湖北咸宁地区桂花开花和衰老过程中花瓣的某些生理生化指标变化

3个品种桂花花瓣的呼吸速率和乙烯释放量均出现跃变型高峰;细胞质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量不断升高;过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先上升,后下降,呈现明显的峰值。3个品种的各项指标变化趋势基本一致,但花期较长的‘软叶丹桂’呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、CAT和POD峰值出现比‘柳叶桂’和‘四季桂’晚1～2d,细胞质膜透性和MDA上升趋势较缓慢,‘柳叶桂’和‘四季桂’之间差异不显著。     

低温和保鲜膜包装对桂花采后几种生理生化指标的影响

桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)品种‘柳叶银桂’,采自本院生物园内,选取树龄15年和长势相似的植株,于9月下旬盛花初期采样,选择开花程度和花瓣大小一致的鲜花进行如下处理:(1)室温(26℃左右)下自然摊放;(2)室温下保鲜膜包装;(3)4℃低温下自然摊放:(4)4℃低温下保鲜膜包装。每处理500 g鲜花,重复3次。测定花青素含量时,取0.5 g花瓣以1%的盐酸甲     

蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化过程中生理生化特性研究

该研究以成年乔种蜡梅‘美人醉’[Chimonanthus praecox(L.)Link‘Meirenzui’]5个时期(蕾期、萌动期、初花期、盛花期和末花期)的花瓣内被片为材料,考察开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量及其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化,并探讨各指标之间的相关性,以揭示蜡梅花色变化过程中生理生化指标的变化特征。结果显示:(1)‘美人醉’花瓣的色度值从蕾期到末花期,花瓣红度a^(*)值急剧减小,亮度L^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和彩度C^(*)值、色相角h°值逐渐增大。(2)在‘美人醉’开花过程中,花瓣类黄酮、花色苷、叶绿素含量逐渐减少,类胡萝卜素含量先增加后减少。(3)‘美人醉’花瓣可溶性蛋白含量在萌动期和盛花期显著下降,而可溶性糖含量在初花期降到最低值。(4)‘美人醉’花瓣PAL活性随着开花进程呈先下降后上升的趋势,而SOD活性先显著上升,后保持平稳。(5)‘美人醉’花瓣色度值与其类黄酮、叶绿素、花色苷、可溶性蛋白含量以及PAL活性均具有显著相关关系。研究表明,蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化是花色苷、类黄酮、叶绿素共同作用的结果,但花色苷含量的变化起着最直接的作用;花瓣可溶性蛋白、SOD、PAL通过一定的生理代谢途径对花色变化起着间接的影响。     

三个桂花品种生长量、花量及叶片矿质营养含量变化研究

以桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour)品种'柳叶银桂'、'四季桂'和'山桂'为试材,对其生长量、花量及叶片矿质营养含量的变化进行了分析.结果表明:(1)'柳叶银桂'、'四季桂'和'山桂'的总生长量和鲜花产量差异显著,总生长量为'柳叶银桂'>'山桂'>'四季桂',而全年鲜花产量为'柳叶银桂'>'四季桂'>'山桂'.(2)不同元素年周期变化不同,K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu均呈单锋曲线,K、Ca、Cu峰值出现在4月,Fe和Mg峰值出现在8月;N、P含量的年变化呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在4月和10月.Mn和Zn分别有单峰和双缝两种不同的变化趋势.     

丹桂和籽银桂花芽分化的研究

采用石蜡切片技术, 对不育的丹桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Dangui’ )和可育的籽银桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Ziyingui’)花芽分化的过程进行了研究。结果表明, 桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初始期、总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个阶段。雄蕊的发育在丹桂和籽银桂之间基本没有区别, 都能形成完整的花粉囊和成熟的花粉粒。但是, 雌蕊的发育在可育的籽银桂与不育的丹桂之间存在明显差异。根据花芽分化的过程证明, 丹桂的不育是由于雌蕊发育不正常导致的。     

丹桂和籽银桂花芽分化的研究

采用石蜡切片技术,对不育的丹桂（Osmanthus fragrans ‘Dangui’）和可育的籽银桂（Osmanthus fragrans ‘Ziyingui’）花芽分化的过程进行了研究。结果表明,桂花（Osmanthus fragrans Lour.）花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初始期、总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个阶段。雄蕊的发育在丹桂和籽银桂之间基本没有区别,都能形成完整的花粉囊和成熟的花粉粒。但是,雌蕊的发育在可育的籽银桂与不育的丹桂之间存在明显差异。根据花芽分化的过程证明,丹桂的不育是由于雌蕊发育不正常导致的。     

桂花抗冻种质的筛选及抗冻机理初探

采用田间调查及人工模拟冰冻鉴定的方法,比较测定了4个桂花品种的抗冻性,其抗冻性强弱顺序为金桂（Osmanthusfragransvar．thunbergii）＞银桂（O．fragransvar.latifolius）＞丹桂（O．fragransvar．aurantiacus）＞四季桂（O．fragransvar.semperflorens）。筛选出5株抗冻性最强的单株,它们的致死温度都在－26℃左右。桂花叶片膜脂脂肪酸组成随季节呈周期性变化,随着气温下降亚麻酸（18∶3）含量增加而亚油酸（18∶2）含量降低。不同品种均表现出一致的变化趋势,抗性强的品种这种变化则更为显著。在自然脱锻炼过程中,叶面喷施脱落酸（200ppm）能使亚麻酸含量保持稳定,延缓桂花的脱锻炼。     

加工番茄高光效特性与其产量和品质的协调性研究

以6个加工番茄品种为试材,通过盆栽试验对各品种叶片光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、光合特性以及果实产量和相关品质性状进行了鉴定,探讨不同品种光效特性与产量和品质性状的相关关系及其可能机理。结果表明,番茄由苗期进入花期后,各品种叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素比例亦提高,"库"和"源"的增加呈对应关系;各品种的果实产量与花期叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关,与光合色素含量相关性不显著;在本栽培地区和试验条件下,花期‘石红9号’品种的叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量以及果实产量显著高于其它品种,且其果实Vc含量、番茄红素含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比等品质指标也均表现良好,综合性状最优,而‘UC-82’品种的光合色素含量、番茄红素含量和产量等指标均显著低于其它品种。研究发现,加工番茄品种的高光效特征与产量和品质提高具有一定协调性。     

欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶色变化的生理机制

以3个欧洲卫矛(Euonymus europaea)品种‘矮生’(Euonymus europaea‘Pumilis’)、‘八仙花’(E.europaea‘Aldenhamensis’)和‘白果’(E.europaea‘Albus’)为试验材料,测定其秋冬转色期叶色参数及各项生理指标的变化,分析色素与叶色参数、可溶性糖、相关酶的关系,探讨欧洲卫矛转色期叶片的呈色机理,为后期园林应用提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘八仙花’、‘白果’叶片明度参数L*值、色素参数b*值(黄/蓝)呈先升后降的单峰曲线,‘矮生’的L*值、b*值呈先降后升的单峰曲线,3个品种色素参数a*值(红/绿)在转色期间均不断上升。(2)各品种叶片叶绿素含量随生育期整体呈下降的趋势,主要是叶绿素a减少,叶绿素b与类胡萝素下降较为平稳;花色素苷含量、花色素苷/叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,类胡萝素/叶绿素比值整体呈下降的趋势。(3)各品种叶片可溶性糖含量随生育期呈先升后降的单峰曲线,它们的PAL活性呈波动上升趋势,POD活性整体呈下降趋势,PPO活性呈缓慢上升趋势。(4)相关性分析显示,3个品种叶色参数a*值与花色素苷含量均呈极显著正相关关系,‘矮生’花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝素含量呈显著负相关关系,‘八仙花’、‘白果花’的花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量呈不显著负相关关系。研究发现,影响欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶片变红的主要因素是叶绿素、花色素苷和可溶性糖相对含量及PAL、PPO活性,类胡萝卜素含量对叶片变红的贡献不大,POD活性对叶片变红无直接影响。     

桂花查尔酮异构酶OfCHI基因的克隆与表达分析

查尔酮异构酶CHI是花青素苷合成途径中的关键酶。为了解桂花花青苷的合成机理,该研究对3个桂花品种的花青苷含量进行了测定。结果显示:(1)‘橙红丹桂’花中的花青苷含量最高,‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中花青苷含量较低。(2)利用RACE和RT-PCR方法获得了桂花查尔酮异构酶基因(OfCHI)的全长cDNA序列1 069bp,该基因编码248个氨基酸,相对分子量为26.85kD,等电点为6.34。(3)多重序列比对显示,OfCHI与金花茶CnCHI、忍冬LjCHI、石榴PgCHI的相似性分别为68.13%、65.86%和63.53%,氨基酸序列中含有CHI蛋白的活性位点Thr47、Tyr108、Met115以及Ser192;系统进化树分析表明,OfCHI与其他物种起源相同,而与油橄榄OeCHI亲缘关系最近。(4)利用qRT-PCR对不同桂花品种、不同组织中OfCHI的表达量检测结果显示,OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’花中表达量最高,在‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中表达量较低;OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’、‘金桂’和‘早银桂’的花、茎、叶中均有表达,且表达趋势相同,均为叶中表达量最高。该研究为揭示桂花青素苷的合成机理奠定了理论基础,并为培育不同花色的桂花新品种提供了基因专利。     

5种野牡丹属植物花色素成分及影响花色呈色因子分析

为明确野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)植物花瓣的色素成分和呈色机理,为花色育种提供参考。以野牡丹(M.candidum)、白花野牡丹(M.candidum f.albiflorum)、印度野牡丹(M.malabathiricum)、白花印度野牡丹(M. malabathricumvar.alba)、毛稔(M.sanguinrum)5种野牡丹属植物材料,采用目测法、RHSCC比色法和色差仪测定花瓣表型,应用化学显色法、紫外分光光度法对花色素成分及含量进行初步分析与测定,通过徒手切片组织切片法观察花瓣表皮细胞的显微结构和分布特点,测定花瓣pH值、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标分析对花色的影响。结果显示,野牡丹属植物花瓣不含叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,紫罗兰色系主要含花青素苷和黄酮类化合物,白色系主要含黄酮类化合物。野牡丹和毛稔花色素分布于上、下表皮,印度野牡丹花色素分布于上、下表皮和栅栏组织,白花野牡丹和白花印度野牡丹花瓣没有发现色素积累;紫罗兰色系野牡丹上表皮细胞呈圆锥形突起,白色系野牡丹上表皮细胞呈不规则的扁平状,它们下表皮细胞全呈不规则的扁平状。野牡丹属植物花色明度L*随花瓣颜色变深而降低,明度L*与红度a*呈极显著负相关、与蓝度b*呈极显著的正相关。花瓣中花青素苷含量与其明度L*和蓝度b*呈显著负相关,pH值与花瓣红度a*呈现显著的负相关。研究表明,野牡丹属植物花色主要由花青素苷决定,花青素苷含量、色素分布、上表皮细胞形状等是引起花色呈现多样的主要因子。     

二乔玉兰开花过程中花色变化的生理生化机制

以4年生二乔玉兰不同花期外层花瓣为试材,测定其在开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量、细胞pH值以及相关酶活性的变化,以探讨二乔玉兰花色呈色机理。结果显示:(1)随着花期的推移,苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性逐渐减弱,细胞pH值逐渐变大,可溶性糖、花色苷、类黄酮含量不断降低,而花瓣明亮度增强,红色度以及彩色度减弱,且不同花期各参数值之间差异显著。(2)花瓣可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与其花色素苷、类黄酮含量变化之间呈显著正相关关系,花瓣pH值的变化、明亮度L*值与花色素苷、类黄酮含量之间呈显著负相关,色相值a*与花色苷含量的变化呈显著正相关。研究表明,二乔玉兰花瓣花色苷和类黄酮含量的高低可以影响其花色的深浅,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI活性、细胞pH通过参与一定的生理代谢来调节花色素的形成,进而引起二乔玉兰花色色调的改变。     

Combined Effects of Abscisic Acid and Sucrose on Growth and Senescence of Rose Flowers

The effects of sucrose and abscisic acid (ABA) and their interaction on development and senescence of petals were studied with leafless roses cultivar Super Star. Sucrose and ABA had opposing effects on the cut flowers. Sucrose retarded and ABA promoted processes associated with senescence: wilting, increase in pH, “blueing” and decrease in protein content of petals. These opposing effects are mutually antagonized when both chemicals are applied. ABA applied to flowers cut at the bud stage, promoted the rate of petal growth (but not their final size), increased respiration and caused a decrease in sucrose and an increase in level of reducing sugars. It is suggested that one way by which ABA accelerates senescence of cut roses is by promoting petal growth and respiration, thus decreasing the carbohydrate level in the petals and triggering the chain of metabolic processes leading to aging.     

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’花色的呈现特征(英文)

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色主要存在着花发育阶段导致的时间变化,反映其花色受花发育控制。二者的花色都在蕾期最浓艳,在初花期略淡,在盛花期又稍浓,在末花期最淡,尽管花瓣在花开放时便开始衰老;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为:外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,即花瓣在花冠中的具体排列位置决定着该片花瓣的特定颜色深浅;但不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势不完全一致。同时,两个品种外层花瓣的总黄酮含量变化与外层花瓣的色度变化成正相关。而花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异极不显著,表明‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色的空间变化极微。本文可为梅花红色花色的机理探索和花色色素生物合成关键酶基因cDNA克隆中的花朵选择提供参考。     

自然越冬过程中3个茶树品种的生理特性变化及抗寒性评价

以茶树也Camelliasinensis（Linn.）Kuntze页品种‘舒茶早’（‘Shuchazao’）、‘乌牛早’（‘Wuniuzao’）和‘平阳特早’（‘Pingyangtezao’）为实验材料,分析了自然越冬过程中（2011年10月至2012年3月）茶树叶片主要渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白质和脯氨酸）含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT和POD）活性、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和总叶绿素含量的变化,并应用主成分分析结合隶属函数法对3个茶树品种抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明：自然越冬期3个茶树品种叶片生理指标随时间推移呈规律性变化,越冬期（12月和1月）与越冬前期（10月）、越冬后期（2月和3月）各指标总体上差异显著,且品种间各指标也有一定差异。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白质和脯氨酸含量以及SOD活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,且峰值多出现在12月或2月;CAT和POD活性、Fv/Fm值和总叶绿素含量则呈先降后升的变化趋势,且均在1月降至最低。主成分分析结果显示：第1主成分（X1）包括可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、POD活性、Fv/Fm和总叶绿素含量,贡献率达到57.97%;第2主成分（X2）包括可溶性蛋白质含量、热稳定蛋白质含量和脯氨酸含量,贡献率达到26.89%。综合评价结果显示：自然越冬期3个茶树品种抗寒性的综合评价值均随时间推移呈先升后降的变化趋势,且均在12月达到最高,据此判断3个茶树品种中‘舒茶早’的抗寒性最强、‘乌牛早’的抗寒性最弱,‘平阳特早’的抗寒性介于二者之间。研究结果显示：在自然越冬过程中供试3个茶树品种的抗寒性与其生理指标变化及生长表现一致,表明综合评价法可用于茶树抗寒性评价。     

Differences in Sugar Accumulation and Mobilization between Sequential and Non-Sequential Senescence Wheat Cultivars under Natural and Drought Conditions

Wheat leaf non-sequential senescence at the late grain-filling stage involves the early senescence of younger flag leaves compared to that observed in older second leaves. On the other hand, sequential senescence involves leaf senescence that follows an age-related pattern, in which flag leaves are the latest to undergo senescence. The characteristics of sugar metabolism in two sequential senescence cultivars and two non-sequential senescence cultivars under both natural and drought conditions were studied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of drought tolerance in two different senescence modes. The results showed that compared to sequential senescence wheat cultivars, under natural and drought conditions, non-sequential senescence wheat cultivars showed a higher leaf net photosynthetic rate, higher soluble sugar levels in leaves, leaf sheaths, and internodes, higher leaf sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, and higher grain SS activity, thereby suggesting that non-sequential senescence wheat cultivars had stronger source activity. Spike weight, grain weight per spike, and 100-grain weight of non-sequential senescence cultivars at maturity were significantly higher than those of sequential senescence cultivars under both natural and drought conditions. These findings indicate that the higher rate of accumulation and the higher mobilization of soluble sugar in the leaves, leaf sheaths and internodes of non-sequential senescence cultivars improve grain weight and drought tolerance. At the late grain-filling stage, drought conditions adversely affected leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar and sucrose content, SS and SPS activity, gain SS activity, and weight. This study showed that higher rates of soluble sugar accumulation in the source was one of the reasons of triggering leaf non-sequential senescence, and higher rates of soluble sugar mobilization during leaf non-sequential senescence promoted high and stable wheat yield and drought tolerance.     

KT对菊花形态、生理和花期的影响

在秋菊“金皇后”品种的营养生长期和绿蕾期 ,以一定浓度 ( 1 0mg/L、2 0mg/L和 5 0mg/L)的KT水溶液进行喷雾处理 ,初步研究了KT对菊花绿蕾期叶片和花期花瓣生理生化以及对开花时间、花期长短的影响。结果表明 ,KT处理使菊花绿蕾期叶片叶绿素总含量、还原性总糖 /可溶性蛋白、干重 /鲜重、表观光合速率和呼吸速率均明显高于对照 ;花时比对照提早 1 7.1d ,绿蕾期持续时间缩短 41 .5 0 % ;花期花瓣组织电解质渗漏率低于对照 ,花期持续时间延长 8d ,延长率为 3 1 .3 7%。其中 2 0mg/LKT处理效果最好     

Galactose metabolism in cell walls of opening and senescing petunia petals

Galactose was the major non-cellulosic neutral sugar present in the cell walls of ‘Mitchell’ petunia (Petunia axillaris × P. axillaris × P. hybrida) flower petals. Over the 24 h period associated with flower opening, there was a doubling of the galactose content of polymers strongly associated with cellulose and insoluble in strong alkali (‘residual’ fraction). By two days after flower opening, the galactose content of both the residual fraction and a Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin-rich cell wall fraction had sharply decreased, and continued to decline as flowers began to wilt. In contrast, amounts of other neutral sugars showed little change over this time, and depolymerisation of pectins and hemicelluloses was barely detectable throughout petal development. Size exclusion chromatography of Na₂CO₃-soluble pectins showed that there was a loss of neutral sugar relative to uronic acid content, consistent with a substantial loss of galactose from rhamnogalacturonan-I-type pectin. β-Galactosidase activity (EC 3.2.1.23) increased at bud opening, and remained high through to petal senescence. Two cDNAs encoding β-galactosidase were isolated from a mixed stage petal library. Both deduced proteins are β-galactosidases of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 35, possessing lectin-like sugar-binding domains at their carboxyl terminus. PhBGAL1 was expressed at relatively high levels only during flower opening, while PhBGAL2 mRNA accumulation occurred at lower levels in mature and senescent petals. The data suggest that metabolism of cell wall-associated polymeric galactose is the major feature of both the opening and senescence of ‘Mitchell’ petunia flower petals.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of mineral nutrients and sugars throughout the lifespan of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</Emphasis> L. flower

Although the physiological and molecular mechanisms of flower development and senescence have been extensively investigated, a whole-flower partitioning study of mineral concentrations has not been carried out. In this work, the distribution of sucrose, total reducing sugars, dry and fresh weight and macro and micronutrients were analysed in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. petals, stylestigma including stamens and ovary at different developmental stages (bud, open and senescent flowers). Total reducing sugars showed the highest value in petals of bud flowers, then fell during the later stages of flower development whereas sucrose showed the highest value in petals of senescent flowers. In petals, nitrogen and phosphorus content increased during flower opening, then nitrogen level decreased in senescent flowers. The calcium, phosphorus and boron concentrations were highest in ovary tissues whatever the developmental stage. Overall, the data presented suggests that the high level of total reducing sugars prior the onset of flower opening contributes to support petal cells expansion, while the high amount of sucrose at the time of petal wilting may be viewed as a result of senescence. Furthermore, this study discusses how the accumulation of particular mineral nutrients can be considered in a tissue specific manner for the activation of processes directly connected with reproduction.