美国FDA对再生医学产品的监管及启示

再生医学产品的研发和申报数量日益增多,越来越多国家或地区的监管机构在监管这类产品时面临着挑战,美国FDA在这方面已形成相对完善的体系。本文介绍了美国FDA对再生医学产品监管的相关要求,希望为我国相关从业人员提供参考和借鉴。     

成都普瑞法科技开发有限公司

本公司专业从事高含量提取物,高纯度中药/提取物单体和天然产物医药中间体的生产,定制和生产工艺开发。致力于研究开发高纯度药用植物化学成分的最新分离纯化方法,结合成都在西南地区的资源和科研优势,依托四川大学等科研院校,为客户提供全方位的优质服务。本公司提供符合中国药典(CP)、美国药典(USP)和欧洲药典(EP)要求的中药对照品或植物药有效成     

从1升山羊乳成功地分泌7克AT-Ⅲ

美国Genzyme Trangenies公司从1升重组山羊乳汁中以工业水平生产7克人抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)。该公司决定作为以动物工厂生产的第一种医药品开发AT-Ⅲ,并着手工业化。去年11月已向美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)申报。为进入临床试验与FDA商谈重组AT-Ⅲ的安全性评价法和GMP标准(优良制造规范)等。     

FDA批准CDC开发的H5株禽流感病毒的检测检查法

美国食品与药物管理局（FDA）2006年2月3日宣布批准美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）开发的H5株禽流感病毒的检测检查法。     

仿制药一致性评价品种的美国简略新药申请申报策略

文章从产品的开发以及申报资料的撰写等方面探究仿制药一致性评价品种的美国简略新药申请申报策略,为中国仿制药国际化战 略提供参考。     

神奇的热带特异资源——卡瓦胡椒

介绍了卡瓦胡椒的发现、起源、化学成分及药理作用.近年来卡瓦胡椒在欧洲和美国开始为人们所接受,1990年,德国联邦卫生局批准卡瓦胡椒制剂WS1490用于治疗焦虑症,卡瓦胡椒成为德国销售量最大的20味草药之一.1992年卡瓦胡椒根被美国食品、药品检验局(FDA)认证为"精神健康"食品.1998年,卡瓦胡椒被美国人称为"植物药之星".1999年卡瓦胡椒又在美国创下年销售额50亿美元的奇迹.2001年,卡瓦胡椒的引种、适应性和生物技术的研究项目被列为我国"十五"科技攻关项目.     

美国孤儿药开发的政策、策略与实践

简述了罕见病及孤儿药的定义和研发意义,重点介绍了美国针对孤儿药开发的现有制度法规、激励政策及管理经验,并以实例 分析从研发、注册和上市等角度探讨了美国孤儿药开发的策略,旨在为从事孤儿药开发工作的人士提供参考。     

美国 FDA 新颁发政策与程序手册 ——“对基于问题审评的申报资料的药学审评”的分析解读

对美国 FDA 于 2014 年 11 月 18 日发布的政策与程序手册“对基于问题审评的申报资料的药学审评”进行介绍与讨论,包括发 布该手册的目的、背景、采用基于问题的药学审评的优势、相关政策、各自职责与程序等,以及原文附件中与原料药及制剂申报相关的 技术问题,以便于药学工作者了解与药学审评相关的问题的全貌。     

人体给药方式筛选药物是提高R＆D效率的最后王牌？

在药品的研究开发过程中,“0期临床试验”手法备受有关人士关注。欧洲已经完全解禁,美国FDA也于2005年4月份公布了有关指导方针（Guideline）的草案,日本也在解禁方面有了一些行动。[编者按]     

FDA颁布基因疗法“思考点”

正在开发或准备开发基因疗法的生物技术公司现在可以得到一份美国食品医药管理局(FDA)颁发的“人类体细胞及基因疗法思考点”文件。这份四页长的文件概要地指出了在今后若干年内将要制定的联邦条例。这份文件尽管还不是条例,却体现了FDA针对基因疗法的想法和关注点。因此,FDA规劝生物技     

Quantitative analysis on the characteristics of targets with FDA approved drugs

Accumulated knowledge of genomic information, systems biology, and disease mechanisms provide an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the genetic basis of diseases, and to discover new and novel therapeutic targets from the wealth of genomic data. With hundreds to a few thousand potential targets available in the human genome alone, target selection and validation has become a critical component of drug discovery process. The explorations on quantitative characteristics of the currently explored targets (those without any marketed drug) and successful targets (targeted by at least one marketed drug) could help discern simple rules for selecting a putative successful target. Here we use integrative in silico (computational) approaches to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of 133 targets with FDA approved drugs and 3120 human disease genes (therapeutic targets) not targeted by FDA approved drugs. This is the first attempt to comparatively analyze targets with FDA approved drugs and targets with no FDA approved drug or no drugs available for them. Our results show that proteins with 5 or fewer number of homologs outside their own family, proteins with single-exon gene architecture and proteins interacting with more than 3 partners are more likely to be targetable. These quantitative characteristics could serve as criteria to search for promising targetable disease genes.     

美国生物制品中孤儿药的研发现状 及对中国孤儿药研发策略的思考

过去30 年, 美国在全球第一部《孤儿药法案》推动和相关政策法规引导下,生物科技飞速发展,尤其在孤儿药研发领域,成果卓著。 对这30 年来美国FDA 批准的生物制品中孤儿药产品作一解析,回顾美国对生物制品中孤儿药的研发策略,介绍孤儿药开发的新型商业 模式,同时反思中国孤儿药研发策略。     

The basics of preclinical drug development for neurodegenerative disease indications

Preclinical development encompasses the activities that link drug discovery in the laboratory to initiation of human clinical trials. Preclinical studies can be designed to identify a lead candidate from several hits; develop the best procedure for new drug scale-up; select the best formulation; determine the route, frequency, and duration of exposure; and ultimately support the intended clinical trial design. The details of each preclinical development package can vary, but all have some common features. Rodent and nonrodent mammalian models are used to delineate the pharmacokinetic profile and general safety, as well as to identify toxicity patterns. One or more species may be used to determine the drug's mean residence time in the body, which depends on inherent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties. For drugs intended to treat Alzheimer's disease or other brain-targeted diseases, the ability of a drug to cross the blood brain barrier may be a key issue. Toxicology and safety studies identify potential target organs for adverse effects and define the Therapeutic Index to set the initial starting doses in clinical trials. Pivotal preclinical safety studies generally require regulatory oversight as defined by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Laboratory Practices and international guidelines, including the International Conference on Harmonisation. Concurrent preclinical development activities include developing the Clinical Plan and preparing the new drug product, including the associated documentation to meet stringent FDA Good Manufacturing Practices regulatory guidelines. A wide range of commercial and government contract options are available for investigators seeking to advance their candidate(s). Government programs such as the Small Business Innovative Research and Small Business Technology Transfer grants and the National Institutes of Health Rapid Access to Interventional Development Pilot Program provide funding and services to assist applicants in preparing the preclinical programs and documentation for their drugs. Increasingly, private foundations are also funding preclinical work. Close interaction with the FDA, including a meeting to prepare for submission of an Investigational New Drug application, is critical to ensure that the preclinical development package properly supports the planned phase I clinical trial.     

Determination of Sample Sizes for Demonstrating Efficacy of Radiation Countermeasures

Summary .  In response to the ever increasing threat of radiological and nuclear terrorism, active development of nontoxic new drugs and other countermeasures to protect against and/or mitigate adverse health effects of radiation is ongoing. Although the classical LD₅₀ study used for many decades as a first step in preclinical toxicity testing of new drugs has been largely replaced by experiments that use fewer animals, the need to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of new drugs necessitates the conduct of traditional LD₅₀ comparative studies ( FDA, 2002 ,  Federal Register   67, 37988–37998). There is, however, no readily available method to determine the number of animals needed for establishing efficacy in these comparative potency studies. This article presents a sample-size formula based on Student's  t  for comparative potency testing. It is motivated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) requirements for robust efficacy data in the testing of response modifiers in total body irradiation experiments where human studies are not ethical or feasible. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated the formula's performance for Student's  t , Wald, and likelihood ratio tests in both logistic and probit models. Importantly, the results showed clear potential for justifying the use of substantially fewer animals than are customarily used in these studies. The present article may thus initiate a dialogue among researchers who use animals for radioprotection survival studies, institutional animal care and use committees, and drug regulatory bodies to reach a consensus on the number of animals needed to achieve statistically robust results for demonstrating efficacy of radioprotective drugs.     

Nongenital malformations following exposure to progestational drugs: the last chapter of an erroneous allegation

In the late 1960s and 1970s, a number of epidemiological studies were published indicating that pregnant women who were exposed to an array of sex steroids delivered infants with an increased incidence of nongenital congenital malformations. Because of these publications, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in conjunction with various pharmaceutical companies, labeled the therapeutic exposure of progestational drugs and contraceptives in pregnant women as a risk factor for limb‐reduction defects (LRDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs). Subsequently there was a rapid decrease in the exposure of pregnant women to these drugs and the initiation of numerous lawsuits alleging that a particular progestational drug was responsible for a child's nongenital congenital malformation. Wilson and Brent ( 1981 ) published an article indicating that epidemiological and animal studies of these drugs, and basic science did not support the package insert's warnings. Many new and previous animal and epidemiological studies did not support the FDA box warning. In 1987 the FDA held a hearing in which the FDA, the Teratology Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and other organizations supported the position that progestational agents did not result in nongenital malformations. An editorial appeared in Teratology congratulating the FDA for removing the warning label on oral contraceptives regarding nongenital malformations. In 1999 the FDA published new wording for package inserts that removed warnings for nongenital malformations for all progestational agents. In spite of the recent changes in the package inserts, lawsuits have alleged that progestational drugs cause nongenital malformations. It took 22 years from the time a box warning was required by the FDA until the warnings were removed in 1999. The 1999 FDA publication, which is a scholarly and objective document, should put an end to 2 decades of concern and anxiety for pregnant women or women of reproductive age. Could scientists, the pharmaceutical companies, or the FDA have prevented the mislabeling of progestational drugs with regard to their teratogenic risks? Was the epidemiological or teratology community at fault because they did not critique and respond to the early publications? Did the FDA act too slowly? The epidemiologic analyses, animal studies, and basic science principles have been reviewed, and it is obvious that clinically utilized progestational drugs do not cause nongenital malformations (i.e., LRDs and CHDs). Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Modified Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Test for Evaluating the Teratogenic Effects of Drugs on Early Embryogenesis

Mammalian fetal development is easily disrupted by exogenous agents, making it essential to test new drug candidates for embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. To standardize the testing of drugs that might be used to treat pregnant women, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formulated special grade categories, labeled A, B, C, D and X, that define the level of risk associated with the use of a specific drug during pregnancy. Drugs in categories (Cat.) D and X are those with embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects on humans and animals. However, which stages of pregnancy are affected by these agents and their molecular mechanisms are unknown. We describe here an embryonic stem cell test (EST) that classifies FDA pregnancy Cat.D and Cat.X drugs into 4 classes based on their differing effects on primitive streak formation. We show that ~84% of Cat.D and Cat.X drugs target this period of embryogenesis. Our results demonstrate that our modified EST can identify how a drug affects early embryogenesis, when it acts, and its molecular mechanism. Our test may thus be a useful addition to the drug safety testing armamentarium.     

A few specialized issues that should be focused on anti-HIV drug evaluation in vitro

Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy(ART),the lifespan and quality of life of patients infected with HIV have been significantly improved.But treatment efficacy was compromised eventually by the development of resistance to antiretroviral drugs,and more new anti-HIV drugs with lower toxicity and higher activity were needed.Based on the experience and lessons learned from the treatment in the developed countries,US FDA suggested that more pharmacodynamical researches should be considered ahead of the clinical trials.To facilitate the anti-HIV drug research and development,we reviewed a few specialized issues that should be focused on drug evaluations in vitro,including: 1)Mechanism of action studies,demonstrating the candidate drug's efficacy to specifically inhibit viral replication or a virus-specific function and confirm the drug target.2)Drug resistance studies,selecting the drug-resistant variants in vitro and determining the activities inhibiting HIV isolates resistant to approved antiretroviral drugs of the same class.3)Antiviral activity in vitro in the presence of serum proteins,ascertaining whether an investigational product is significantly bound by serum proteins.4)Combination activity analysis,evaluating in vitro antiviral activity of an investigational product in two-drug combinations with other drugs approved.     

Regulatory issues in aging pharmacology

Many current drugs increase the average lifespan by preventing fatal diseases or by slowing down the progressive degenerative diseases that increase mortality. The existing strategies and guidelines for the development and regulatory approval of new drugs are designed for such compounds. Rapid advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of aging make it possible to envisage future drugs that extend the lifespan by regulating aging mechanism outside of disease pathways. Strategies for development and regulatory approval of such drugs remain to be defined. Since the drug candidates will be given to healthy, elderly subjects, safety requirements will be extremely high. Clinical studies of many years' duration will be necessary to prove changes in longevity. These time intervals may exceed those of patent protection and thus minimize commercial incentives. Despite these challenges, two broadly defined pathways are feasible. First, it may be possible to obtain public funding for studies with voluntary participation of humans consuming existing drugs or natural compounds in the 'expected to be safe' category. Second, the development of novel drugs may proceed on the basis of well-defined biomarkers of aging that can serve as surrogate end points in clinical studies. The emerging approaches will prompt the regulatory agencies into taking the first steps towards regulatory guidance.     

Juvenile animal studies and pediatric drug development retrospective review: use in regulatory decisions and labeling

Juvenile animal toxicity studies are conducted to support applications for drugs intended for use in children. They are designed to address specific questions of potential toxicity in the growing animal or provide data about long-term safety effects of drugs that cannot be obtained from clinical trials. Decisions to conduct a juvenile animal study are based on existing data, such as a safety signal already identified in adult studies, or previous knowledge of the drug or chemical class for its potential to impair growth or developmental milestones. In 2006, the FDA issued an industry guidance in which considerations for determining when a juvenile animal study is warranted were outlined. A retrospective study was conducted covering years both before and after the issued guideline to examine the contribution of juvenile animal toxicity studies to the risk/benefit assessment of pediatric drugs at the FDA. The initial findings were presented as part of the May 2010 HESI workshop on the value of juvenile animal studies. The objective of the review was to better understand the value that the juvenile animal study contributes to regulatory decision making for pediatric drug development by looking at when the studies have been included in the product assessment; what, if any, impact the studies had on the regulatory decisions made; and whether the data were incorporated into the label. The data described below represent a first look at impact of the juvenile animal study since the pediatric legislation and the juvenile animal guidance were issued in the US.