东北地区蒙古栎木生大型真菌物种多样性和区系特征

木生大型真菌作为木材的分解者,在维持生态系统的生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用。蒙古栎Quercus mongolica是我国东北地区主要的成林树种之一。为厘清以蒙古栎为生长基质的木生大型真菌物种组成和区系特征,本文对我国东北地区蒙古栎上的木生大型真菌物种组成、生态习性和区系特征进行比较分析。经调查共发现蒙古栎上木生大型真菌11目39科110属193种,其中优势科为多孔菌科Polyporaceae、锈革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae、拟层孔菌科Fomitopsidaceae、皱孔菌科Meruliaceae、斯氏菇科Steccherinaceae和木耳科Auriculariaceae,优势科的物种数占比56.99%。优势属为多孔菌属Polyporus、栓孔菌属Trametes、锈革菌属Hymenochaete、多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia和韧革菌属Stereum,优势属的物种占总物种数的15.03%。在腐朽类型方面,89.64%的木生大型真菌能够引起木材的白色腐朽,比例远远高于褐色腐朽;生长在倒木上的木生大型真菌种类最多,生长在基部的种类最少。按照区系组成,可划分为温带分布种(35.75%)、温带-亚热带分布种(33.16%)、寒带-温带分布种(12.95%)和世界广布种(6.22%)等7类,具有明显的温带区系特征。     

宽阔水自然保护区大型真菌分布特征

研究了贵州宽阔水自然保护区大型真菌及其生态特征。林区的大型真菌基本特点是：（１）在不同的森林类型中,大型真菌的组成不同;（２）在不同的森林类型中,大型真菌的种类随海拔上升而减少;（３）土生真菌和菌根真菌多,木生真菌次之,寄生真菌和粪生直菌少。     

丽江老君山国家公园木腐真菌区系组成与分布特征

木腐真菌是自然界中以木材为主要生长基质的一类大型真菌,通过分解倒死木的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素实现森林生态系统的物质循环,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究木腐真菌的生态分布及其与环境因子的关系对分析其在森林生态系统中的生态功能有重要作用。本文在野外调查的基础上对云南省丽江老君山国家公园的木腐真菌物种组成和生态习性进行了分析,共采集标本196份,经鉴定为68种,隶属于8目21科40属,优势科为多孔菌科、拟层孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为异担子菌属,其区系组成以北温带成分为最多(38.2%),其次是世界广布成分,表现出明显的北温带特征。从生态习性来看,63种为腐生菌,其中51种造成白色腐朽,12种造成褐色腐朽;5种为外生菌根菌。木腐真菌的物种组成在不同林分中存在明显差异,落叶阔叶林中种类最多,共34种;其次为针阔混交林,有26种;暗针叶林有22种。脆波斯特孔菌与粗毛韧革菌在3种林分类型中均有分布且多度较高,是该地区的优势种。     

中国热带地区的三个多孔菌新记录种

木生真菌在森林生态系统中是非常重要的功能有机体,对物质循环起着很关键的作用。近些年作者对中国热带地区的木生真菌进行了多样性调查及分类学研究。在对采集自中国海南省和云南省的木生真菌进行鉴定研究时,发现3个多孔菌：硬脆容氏孔菌Junghuhnia crustacea、热带针层孔菌Phellinus tropicalis和布兰切特多孔菌Polyporus blanchettianus,它们分别属于皱孔菌科、锈革孔菌科和多孔菌科,为中国木生真菌新记录种。根据采集的标本,对每种进行了详细的描述及显微结构绘图。     

四川冶勒自然保护区大型真菌调查

在调查和分类的基础上发现冶勒自然保护区野生大型真菌共有143种.按Anisworth G.C.(1973)系统,隶属于2个亚门,11个目,34科,70个属.对优势科、食(药)用、有毒菌以及它们的营养类型进行了分析,结果显示:①该地区大型真菌的物种丰富(占四川的11.09%);②潜在的经济和生态价值较高(食用菌82种,药用菌26种,外生菌根菌55种);③营养类型多样化(木生,土生,粪生,外生菌根,虫生).     

皖皇埔山大型真菌的组成及生态分布

为了解及合理开发大型真菌资源,本文对安徽省皇埔山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成及生态分布进行了初步调查,并对其资源进行了综合评价.结果表明,该区共有大型真菌87种,隶属4纲6目22科46属,它们广泛分布于阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、竹林、荒地等植被类型中.按经济价值可分为食用菌42种,药用菌31种,毒菌6种;依生态习性可分为土生菌44种,木生菌30种,外生菌根真菌19种,虫生真菌2种.该区大型真菌资源在食用、药用、营林等方面具有很好的开发前景.     

浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源评价

在调查和分类的基础上发现九龙山国家级自然保护区野生大型真菌共有209种.按Anisworth G.C.(1973)系统,隶属2个亚门,13个目,38科,101个属.对它们的组成特点、利用价值以及营养类型进行了分析,结果显示:(1)该地区大型真菌的物种丰富,其中浙江新记录种多达121种;(2)潜在的经济和生态价值较高(食用菌100种,药用菌59种,外生菌根菌58种);(3)营养类型多样化(木生,土生,粪生,外生菌根,虫生).     

中国森林大型真菌重要类群多样性和系统学研究

大型真菌主要为担子菌门的真菌和少数为子囊菌门的真菌,该类真菌具有重要的经济价值和生态功能,主要生长在森林生态系统中。30年来作者对我国几乎所有类型森林生态中的大型真菌进行了系统调查和采集,共采集标本11.2万号。基于对这些材料的形态学及分子系统学研究,并结合生态学和生物地理学特征,共鉴定出中国森林大型真菌4 250种,隶属于担子菌门和子囊菌门的21个目,发现和发表2个新科、4个新亚科、69个新属和885个新种。云南省是我国森林大型真菌最丰富的省份,描述于该省的新种有314种,占作者发表的全部中国新种的35%。这些研究为深入认识全球大型真菌物种多样性提供了中国的贡献,更新了我国重要食药用菌名称,揭示了我国毒蘑菇多样性基本特征,系统论述了我国森林病原菌的物种多样性,为资源利用、森林健康和保护提供了科学依据;论述了森林大型真菌代表性类群在种和属级水平的起源和演化,为今后开展重要类群科级、目级甚至纲级的系统进化关系提供了重要数据。     

大别山、仙居县和溧水区大型真菌多样性

大型真菌具有重要的经济价值和生态意义,是生态系统不可缺少的重要组成部分。本研究于2018年7月-10月和2019年7月-10月采用踏查法对大别山鹞落坪自然保护区和天堂寨自然保护区、仙居县和溧水区的大型真菌多样性进行调查,共采集到600多份样本,结合形态特征和分子进行物种鉴定,参考大型真菌书籍进行鉴定。结果表明：大别山研究区共鉴定得到大型真菌84种,隶属5纲11目27科56属;仙居县研究区大型真菌共计87种,隶属6纲10目25科56属;溧水研究区大型真菌79种,隶属5纲10目22科38属。多孔菌科（Polyporaceae）和口蘑科（Tricholomataceae）是三个研究区的共有优势科。α-多样性指数分析得出,在不同的生境下,多样性是溧水研究区>仙居县研究区>大别山研究区。研究结果表明,大型真菌物种的丰度与海拔和纬度呈负相关,三个研究区的大型真菌物种不仅有一些北温带特征,也有一些泛热带成分,世界分布属和北温带分布属占当地属总数的大部分。     

云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌多样性及分布特征分析

对云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成和生态分布特征进行了详细的调查和分析.调查结果表明:该保护区内共有233种(含亚种、变种和变型)大型真菌,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门16目48科94属,其中,红菇科(Russulaceae)、小菇科(Mycenaceae)、丝膜菌科(Cortinariaceae)、多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)、陀螺菌科(Gomphaceae)和鹅膏科(Amanitaceae)7个优势科的种数较多,分别含37、22、18、17、16、11和10种.具有重要经济价值的大型真菌中包括药用菌59种、食用菌97种和毒菌35种;根据生态类型划分,有虫生菌1种、木生菌52种、土生菌39种、外生菌根菌141种.该保护区大型真菌的分布与温湿度、林下光照及林龄等生态环境因子的变化有关,具体表现在不同月份、郁闭度和林型条件下,大型真菌的种类组成和数量、优势类群都出现不同的分布特点.6月份木生菌的种数和个体数最多,8月份和9月份外生菌根菌的种数和个体数最多.在郁闭度60％～70％条件下,以多孔菌科和小菇科种类为主;在郁闭度70％～80％的条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和多孔菌科种类为主;在郁闭度80％～90％条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和牛肝菌科种类为主.在中龄林中大型真菌的种数多于幼龄林,其中,红菇科、丝膜菌科、牛肝菌科和陀螺菌科种类在幼龄林和中龄林中均有分布;鹅膏科种类只分布在中龄林中.根据调查结果,对该保护区大型真菌的保护提出了一些建议.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.