉疾病。发病机制较为复杂,是遗传、性激素、环境因素、社会、生理、心理等因素相互作用下机体免疫功能紊乱而引起的慢性炎症性疾病。约有百余种,常见的有:(1)系统性红斑狼疮(SLE),干燥综合征,类风湿关节炎(RA),硬皮病,多发性肌炎/皮肌炎,系统性坏死性血管炎等弥漫性结缔组织病;(2)脊柱炎;(3)骨性关节炎及软组织疾病。治疗方法包括疾病教育、物理治疗、矫形、锻炼、药物和手术,其中以药物治疗为主…     

卵巢切除术构建大鼠骨关节炎合并骨质疏松模型的可行性

目的:尝试用单纯卵巢切除术建立骨性关节炎(OA)合并骨质疏松症(OP)动物模型。方法:对SD大鼠应用卵巢切除法进行骨性关节炎与骨质疏松模型的制作,饲养过程中进行不同强度的驱赶,3个月后收获大鼠组织标本。通过大体标本、组织切片以及改良Mankin评分系统对关节炎进行评价,应用双能X线对骨质疏松进行评价。结果:三组模型大鼠出现不同程度关节软骨层变薄,骨皮质松解,骨小梁稀疏、排列紊乱等骨质疏松和骨关节炎病变表现;卵巢切除+强驱赶组移行层受损严重,炎性细胞浸润,毛细血管侵入钙化层和潮线;Mankin评分显示各模型组出现不同程度的骨关节炎病变表现;三组模型大鼠骨密度较假手术对照组大鼠均明显下降(P0.05)。结论:单纯卵巢切除术可以用于骨性关节炎合并骨质疏松症动物模型的建立。     

透明骨骼标本制作法

透明骨骼标本无论在教学上和研究上,都有很大的价值,因为形体较小的脊椎动物,固然是很难把它制作成一般的骨骼标本,而且有些脊椎动物的骨与骨之间,接连着比较多的软骨,制作起来,容易分散和脱落;有些胚胎与幼体的骨骼以及它的关节部分,大部分尚未起骨化,也无法制成一般的骨骼标本.要想尽量保留小形的骨骼,以及骨骼上的软     

Age and sex biases in the preservation of human skeletal remains

Inaccuracies introduced through biases in preservation are a major source of error in paleodemographic reconstructions. Although it is generally assumed that such biases exist, little is known about their magnitude. To investigate this problem, we studied age and sex differences in the preservation of skeletal remains from Mission La Purisima and a prehistoric cemetery (Ca-Ven-110). Comparison of mortality profiles obtained through analysis of skeletal remains and burial records from the mission indicates that biases in preservation can be very significant in poorly preserved skeletal collections. The Purisima burial records show that most of the people interred in the cemetery were either infants or elderly adults. The skeletal remains, in contrast, are predominantly those of young adults. The burial records and skeletal collection produced comparable sex ratios. These results show that age biases in preservation are much more important than sex biases. This conclusion is supported by data on the completeness of the skeletons from La Purisima and Ca-Ven-110. At both sites, the remains of young adults were better preserved than those of children or elderly adults, and the completeness of male and female skeletons was comparable.     

Changes in osteoarthritis associated with the development of a maritime economy among southern California Indians

The severity of osteoarthritis was studied in human skeletal remains from archaeological sites in the Santa Barbara Channel area of southern California. These remains were analyzed to better understand changes in activity patterns associated with the economic shift from hunting and gathering to intensive fishing and craft specialization that occurred in this area. The joints of 967 burials from seven archaeological sites occupied between 3500 B.C. and the time of European contact were scored for osteoarthritis. These data show that the rate at which people developed osteoarthritis increased through time. This suggests that the adaptive shift toward more intensive exploitation of the marine environment resulted in an increase in the time people spent in strenuous physical activity. The increase in osteoarthritis affected males to a greater extent than females. One interpretation of this is that the work load of men increased with the economic importance of fishing.     

Female productivity and mortality in early-20th-century Taiwan

In late-Qing-dynasty Taiwan (1870-1895), female infanticide and general neglect killed over 15% of young girls. During the early years of Japanese rule (1895-1915), female infanticide was almost completely eliminated and the treatment of girls improved. This paper argues that the increase in the willingness to raise daughters was due to an increase in adult female productivity. Under Japanese rule, female seclusion decreased, female labor market participation greatly increased and the custom of foot-binding was ended. These changes increased the expected value of raising a daughter relative to raising a son.     

山东广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土明代人骨的初步研究

本文对广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土的明代人骨进行了多方面的生物考古学研究,包括性别、年龄的分布,身高的复原以及古病理的观察。牙病方面,对龋病、牙釉质发育不全和错牙合畸形进行了观察记录,从性别、年龄、龋患程度及好发牙位等方面对该人群的龋患情况进行统计分析。研究结果表明,该人群牙齿患龋率不具备明显的性别差异,与年龄变化也无显著相关性,好发牙位多为臼齿。此外,还观察到多孔性骨肥厚、骨关节疾病等病理现象以及一处愈合较好的骨折创伤。     

Dimensions of health and social structure in the early intermediate period cemetery at Villa El Salvador, Peru

This paper examines relationships between the social structure of a community and the health of its members, based on analysis of human skeletal remains (N = 64) from Villa El Salvador XII (100 BC-AD 100), a prehistoric cemetery located in the lower Lurín Valley, Peru. The ambiguity of social status as conventionally inferred from archaeological context is among the principal complicating factors in such an inquiry. We use multidimensional scaling of skeletal markers to identify the presence of patterned health-based heterogeneity in our sample, without making a priori assumptions about underlying social structure at Villa El Salvador. This procedure situates every skeleton relative to all others in the sample on the basis of multiple health markers, eliciting health groups. Once recognized, the relevance of those groups to social structure can be evaluated by comparison with a broad range of presumptive archaeological status indicators. We test the hypothesis that the distribution of stress indicators in human skeletons covaries with archaeological indicators of social differentiation. Based on multivariate analysis of skeletal indicators, we conclude that the cemetery at Villa El Salvador was utilized by two social groups with different geographic affinities: one of local coastal origin, and the other probably from the upper Lurín Valley or adjacent higher altitudes. These groups differ in skeletal characteristics related to childhood health, probably reflecting systematic contrasts in the growth environments of the studied individuals. This same division is independently supported by the distribution of cranial deformation, a possible marker of ethnicity. We also document some inequality in the distribution of labor among male individuals, as reflected by the relative advancement of degenerative joint disease, and congruent with differences in the number and quality of associated funerary offerings.     

Biocultural analysis of sex differences in mortality profiles and stress levels in the late medieval population from Nova Raca, Croatia

Human skeletal remains of 104 individuals from the late medieval (14th-18th century) Nova Raca cemetery, in continental Croatia, are described. Historic data from the parish Book of the Dead, relevant to a period in the early 19th century, suggest that females may have been under greater stress than males. To test this hypothesis, the skeletal material is analyzed for the presence and distribution of enamel hypoplasias and cribra orbitalia. Observations are also made on the presence and pattern of dental disease, skeletal infection, trauma, osteoarthritis, vertebral degenerative changes, and Schmorl's depression frequencies. The mortuary sample, consisting of 36 subadults and 68 adults, exhibits underrepresentation of subadults, and differential adult male/female mortality profiles. Peak female mortality is between 21-25 years, compared to peak male mortality between 31-35 years. Average adult female age at death is 29.9 years, compared to 34.1 years in adult males. Significant sex differences are present in the frequencies of enamel hypoplasia. Adult females have higher frequencies of hypoplastic teeth, and a larger number of defects in the teeth affected than in males. Subadults in the series also exhibit higher frequencies of hypoplastic teeth, and a larger number of defects in the teeth affected than in adults, documenting a relationship between enamel hypoplasia-causing stress events and reduced life expectancy. Significant sex differences are also present in dental pathology frequencies, possibly reflecting differences in resource access. Sex differences in vertebral osteoarthritis and Schmorl's depression frequencies may reflect differential activity patterns.     

The anthropological evidence for change through Romanisation of the Poundbury population.

Poundbury Camp cemetery was in use for about 500 Years and was the burial ground for an Iron Age Durotrigian group, a rural Roman settlement and an urban Romano-British community. Low variance of metrical characters and persistence of familial traits in the three groups suggest a continuity of the population and in situ growth. However evidence for an anthropological response to the cultural romanisation of the population has been found in a number of skeletal traits including squatting which was most often adopted by Durotrigian females. Dietary changes are indicted by variation in concentrations of trace elements, including lead, in the bones.     

哈密天山北路墓地出土颅骨的测量性状

本文是对出土于新疆哈密地区天山北路青铜时代墓地颅骨测量性状的研究。文中公布了24例天山北路墓地古代人群77项颅骨测量性状基本数据, 在此基础上, 对男、女两性的测量性状特点进行了统计分析, 并结合考古学文化研究和分子生物学研究的相关结论对实验结果进行了讨论和推论。主要研究结论如下: 一是该人群虽已经形成了具有自身特点的、共性的体质特征, 但人群内部也存在些许差异, 尤其是在男性个体数据之中。二是该人群是由分别具有东、西方体质特征的祖先人群混杂融合而成, 是处于当时大人种分布过渡地带的过渡人群。     

内蒙古凉城县忻州窑子墓地东周时期的人骨

忻州窑子墓地是近年来内蒙古中南部地区重要的考古发现之一,该墓地出土人骨标本是内蒙古中南部地区东周时期最具有代表性的古代人类标本,在探讨该时期中原王朝北扩疆土与北方民族南下冲突融合的历史过程问题上具有重要的学术价值。本文对出土的31例东周时期的颅骨标本(男性21例,女性10例)进行了体质人类学的研究,根据颅骨形态特征的差异,我们将该墓地的人群分为两组,即忻州窑子A组和忻州窑子B组。经过对比分析可知,忻州窑子A组居民的颅骨形态特征与先秦时期的"古蒙古高原类型"居民十分一致,忻州窑子B组居民则与"古中原类型"居民较为接近。忻州窑子墓地中未见有不同文化系统的葬俗,但在人群构成上却包括了两类体质特征差异显著的群体,佐证了这一时期该地区古代人群的构成具有强烈的融合性与多源性。