黄颡鱼口须味蕾分布模式及味蛋白α-味导素的表达

为探讨黄颡鱼口须味蕾的分布模式及其α味导素的表达,应用连续石蜡切片和环境扫描电镜对口须味蕾的数量、形态和分布进行了研究,并用整体包埋免疫荧光组化方法检测了黄颡鱼4种口须味蕾中α味导素的表达。结果显示:黄颡鱼口须味蕾主要分布在口须中间2/3区域,存在三种类型的味蕾:Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型味蕾突起于上皮表面,Ⅲ型味蕾平齐于周围上皮;味蕾细胞中有α味导素的强表达。结果提示,黄颡鱼口须味蕾的数量、形态及其分布模式是其适应底栖生活习性的结果;α味导素在各种口须味蕾中的强烈表达说明α味导素在黄颡鱼味觉感知与信息传导过程中有重要意义,也意味着脊椎动物味觉信号转导存在着共同路径     

鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾和行为反应特性及其对捕食习性的适应

用扫描电镜观察和行为学实验研究鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾形态和分布及吞食行为反应特性，结果表明，鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾丰富，几乎都是Ｉ型和Ⅱ型味蕾，着生于表皮乳突上，主要分布于上颌骨齿周围及内侧，下颌齿周围及外侧，舌前中区，下鳃骨细齿内侧等部位，其它区域分布较少，鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾对食物味道和软硬均非常敏感，鳜鱼仅吞食同时具有一定味道和软硬度的食物，本文探讨了鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾的结构功能关系及其对捕食习性的适应意义。     

刀鲚幼鱼消化系统的组织形态学结构

采用光镜和扫描电镜观察长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)幼鱼消化系统组织形态学结构。结果显示,刀鲚体长,口裂大,含有犬齿状的颌齿和尖锥状的腭齿,具有5对鳃弓,鳃耙长度明显大于鳃丝且表面附着不规则绒毛状细齿;胃呈"Y"型,胃与肠连接处具有16～21个指状环形幽门盲囊;肠为直肠,较短,比肠长为0.241±0.080;肝分为两叶,胰为独立的器官。刀鲚口咽腔为复层鳞状上皮,含有腺体、大量椭圆形黏液细胞、少量杯状细胞及味蕾;胃黏膜都为典型的单层柱状上皮,含有较多由上皮凹陷形成的胃小凹和胃腺;幽门盲囊具有20～25个丰富的褶皱,占满大部分幽门盲囊腔,黏膜层具有微绒毛;中肠黏膜上皮最发达,形成的褶皱细长且连接成网状,单层柱状上皮与复层扁平上皮交替分布。观察结果表明,刀鲚消化系统具有典型肉食性鱼类特征。     

苏氏(鱼芒)味蕾的显微和超微结构

用表面染色法、普通光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对一种气呼吸鲶形目鱼类——苏氏(鱼芒)(Pangasius sutchi)须部和口咽腔中的味蕾进行研究。在观察样品上存在三种类型的味蕾:Ⅰ型味蕾位于高乳突上;Ⅱ型味蕾位于低乳突上,Ⅲ型味蕾位于表皮正常水平。根据扫描电镜的观察结果本文首次     

大鳞副泥鳅仔稚鱼消化道黏液细胞分布及发育

利用组织学切片及阿利新蓝-过碘酸雪夫(AB-PAS)组化染色技术对0~50日龄大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)消化道各段黏液细胞的发育与分布进行显微观察和研究。大鳞副泥鳅黏液细胞分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4种类型。消化道黏液细胞最早出现在4日龄仔鱼的口咽腔和食道。10~15日龄口咽腔和食道黏液细胞数量快速增长,15~20日龄肠道各型黏液细胞数量显著增长,20日龄后消化道黏液细胞分布广泛。随着仔稚鱼发育,消化道各部黏液细胞主要以Ⅲ和Ⅳ型细胞为主。根据大鳞副泥鳅仔稚鱼消化道黏液细胞的发育特点,5~10日龄和15~20日龄为其消化道功能发育的两个敏感时期,20日龄后消化道功能逐渐发育完善。建议加强对5~20日龄仔稚鱼的日常饲养管理以提高苗种成活率。     

鲢,鳙滤食器官结构与功能的研究

用扫描电镜和组织学等方法研究链,鳙滤食器官的结构,并观察,分析了滤食器官各部分的功能,结果表明,它们的鳃耙,腭褶和鳃耙管上皮部分布有味蕾和丰富的粘液细胞,鳙腭褶和鳃耙管上皮中味着细胞数量明显一多于鲢的,腭褶表皮上分布着排列有序的枕状突起,鲢可通过沉食途径和阻塞效应有效地摄食直径为３．２μｍ的小球藻,本文还通过对腭褶,鳃耙管及鳃耙在摄食活动中的运动方式的直接观察,分析了它们各自的主要功能。     

香鱼消化道及肝脏的形态结构特征

采用解剖及石蜡切片显微技术观察了香鱼消化道及肝脏的组织学结构。香鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃及肠构成。口咽腔大且狭长,其底壁前部有一对粘膜褶,两颌边缘着生宽扁梳状齿,腭骨及舌骨具齿,犁骨无齿;舌由基舌骨突出部分覆盖粘膜构成,舌粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,含有较多的杯状细胞和味蕾。食道、胃及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道粘膜层上皮为复层扁平上皮,杯状细胞发达。胃呈V形,由贲门部、胃体部及幽门部组成,胃壁粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,贲门部与胃体部的固有层中有胃腺。肠较短,由前、中、后肠构成,肠壁粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,其游离面具微绒毛;上皮细胞间有杯状细胞。幽门盲囊有350～400条,其组织学结构与肠相同。肝脏单叶,外被浆膜;肝细胞形态不规则,肝小叶界限不明显。     

美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态结构

采用解剖和光镜技术观察了美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态及组织学结构。消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、肠构成。口咽腔较大,具颌齿、腭齿及犁齿;舌由基舌骨突出部分覆盖粘膜构成。食道、胃及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道粘膜层绒毛分柱状上皮区及扁平上皮区,扁平上皮区表面为杯状细胞层;食道粘膜下层中有食道腺。胃呈V形,由贲门部、胃体部及幽门部组成,胃壁粘膜层上皮为单层柱状上皮,胃腺位于贲门部与胃体部的固有层中。肠细长,呈S型,由前、中、后肠构成,粘膜层向肠腔突起形成肠绒毛,粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,上皮游离面有微绒毛密集排列而成的纹状缘,上皮中含有杯状细胞,且杯状细胞的数量从前向后呈递减趋势;肠长/体长约为1.6。胃与小肠相接处有3对指状幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊的组织学结构与肠相同。     

草鱼胸腺组织学的研究

草鱼胸腺位于鳃腔背上角,紧贴在鳃腔膜之下,突起部分伸入到下颞凹,整个胸腺形态形似菱角。其组织结构可分为外区、中区和内区。中区和内区主要由淋巴细胞和网状上皮细胞构成,在组织结构上分别类似于高等脊椎动物胸腺的皮质和髓质区。胸腺淋巴细胞可分大、中、小三型,小淋巴细胞约占78％,中淋巴细胞约占15％,大淋巴细胞约占4％。在Ⅰ龄草鱼,每毫克胸腺约有3.6×106个胸腺淋巴细胞,Ⅱ龄草鱼约为2×106。Ⅰ至Ⅱ龄草鱼胸腺重量明显地随鱼龄增加,Ⅱ龄以上草鱼胸腺重量变化无规律,成鱼胸腺表现出明显的退化。草鱼胸腺除年龄性退化外,还存在环境因素引起的非年龄性退化。       

齐口裂腹鱼味蕾及上皮细胞的扫描电镜观察

本文报道扫描电镜对齐口裂腹鱼的味蕾在须、口咽腔、食道的分布和表面形态的观察。结果表明在须、唇、颌、口腔顶壁、咽、舌、食道均有味蕾分布,且在表面形态上呈现多态性。上皮细胞表面有微脊。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.