苦参碱类生物碱的应用进展

苦参碱是豆科植物苦参、苦豆子、广豆根等中草药的活性成分,是苦参碱类生物碱的代表,这一类生物碱主要还包括氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和槐胺碱等。而对苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的研究最为广泛。苦参碱对中枢神经具有解热、镇痛、抗惊厥、稳定神经等作用;对心血管系统具有明显的负性频率和正性肌力作用、能防治动脉粥样硬化、减轻心肌损伤等作用;对消化系统具有抗肝损伤、抗纤维化、升高白细胞等作用;还具有抗肿瘤、抗肝癌等作用。氧化苦参碱用于治疗白细胞低下和慢性乙型、丙型肝炎、阻止肝纤维化和肝硬化,有抗心律失常、强心、平喘等作用。槐果碱有明显抗柯萨奇B病毒(Coxsackie Virus B,CVB)的作用、免疫调节功能以及抗严重急性呼吸道综合症(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,SARS)病毒的作用。槐定碱有改善心功能、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒作用。槐胺碱具有免疫抑制、抗心律失常作用。本文综述了这一类生物碱的成分分析及其部分化合物的药理活性和临床应用等方面的研究进展。     

苦参黄酮类成分的研究

苦参(Sphora flavescens Ait)为豆科槐属植物,根入药,具有清热、燥湿、杀虫之功效。近年来国内外对苦参的研究较为重视。我们对苦参的化学成分进行了系统的研究,从苦参总黄酮中分离出8种黄酮类化合物:高丽槐素(maackiain,1)、4-甲氧基高丽槐素(4-methoxy-maackiain,2)、三叶豆紫檀甙(trifolirhizin,3)、降脱水淫羊藿素(nor-anhydroicaritin,4)、异苦参酮(isokurarinone,5)、槐属二氢黄酮 B(sopho-raflavanone B,6)、降苦参酮(nor-kurarinone,7)和芒柄花素(formoronetin,8)。化合物1、2和6是首次从苦参中得到的。本文报道苦参黄酮类化合物的研究。     

苦参植株中总生物碱的分布及含量测定

选用酸性染料络合显色法测定了江苏盱眙产苦参的根、茎、叶、种子等部位中苦参总碱的含量 ,为充分利用苦参全植株提供了一定的依据。     

苦参和苦豆子的过氧化物酶同工酶谱分析和比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析和比较了5个不同产地的苦参和1种苦豆子的过氧化物酶同工酶活性。结果表明：不同产地苦参品种和苦豆子的过氧化物酶同工酶谱迁移率在0.14～0.28之间,共6条酶谱带。聚类分析表明,苦参和苦豆子的亲缘关系较远,而不同产地的苦参种质也存在一定的差异,可分为3类：甘肃成县栽培的苦参与甘肃岷县栽培的苦参为一类,河南卢氏野生苦参单独为一类,河北承德野生苦参和甘肃成县野生苦参为一类。     

气候变化条件下苦参在我国潜在分布区的预测分析

为了解气候变化情景下苦参在中国的潜在分布区变化,探讨生物气候因子与苦参适宜分布格局的关系.该文通过收集苦参的地理分布点并结合19项生态因子,运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)对末次盛冰期、当前气候、未来气候三种气候情景下苦参在我国适生区的分布格局进行模拟,并分析影响苦参生长的主导生态因子.结果...     

复方苦参水杨酸对绿豆种苗萌发生长的影响

研究结果显示:50ppm复方苦参水杨酸处理后的绿豆种子发芽率、发芽势以及生长势优于清水对照组,高浓度复方苦参水杨酸处理后各指数均劣于清水对照组。表明适宜浓度(50ppm)复方苦参水杨酸能够加速绿豆种子萌发以及促进种苗生长。此外,一定浓度(100ppm)的复方苦参水杨酸可抑制绿豆幼苗根的生长,促进茎、叶生长。     

4种中草药及其复方抗马拉色菌体的外药敏实验

目的观察苦参、当归、侧柏叶和白鲜皮及观察苦参、当归、侧柏叶和白鲜皮、混合药液与主要有效成分对4株CBS马拉色菌标准株的体外抑菌效果。方法通过液基稀释法,用含橄榄油的液体培养基测定各药液对马拉色菌的抑制作用。结果最小抑菌浓度（MIC）由小到大排列分别为：白鲜碱、苦参碱、苦参、侧柏叶、氧化苦参碱、侧柏叶＋当归（二仙丸）、混合药液（侧柏叶＋当归＋苦参＋白鲜皮）、白鲜皮、二仙丸＋苦参、苦参＋白鲜皮、二仙丸＋白鲜皮、槲皮素、当归、阿魏酸。结论4种中草药及其混合药液、主要有效成分均有抑制马拉色菌的作用。     

苦参酮的热稳定性及其提取工艺研究

考察了苦参酮的热稳定性,并用正交实验方法优选了苦参酮的提取工艺。结果发现,苦参酮在50℃下较稳定;以苦参酮的相对提取率为考察指标,在所考察的范围内,影响苦参酮相对提取率的主要因素依次为：提取时间〉乙醇浓度〉温度〉溶剂用量,其中提取时间和乙醇浓度对苦参酮的相对提取率影响显著;苦参酮的最佳提取工艺为：提取温度50℃,提取时间120min,容积用量（mL/g）25：1,乙醇浓度（v／v）：80％,相对提取率达到99．6％。优化后的提取工艺能较高效率地提取苦参酮。     

苦参水提液的杀菌效果

采用悬液定量杀菌试验,对苦参水提液的杀菌效果进行实验室研究。研究发现,苦参水提液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、白假丝酵母菌和黑曲霉均具有明显的杀菌作用。通过模拟现场试验,苦参水提液起到了显著地杀菌效果。     

Box-Behnken法优化苦参多糖的超声提取工艺

目的:采用响应曲面法对影响苦参多糖提取率的主要影响因素超声时间、超声功率和水料比进行优化。方法:采用超声法提取苦参多糖,以Box-Behnke响应面法优化苦参多糖的超声提取工艺条件,并进行预测分析。结果:Design Expert软件分析表明:苦参多糖提取在超声功率617.19W、超声时间22.45min、水料比27.25:1(m L:g)的最佳工艺条件下,提取率达到8.92%,实测结果与响应面拟和所得方程的预测值符合良好。结论:Box-Behnken响应面法应用于优化苦参多糖超声提取工艺是可行的,建立的数学模型和实验观察数据相符。     

Shark Tagging: A Review Of Conventional Methods and Studies

The tagging of sharks using conventional tags has long been recognized as a valuable means for studying various aspects of their life history, migrations and movements, and population structure. Conventional tags are defined as those that can be identified visually without the use of special detection equipment. Tagging studies specifically targeting sharks began in the late 1920's, and today numerous cooperative shark tagging programs exist worldwide. Cooperative programs depend on the joint participation of scientists and public volunteers to accomplish research objectives. Benefits and problems of these programs are discussed using the tagging methodologies, protocols, and results of the National Marine Fisheries Service Cooperative Shark Tagging Program. An additional 63 shark tagging studies and programs of all types are reviewed. Information useful for behavioral, biological, and fishery management studies can be derived from data resulting from these studies, including species and size composition, sex ratios, spatial and temporal distribution, migrations, movement patterns, rates of travel, delineation of pupping grounds, distribution of maturity intervals, indices of relative abundance, and recognition of individuals. Specific tagging experiments can be designed to provide additional data on age and growth, homing and site fidelity, dispersal rate, residence time, movement rates, tag shedding, and population parameters (e.g. size, mortality, recruitment, exploitation, interaction rates, and stock identity). Sources of bias inherent in tagging and recapture data include mortality, variation in tagging effort and fishing pressure, non-recovery and non-reporting of tags, and tag shedding. Recent advances in tagging methodologies that complement and extend conventional tagging studies will further our knowledge on shark movements and migrations, particularly in the areas of resource utilization and management, space utilization, and population dynamics.     

Distribution of 14 elements in various rat tissues following hypophysectomy,thyroparathyroidectomy, adrenalectomy,and castration

The tissue distribution of 14 elements was simulatneously determined in rats 28 d after hypophysectomy (HPY), thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTY), adrenalectomy (ADY), and castration (CTN). The elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, P, Rb, Sr, Mn, Cu, and Zn were investigated in whole blood, plasma, brain, liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, and bone. Additionally Mo was determined in kidney and liver. The following results were obtained: 1) With regard to hormone deficiency: HPY induced the most noticeable, variations on all the elements tested owing probably to the direct and indirect effects of adenohypophyseal hormones. ADY led to the expected modification of Na and K but also to a Sr accumulation and a Rb depletion. TPTY induced a sharp decrease in plasma and tissues Ca, an increase in plasma P, but did not disturb the two elements in bone. An increase of Rb in many tissues and of Fe in heart, kidney, and liver were also observed. CTN had little consequences except in bone whose Cu and Fe contents were increased: 2) With regard to element variations: K, Mg, and S underwent little change. Discriminations were revealed between elements such as K and Rb, Ca and Sr, Ca and Mg, and Cu and Zn. The changes of Rb and Sr were consistent with regulatory mechanisms. The accumulation of Fe and Cu in tissues such as liver after HPY, TPTY, and ADY, suggest that the hormonal deficiencies could worsen the hemochromatosis with Wilson's disease; 3), With regard to plasma and tissues: No correlation appeared in element levels between plasma and other tissues. Brain was the least affected and liver, kidney and bone the most.     

蜜蜂脂肪体的形态和功能研究进展

脂肪体是昆虫体内的一种多功能器官,近似于脊椎动物的肝脏, 分布于昆虫腹部、胸部甚至头部腔体中,以腹部脂肪体最为发达。蜜蜂脂肪体有外周脂肪体和围脏脂肪体两种类型,由营养细胞、尿酸盐细胞和绛色细胞组成。同其他昆虫中类似,脂肪体在蜜蜂的生命活动中扮演着重要的角色,其形态和功能随发育阶段、季节和劳动分工的变化而变化。脂肪体结构相对简单,但生理功能非常复杂。脂肪体最主要的功能是能量物质的储存和代谢,其不仅是蜜蜂营养物质(即脂质、碳水化合物和蛋白质)的中央储存库,而且是营养代谢的中间站,具有多种能量和物质相互转换的酶系,承担代谢水的供应并合成嘌呤和嘧啶及许多重要的蛋白质。同时,脂肪体是昆虫发育和行为调控过程中各种激素和营养信号的交换中心,脂肪体激素和营养信号参与调控蜜蜂脂肪体发育、营养物质代谢、生殖及劳动分工。脂肪体兼具能量储存和释放、生物合成和分解、营养感知调节、代谢信号整合、内分泌调节、免疫和解毒、磁场感受、提高抗寒能力、保护体腔内器官等多种功能。鉴于脂肪体的重要作用,蜜蜂脂肪体形态和功能的研究成果可以对昆虫营养信号通路的解析、蜂产品高产良种的选育和蜜蜂病害防治的研究提供参考和思路。     

The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China

Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.     

Electrolyte changes in plasma and urine of athletes during acute and rigorous bed rest and ambulatory conditions

Rigorous bed rest (RBR) induces significant electrolyte changes, but little it is not known about the effect of acute bed rest (ABR) (i.e., abrupt confinement to a RBR). The aim of this study was to measure urinary and plasma electrolyte changes during ABR and RBR conditions. The studies were done during 3 d of a pre-bed-rest (BR) period and during 7 d of an ABR and RBR period. Thirty male trained athletes aged, 24.4 ± 6.6 yr were chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into three groups: unrestricted ambulatory control subjects (UACS), acute-bed-rested subjects (ABRS), and rigorous-bed-rested subjects (RBRS). The UACS group experienced no changes in professional training and daily activities. The ABRS were submitted abruptly to a RBR regimen and without having any prior knowledge of the exact date and time when they would be subjected to an RBR regimen. The RBRS were subjected to an RBR regime on a predetermined date and time known to them from the beginning of the study. Sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and phosphate (P) in plasma and urine, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA), physical characteristics, peak oxygen uptake, and food and water intakes were measured. Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P excretion and plasma Na, K, Mg, Ca, and P concentration, PRA, and PA concentration increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01), whereas body weight, peak oxygen uptake, and food and water intakes decreased significantly in the ABRS and RBRS groups when compared with the UACS group. However, urinary and plasma Na, K, Mg, P, and Ca, PRA, and PA values increased much faster and were much greater in the ABRS group than in the RBRS group. Plasma and urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P, PRA and PA levels, food and water intakes, body weight, and peak oxygen uptake did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared with its baseline control values. It was shown that RBR and ABR conditions induce significant increases in urinary and plasma electrolytes; however, urinary and plasma electrolyte changes appeared much faster and were much greater in the ABRS group than the RBRS group. It was concluded that the more abruptly motor activity is ended, the faster and the greater the urinary and plasma electrolyte change.     

The proportion of different eco-ethological sections of reproductive guilds of fishes in some African inland waters

Synopsis The continent of Africa has a wide variety of inland waters ranging from rift valley lakes to endorheic and coastal lakes, floodplains and rivers. This paper makes a preliminary comparison of the number of species in different eco-ethological sections of the reproductive guild categories of non-guarders, guarders and bearers in ancient African Great Lakes (Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika), fluctuating endorheic lakes (Ngami, Chad and Chilwa), typical rivers (Orange-Vaal, Limpopo, Phongolo, Sabi-Lundi, Middle and Lower Zambezi, Kafue, Cunene, Okavango, Niger, Luongo, Lower Zaire) and wetlands (Okavango Delta and Kafue floodplain). The results indicate that the highest percentage of bearers and guarders is found in the ancient African Great Lakes, which are characterised by relatively predictable physico-chemical regimes, whereas a higher percentage of non-guarders is found in the rivers and wetlands, which have less predictable physico-chemical regimes. The management implications of this observation are discussed, and the usefulness of the species as a unit in ecology is assessed.     

Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology

The phylogenetic interrelationships in Primulaceae, Myrsinaceae, and Theophrastaceae were investigated using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast genes atpB, ndhF, and rbcL. The three genes were analyzed separately, together, and in combination with morphology, using parsimony jackknifing. The sequence data are further explored by analyses of first and second codon position only, third positions only, and transversions only. The results show that all codon positions contribute group support to the ndhF tree, whereas third codon positions provide most of the structure in the atpB and rbcL trees. Analyzed separately, transversions in atpB and rbcL have little structure, whereas in ndhF they produce a well-resolved tree. We conclude that the most informative and robust results are obtained from analyses with all codon positions included and that the tree resulting from the combined analysis of all available data provides the best estimate of phylogeny.The results show that Maesa is sister to all other taxa from the three families. Theophrastaceae are well supported, but both Myrsinaceae and Primulaceae are paraphyletic. We conclude that four families should be recognized, Maesaceae, Theophrastaceae, Primulaceae, and Myrsinaceae. For all families to be monophyletic, Samolus was transferred to Theophrastaceae, and Lysimachia, Anagallis, Trientalis, Glaux, Asterolinon, and Pelletiera were moved to the Myrsinaceae together with the genera Coris, Ardisiandra, and Cyclamen.     

Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae

Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported.     

Effects of adrenalectomy and of adrenal hormones on the tissue distribution of 14 elements in the rat

The effects of adrenalectomy (ADY) and of replacement therapy using a mineralocorticoid, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX) on the tissue distribution of elements in the rat, were studied under semichronic conditions. The elements, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, P, Rb, Sr, Mn, Cu, and Zn were determined in whole blood, plasma, brain liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, and bone. Additionally Mo was determined in kidney and liver and Ba in bone. ADY modified concentrations of all elements tested. Small changes were observed for K, Mg, Ca, S, and P, whereas much larger changes were noted for Na, Rb, and Sr. Cu, Zn, and Fe were mainly modified in liver and kidney, organs involved in storage and/or elimination. The consequences of ADY were corrected fairly well by DEX for Mg, Mn, Ca, Cu, and Mo; by DOC for Na and K, and by the two corticoids for Zn, Fe, Sr, and Rb. This study revealed that corticoids, mainly glucocorticoids, play an important role in the plasma and tissue balance of elements. It is suggested that these results may have a pathological and clinical significance.     

L’évolution du cerveau se poursuit

After the strong climatic shocks which happened over and over again, which made the hands free and which started the biological and cultural development of Hominoids, everything depended on the brains of the species concerned and their ability to correlate and invent, because of the constant pressure of their natural and social environment. We are less interested in describing 15 steps here, than in specifying, for each reference mark in a non-stop process, the level reached by mental ability as much cognizantly as affectingly and the neurological bases, which allowed them to occur. This progression was based on the complexification (through epigenesis) of intracerebral connections at different levels allowing us to have large conscience and language, which are the bases of our freedom (via feelings, re-entries and mental pictures). Consequently, men could progressively have control of natural powers, inert ones first (tools), then moving ones (fire), living (hunting) and social ones (slavery); at last, men could free himself from them and perceive them objectively, dominate them, and conceive them in time and abstraction. Writing, then philosophy, then counting and logic have only recently crowned the progress towards the conquest of abstract and humanism through reversive action. The whole show phyletical gradualism, which is still progressing.