DDT对火腿伪镖水蚤（Pseudodiaptomus poplesia）急性和慢性毒性效应

为探讨内分泌干扰物DDT对海洋桡足类生物所产生的生物效应,研究了DDT对火腿伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus poplesia)的急性毒性作用及其在3.5、35、350ng.L-1浓度下对火腿伪镖水蚤变态率、存活率、繁殖力、性别比和体长的影响。结果表明:DDT对火腿伪镖水蚤48hLC50和96hLC50分别为6.75和3.53μg.L-1;各浓度DDT均引起火腿伪镖水蚤幼体变态率的降低;350ng.L-1DDT条件下,火腿伪镖水蚤的存活率、产卵率和抱卵雌体比率均显著降低;各浓度DDT对火腿伪镖水蚤的性别比和体长均未造成显著影响。依据本研究结果,结合目前所报道的近岸水体有机氯农药的污染状况,可以推断,DDT对近海桡足类生物造成的生态风险较高。     

摄食信息对球形棕囊藻和布氏双尾藻竞争结果的影响

浮游动物的摄食信息能增大棕囊藻囊体体积,囊体形成被认为是棕囊藻的诱导性防御机制。利用桡足类火腿伪镖水蚤和异养甲藻海洋尖尾藻释放的摄食信息,研究了诱导性防御对球形棕囊藻和布氏双尾藻的竞争的影响。结果表明,球形棕囊藻接收了火腿伪镖水蚤和海洋尖尾藻释放的摄食信息之后形成更大的囊体。防御启动后的球形棕囊藻比未接收摄食信息的球形棕囊藻更快地形成囊体,且囊体维持的时间更长。对照组和火腿伪镖水蚤摄食信息诱导的球形棕囊藻的生物体积比布氏双尾藻更高,且球形棕囊藻在竞争中占优势;而海洋尖尾藻摄食信息诱导的球形棕囊藻生物体积低于布氏双尾藻,且球形棕囊藻相对布氏双尾藻的竞争力下降。微型浮游动物海洋尖尾藻摄食信息导致球形棕囊藻相对硅藻布氏双尾藻的竞争力的下降,有利于解释硅藻先于棕囊藻发生藻华。     

镍胁迫下安氏伪镖水蚤SSH文库的构建及铁蛋白cDNA的克隆与差异表达

为探讨镍胁迫下桡足类的分子响应机制,以安氏伪镖水蚤为研究对象,利用抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,构建了镍胁迫下安氏伪镖水蚤SSHcDNA文库,并随机挑取生长菌落140个克隆子,进行菌液PCR鉴定,计算文库重组率为98.6％,文库容量为1.12×106 cfu.将重组子测序,经BLAST一致性搜索比对分析发现,有一重组片段含有铁蛋白保守结构域,该片段大小为859 bp,连续编码170个氨基酸残基,Gen-Bank登录号为JK312601.半定量PCR证实,镍胁迫24 h后,安氏伪镖水蚤中铁蛋白表达显著上调.本文库的成功构建及铁蛋白cDNA片段的获得为进一步研究镍胁迫下桡足类的分子响应机制奠定了基础.     

海水实验围隔中桡足类对海洋原甲藻摄食的研究

现场研究了发生严重海洋原甲藻（Ｐｒｏｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｕｍｍｉｃａｎｓ）水华后海水实验围隔中桡足类火腿许水蚤（Ｓｃｈｍａｃｋｅｒｉａｐｏｐｌｅｓｉａ）和长腹剑水蚤（Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａｓｐ．）的摄食强度．结果表明,体长在１２５ｍｍ以上的火腿许水蚤成体及其部分桡足幼体对海洋原甲藻的摄食率平均为１２１４０ｃｅｌｓ·ｉｎｄ－１·ｄ－１;体长不到１２５ｍｍ的部分火腿许水蚤桡足幼体和长腹剑水蚤成体及其桡足幼体的摄食率仅为１１３３ｃｅｌｓ·ｉｎｄ－１·ｄ－１．实验期间围隔中海洋原甲藻的浓度为８５０～１６１７０ｃｅｌｓ·ｍｌ－１,该藻的种群增长率为－０．００２～０．１５０．当海洋原甲藻细胞处于生长期时,桡足类的摄食不足以抑制该藻种群的增长,因此围隔中桡足类不可能阻止海洋原甲藻水华发生或使水华发生后迅速消退     

南海北部浮游桡足类对浮游植物的摄食压力

于2004年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在南海北部使用肠道色素法研究了浮游桡足类群落对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力。将底到表垂直拖网(网孔径200μm)获得的桡足类分为中型(>500μm)和小型(200~500μm)两个体长组。冬季:中型桡足类的丰度为103~2343(平均633)ind/m3,肠道色素为0.15~2.71(平均1.31)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.011(A4)~0.019(C1)min-1,个体摄食率为3.13~58.48(平均28.36)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为1902~62369(平均18679)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.25%~6.39%(平均3.04%)。小型桡足类的丰度为418~6250(平均1691)ind/m3,肠道色素为0.18~3.44(平均1.19)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.012(A4)~0.016(C1)min-1,个体摄食率为3.67~70.04(平均24.34)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为1540~158561(平均44227)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.44%~15.70%(平均6.59%)。浮游桡足类群体对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天1.02%~20.10%(平均9.63%)。夏季:中型桡足类的丰度为111~1298(平均621)ind/m3,肠道色素分别为0.22~1.58(平均1.03)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.017min-1,个体摄食率为5.52~39.92(平均25.95)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为4411~26667(平均12878)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.23%~6.52%(平均2.52%)。小型桡足类的丰度为756~8804(平均2990)ind/m3,肠道色素含量为0.09~2.92(平均0.87)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.020min-1,个体摄食率为2.73~87.77(平均26.26)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为9309~139817(平均47191)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为0.86%~37.79%(平均10.99%)。浮游桡足类群体对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为1.09%~39.95%(平均13.51%)。数据表明,2月份和8月份桡足类群体对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力较低,桡足类摄食不是南海北部浮游植物死亡的主要原因。     

武汉东湖优势浮游动物元素含量分析

利用武汉东湖不同季节各种浮游动物优势种的高峰期,选取了枝角类中的透明溞和透明薄皮溞,桡足类中的特异荡镖水蚤,轮虫中的矩形龟甲轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫、矩形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫,原生动物中的篮口虫及草履虫进行碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量分析,分别测出了上述各个种的C/N和C/P比值。就C、N、P的平均百分数看,原生动物所占的C、N、P的百分数最高,相反,其C/N与C/P比率则是最低的。透明薄皮溞所占的C％接近原生动物,特异荡镖水蚤和透明溞的C％相差不远。透明薄皮溞与特异荡镖水蚤的N％极为接近,而轮虫的N％和P％则仅低于原生动物。按实测数据计算的结果,东湖优势浮游动物的个体重(干)是其C含量的2.07—2.46倍。列举了各个种的个体碳、氮和磷量,并对一些较大个体给定了个体重与个体碳关系的回归方程式。     

武汉东湖优势浮游动物元素含量分析

利用武汉东湖不同季节各种浮游动物优势种的高峰期,选取了枝角类中的透明搔和透明薄皮溢,桡足类中的特异荡镖水蚤,轮虫中的矩形龟甲轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫、矩形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫,原生动物中的篮口虫及草履虫进行碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量分析,分别测出了上述各个种的C／N和C／P比值。就C、N、P的平均百分数看,原生动物所占的C、N、P的百分数最高,相反,其C／N与C／P比率则是最低的。透明薄皮溞所占的C％接近原生动物,特异荡镖水蚤和透明溢的C％相差不远。透明薄皮溢与特异荡镖水蚤的N％极为接近,而轮虫的N％和P％则仅低于原生动物。按实测数据计算的结果,东湖优势浮游动物的个体重(干)是其C含量的2．07—2．46倍。列举了各个种的个体碳、氮和磷量,并对一些较大个体给定了个体重与个体碳关系的回归方程式。     

生态育苗池中的桡足类与河蟹苗产量的关系

探讨了辽宁盘锦辽河三角洲地区中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)生态育苗池中出现的近亲真宽水蚤(Eurytemor affinis)和细巧华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus tenellus)与中华绒螯蟹幼体的关系.结果表明：近亲真宽水蚤和细巧华哲水蚤都严重地影响Ⅰ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的成活率,其密度越大,Ⅰ期溞状幼体的成活率就越低(P＜0.01); Ⅲ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体可捕食桡足类无节幼体,且捕食量随着无节幼体密度增加而变大(P＜0.01);Ⅴ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体和大眼幼体容易捕食到近亲真宽水蚤而很难捕食到细巧华哲水蚤;蟹苗池中大眼幼体的产量与育苗初期池塘中桡足类的数量呈负相关关系,且不同桡足类密度下大眼幼体收获量差异极显著(P＜0.01).提出了控制和利用蟹苗池中桡足类的措施.     

鲥鱼的驯养与生物学研究Ⅰ.O~+龄幼鱼的生长与食性

本文主要描述池塘养殖条件下鲥鱼幼鱼的生长与食性。1)1987—1989年8月至11月幼鱼生长迅速,快于同期珠江天然个体的生长速度;2)体长26.6—94.9mm的幼鱼主要摄食浮游动物,轮虫和浮游植物出现率随个体增大而减少。食物共有18个属种,摄食频度为100％;3)幼鱼的平均饱满指数为75.70‰。各类食物重量百分比的顺序为:桡足类>枝角类>无节幼体>虾类溞状幼体>轮虫>藻类。     

鲥鱼的驯养与生物学研究Ⅰ.O+龄幼鱼的生长与食性

本文主要描述池塘养殖条件下鲥鱼幼鱼的生长与食性。1)1987-1989年8月至11月幼鱼生长迅速,快于同期珠江天然个体的生长速度;2)体长26.6-94.9mm的幼鱼主要摄食浮游动物,轮虫和浮游植物出现率随个体增大而减少。食物共有18个属种,摄食频度为100%;3)幼鱼的平均饱满指数为75.70‰。各类食物重量百分比的顺序为:桡足类>枝角类>无节幼体>虾类溞状幼体>轮虫>藻类。     

On-station comparative analysis of reproductive and survival performance between Red Maasai,Dorper, and Merino sheep breeds

The reproductive performance of ewes and the survivability of lambs to weaning have a critical economic impact on sheep farming worldwide. Further, knowledge of major mortality causes allows an opportunity for improved flock management to evade financial losses. The maximum likelihood estimates for generalised linear mixed models and chi-square test methods were used to examine 971 mating records, 839 and 763 lambs born and weaned (singles or twins) from the Naivasha Sheep and Goats station in Kenya for the years 2011 to 2020 consisting of Dorper, Red Maasai (RedM), and Merino breeds. The RedM (P < 0.05) outperformed Dorper and Merino in weaning rate, whereas reproductive performance between the three breeds was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in litter size and multiple lambings per ewe lambing. On the one hand, Dorper significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed the other two breeds only in weaning weight per lamb born. In addition, among all the major causes of death, pneumonia appeared to be the one to which Dorper breeds were most susceptible (chi-square test, P < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, neither the Dorper nor the Merino sheep breeds were reproductively superior to the RedM in an extensive semi-arid production environment. In addition, Dorper's susceptibility to the leading causes of mortality, particularly pneumonia and sheep pox, were relatively high compared to other breeds and could be a precursor to massive economic losses for Dorper sheep producers. In contrast to the indigenous RedM breed, imported sheep breeds appeared to be more susceptible to major mortality-related under an extensive production system. Therefore, regardless of weaning weight, RedM breed production appears to be a more viable investment for small-scale farmers, particularly in semi-arid regions.     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have produced remarkably high estimates of mutation rate, which strongly contrast with substitution rates inferred in phylogenetic (species-level) studies. Using Bayesian analysis with a relaxed-clock model, we estimated rates for three groups of mitochondrial data: avian protein-coding genes, primate protein-coding genes, and primate d-loop sequences. In all three cases, we found a measurable transition between the high, short-term (< 1-2 Myr) mutation rate and the low, long-term substitution rate. The relationship between the age of the calibration and the rate of change can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, which may be used for correcting molecular date estimates. The phylogenetic substitution rates in mitochondria are approximately 0.5% per million years for avian protein-coding sequences and 1.5% per million years for primate protein-coding and d-loop sequences. Further analyses showed that purifying selection offers the most convincing explanation for the observed relationship between the estimated rate and the depth of the calibration. We rule out the possibility that it is a spurious result arising from sequence errors, and find it unlikely that the apparent decline in rates over time is caused by mutational saturation. Using a rate curve estimated from the d-loop data, several dates for last common ancestors were calculated: modern humans and Neandertals (354 ka; 222-705 ka), Neandertals (108 ka; 70-156 ka), and modern humans (76 ka; 47-110 ka). If the rate curve for a particular taxonomic group can be accurately estimated, it can be a useful tool for correcting divergence date estimates by taking the rate decay into account. Our results show that it is invalid to extrapolate molecular rates of change across different evolutionary timescales, which has important consequences for studies of populations, domestication, conservation genetics, and human evolution.     

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20 °C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24 h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5 mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100 ml of 4 mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30 min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.     

Photorespiration Rate in Spinach Leaves Under Moderate NaCl Stress

We analyzed the effect of NaCl stress on photorespiration of spinach leaves by calculating the rate of carboxylation/oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and by measuring the content of amino acids produced through photorespiration. After 20 d of NaCl stress the carboxylation rate was reduced while the oxygenation rate was not affected. The contents of serine, glycine, and alanine increased relevantly. The amount of glutamine also increased after 20 d but the amount of glutamate did not. Hence photorespiration may be stimulated under moderate NaCl stress. A relevant electron transport rate was observed under CO₂-free air, which may indicate refixation of photorespiratory CO₂. When NaCl accumulation proceeded for more than 20 d, photosynthesis was reduced and the content of photo-respiratory amino acids started to decrease, but the oxygenation rate did not change. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广西地区脑血管病城乡抽样对比分析

本文着重分析了广西城市和农村脑血管病发病情况的差异。我们发现城市CVD发病率、患病率明显高于农村,但是农村CVD的死亡率高于城市,其中我们对其原因作了初步的探讨。     

Comparative vital statistics along the pastoral nomadism-sedentarism continuum

Vital statistics on pastoral nomadic and sedentarizing nomadic societies are by-and-large non-existent. Such information is highly important for both academic and policy-making reasons as pastoral nomadism as a mode of life is disappearing. This paper attempts to gather and present as much information as possible on crude birth and death rates and natural increase rates for various pastoral nomadic societies in different African and Middle Eastern countries. The information is arranged by a subdivision into nomads, seminomads, and sedentarized nomads. A summarization of this information suggests a possible pattern by which birth rates rise, death rates fall (but may rise in certain circumstances), and natural increase rates rise along the nomadism-sedentarism continuum. Such a possible pattern has several policy implications for governments assessing the needs of a nomadic society undergoing a process of change in its socio-ecological relationships.This article was written while the author was a visiting scholar at the Department of Geography at the University of California. The author wishes to thank Nga and Allen Scott and Melanine M. Patton, as well as two anonymous referees, for their assistance and suggestions for this paper.     

吉粳88高效再生体系的建立

以吉粳88为材料,通过对不同培养基和激素的筛选,确定最佳的再生体系。结果表明:NMB培养基为吉粳88最适的愈伤组织诱导培养基。通过L₉(3³)正交实验研究最适激素浓度配比,筛选出吉粳88愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA。在添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA的NMB基本培养基条件下,吉粳88的分化率最高,成培苗率也最高。     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

On the interpretation of some planktonology equations

Summary The concept of the mean value of a function is used to interpret some population-dynamics equations. The well-known formula for the per capita growth rate r gives a precise mean value for any (not only exponentially growing) populations. This result is used to derive the birth and death rate equations of Paloheimo (1974) with minimal initial limitations.Abbreviations t time - N number of animals - E number of eggs - r specific (i.e. per capita) population growth rate - b specific birth rate - d specific death rate - D duration of embryonic development