律师见证在医院管理实践中的法律探讨

律师见证已经被成熟应用于术前知情告知及医疗赔偿协议签署等重大医疗活动,为医院管理乃至公立医院改革提供了有效的法制保障。但从法律角度分析,律师医疗见证存在一些问题,尚需要加以改进。     

关于阑尾炎术前术后的相关问题探讨

对各大基层医院来说,阑尾炎是常见病及多发病,目前随着基层医院医疗技术水平的提高,临床工作中广泛开展阑尾切除手术,然而由于一些医生对阑尾炎认识不足,手术风险评估不足,治疗方案选择不当,手术指征不明确,造成许多并发症的发生,甚至发生医疗纠纷和医疗事故。文章根据笔者多年临床经验,对阑尾炎术前术后问题的内容进行了相关探讨,希望对从事相同工作的同行有所裨益。     

后路360°椎体切除治疗胸椎肿瘤的围手术期护理

目的:探讨后路360°椎体切除治疗胸椎肿瘤的围手术期护理方法。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年1月后路360°椎体切除治疗胸椎肿瘤的9例患者,术前做好心理护理及术前准备。术后严密监察生命体征及肢体活动、感觉功能,指导患者早期功能锻炼,预防并发症,进行出院指导、随访。结果:9例患者均顺利完成手术。随访1～15个月,平均9个月。术后除1例术前即有截瘫的患者无恢复外,其余8例脊髓功能完全恢复。9例患者无术后并发症发生,无内固定松动断裂发生。结论:对后路360°椎体切除治疗胸椎肿瘤的患者采取正确有效的围手术期护理是提高手术成功率及促进患者康复的重要措施。     

非计划再手术与医疗纠纷关系研究

以某综合性三甲医院2007—2008年全部住院手术患者为研究对象,研究该医院非计划再手术纠纷发生率,通过分析非计划再手术纠纷病例,探讨非计划再手术率纠纷发生原因。 2007—2008年非计划再手术病例共432例,纠纷13例,非计划再手术纠纷发生率为3%。非计划再手术是医疗纠纷发生的危险因素,医院应该对高出平均水平的非计划再手术发生率事件提高警觉,寻找其发生的原因,改进手术质量。     

肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的相关因素的临床分析

目的:探讨肝移植术后并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的相关因素,为肝移植术后ARF的预防和治疗提供参考。方法:回顾性分析了2005年1月~2010年10月在我院行肝移植术的98例患者的临床资料,对术后并发ARF的相关因素进行分析。结果:98例行肝移植术后发生ARF 13例,发生率为13.27%。单因素分析显示术前血尿素氮(BUN)、术前血清肌酐(Scr)、术前血清白蛋白(Alb)、手术时间、失血量与ARF的发生有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归法分析表明,术前Scr和BUN是肝移植术后并发ARF的危险因素。结论:术前血BUN、血清Scr、血清Alb、手术时间和失血量是肝移植术后并发ARF主要因素,而术前Scr和BUN水平升高是肝移植术后并发ARF的危险因素。对上述因素加以重点评估和合理控制,可以控制肝移植术后ARF的发生。     

胸外科手术术后神经病理性疼痛的发生情况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨胸外科手术术后神经病理性疼痛的发生情况及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2015年至2016年就诊于我院行胸外科手术的患者的临床资料,包括患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史、BMI、术前是否使用催眠药物、术前诊断、手术侧别、手术方式、是否为微创、硬膜外自控镇痛泵使用情况、术中失血量、手术持续时间、引流管引流时间及是否发生神经病理性疼痛,对比分析是否发生神经病理性疼痛患者的临床资料,对有差异的临床资料进行多因素Logistic回归分析探讨发生神经病理性疼痛的危险因素。结果:共有123例患者纳入研究,33例(26.8%)患者的患者术后出现神经病理性疼痛,6例(4.9%)患者在术后一年仍有持续性神经性病理疼痛,术后出现神经病理性疼痛的平均时间为术后第7天,平均持续时间为75天,发生神经病理性疼痛的患者吸烟比例(81.8%)、术前使用催眠药比例(57.6%)、开胸手术比例(81.8%)、术中失血量(185 mL)、手术时间(196分钟)、术后引流时间(2.5天)均高于没有发生神经病理性疼痛的患者。多因素分析显示术前使用催眠药(OR=2.322,P<0.001)、手术时间延长(OR=3.703,P<0.001)和术后引流时间延长(OR=2.675,P=0.002)均是神经病理性疼痛发生的危险因素,电视辅助胸腔镜手术方式是保护性因素(OR=0.453,P=0.002)。结论:术前使用催眠药物、延长的手术时间及术后引流时间增加了神经病理性疼痛发生的风险,电视辅助胸腔镜技术可减少其发生率。     

颞叶内侧胶质瘤的显微手术治疗体会

目的:探讨颞叶内侧胶质瘤的显微手术疗效并总结经验。方法:回顾性分析23例行显微手术治疗的颞叶内侧胶质瘤患者的临床资料及手术并发症的发生情况。结果:23例患者中,20例全切除,3例次全切除术,术后术区残血1例,无手术死亡病例。术前癫痫发作18例,术后缓解16例;术前有失语8例,后缓解3例;术前8例偏盲,术后改善2例;术前偏瘫2例,术后改善1例;术后新增失语2例,术后新增偏盲3例,术后新增偏瘫1例,1年随访复发3例。结论:经侧裂入路切除颞叶内侧胶质瘤的手术疗效良好,可以最大程度切除术肿瘤,并发症较少。     

某三级甲等综合医院430例医疗纠纷数据分析

采用回顾性分析的方法,收集黑龙江省某三级甲等综合医院2010—2013年医疗纠纷共430例,按照发生医疗纠纷的科室分布、责任人分布、产生原因分析及纠纷处理情况进行分析。结果显示： 4年间,医疗纠纷发生比率分别为0.78‰、0.67‰、0.64‰、0.63‰,呈逐年降低趋势。纠纷发生科室分布以外科为主;医疗纠纷责任人分布情况以主治医师为主;纠纷发生的主要原因为缺乏医疗知识对并发症及医疗效果不满意,医疗纠纷的处理情况以“无过错”为主。     

原发性肝癌根治术后病人肺部并发症危险因素的单因素及Logistic分析

目的:探讨原发性肝癌根治术后病人肺部并发症发生的危险因素。方法:收集2011年3月至2014年2月间因原发性肝癌行肝癌根治术病人120例,根据有无并发症将两组病人分为肺部并发症和无肺部并发症组,对病人的一般情况、术前检查及手术情况设置变量首先用单因素方法筛选与肝癌根治术后肺部并发症相关的危险因素,进一步行多因素logistic分析这些相关危险因素中的独立危险因素。结果:入组病人中术后有25例(20.83%)发生了肺部并发症。单因素分析结果显示肝癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的危险因素有:慢性呼吸道疾病史、术前2周呼吸道感染史、术前白蛋白水平、手术时间、麻醉时间、术中出血量及术后使用镇痛泵(P0.05)。Logistic分析显示肝癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的独立危险因素为:慢性呼吸道疾病史、术前白蛋白水平及术后使用镇痛泵(P0.05)。结论:原发性肝癌根治术患者存在术后肺部并发症危险因素,临床工作中对其进行评估可减少或避免发生并发症。     

普外科手术后期并发脑梗死患者的相关危险因素病例对照研究

目的:探讨普外科手术后期患者并发脑梗死与其相关危险因素的关系,以指导普外科医生在术前和术中有效评估病人发生手术后期脑梗死的风险,并做到积极预防。方法:回顾性分析我院2009年~2014年普外科手术后期发生脑梗死的患者,采用病例对照研究的方法,将手术后发生脑梗死的患者36例作为病例组,按手术方式进行1:2配比,从相同手术方式且未发生脑梗死的的患者中随机抽取72例作为对照,采用SPSS13.0软件进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果:单、多因素条件Logistic回归分析表明,高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常,术中低灌注均可能是普外科手术后期发生脑梗死的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在调整年龄和性别后,术中低灌注仍最容易发生脑梗死,其次为糖尿病和高血压病史。结论:普外科术中应注意血压的监测和控制,尽量避免或减少低灌注;术前良好控制血压、血脂、血糖有助于降低普外科手术后患者发生脑梗死的风险;普外科医生应根据手术患者危险因素的多少及严重程度,尤其对于高龄患者,选择合理的手术时机及手术方式可能归避手术后期脑梗死的发生。     

Expert witness reform

The legal system depends on the medical expert for evidence. Doctors readily complain about frivolous cases that go to trial, yet a lawyer cannot bring a frivolous claim to trial without a physician expert witness stating that the claim is not frivolous. An insurance company cannot raise premiums without medical expert witnesses servicing the increasing litigation against the insured. Physicians must look to themselves as a major contributor to rising malpractice insurance costs. For without the physician expert witness, no medical malpractice lawsuit can take place. It is the expert physician, not the attorneys or insurance companies, who defines "meritless" and "frivolous" and who ultimately controls the courts' medical malpractice caseload.     

Experience Modulates Vicarious Freezing in Rats: A Model for Empathy

The study of the neural basis of emotional empathy has received a surge of interest in recent years but mostly employing human neuroimaging. A simpler animal model would pave the way for systematic single cell recordings and invasive manipulations of the brain regions implicated in empathy. Recent evidence has been put forward for the existence of empathy in rodents. In this study, we describe a potential model of empathy in female rats, in which we studied interactions between two rats: a witness observes a demonstrator experiencing a series of footshocks. By comparing the reaction of witnesses with or without previous footshock experience, we examine the role of prior experience as a modulator of empathy. We show that witnesses having previously experienced footshocks, but not naïve ones, display vicarious freezing behavior upon witnessing a cage-mate experiencing footshocks. Strikingly, the demonstrator''s behavior was in turn modulated by the behavior of the witness: demonstrators froze more following footshocks if their witness froze more. Previous experiments have shown that rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when receiving footshocks. Thus, the role of USV in triggering vicarious freezing in our paradigm is examined. We found that experienced witness-demonstrator pairs emitted more USVs than naïve witness-demonstrator pairs, but the number of USVs was correlated with freezing in demonstrators, not in witnesses. Furthermore, playing back the USVs, recorded from witness-demonstrator pairs during the empathy test, did not induce vicarious freezing behavior in experienced witnesses. Thus, our findings confirm that vicarious freezing can be triggered in rats, and moreover it can be modulated by prior experience. Additionally, our result suggests that vicarious freezing is not triggered by USVs per se and it influences back onto the behavior of the demonstrator that had elicited the vicarious freezing in witnesses, introducing a paradigm to study empathy as a social loop.     

The role and responsibilities of witnesses in the informed consent process

Various mechanisms to ensure the protection of subjects in human research have been suggested, including the presence of witnesses during the informed consent process. For our commentary on the use of witnesses and their potential role and responsibility during the consent process, we start by addressing current guidelines for human subjects research in four Latin American countries. By using examples from public health research, we highlight some of the practical difficulties of using witnessed consent, from becoming a meaningless ritual at one end of the spectrum to the research subject feeling intimidated or coerced to participate at the other. Apart from these practical difficulties, it is unclear what responsibility the witness could and should have. We argue that there are important ethical questions about the role of witnesses that have not been adequately addressed in national and international regulations. This work addresses these gaps and argues that more debate is required to define the role and responsibilities of witnesses in the consent process, their training requirements and whether a universal legal requirement for witnessed consent, regardless of the type of research, is desirable.     

The Challenges of Research Informed Consent in Socio‐Economically Vulnerable Populations: A Viewpoint From the Democratic Republic of Congo

In medical research, the ethical principle of respect for persons is operationalized into the process of informed consent. The consent tools should be contextualized and adapted to the different socio‐cultural environment, especially when research crosses the traditional boundaries and reaches poor communities. We look at the challenges experienced in the malaria Quinact trial, conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and describe some lessons learned, related to the definition of acceptable representative, the role of independent witness and the impact of socio‐economic vulnerability. To ensure children's protection, consent is required by the parents or, in their absence, by a legally mandated representative. In our setting, children's responsibility is often entrusted permanently or temporarily to relatives or friends without a tribunal mandate. Hence, a notion of ‘culturally acceptable representative’ under supervision of the local Ethics Committee may be more suitable. To ensure protection of illiterate subjects, an independent witness is required to confirm that the consent was freely given. However, in low‐literacy contexts, potential witnesses often don't have any previous relationship with patient and there may be power‐unbalance in their relationship, rather than genuine dialogue. In poor communities, trial participation may be seen as an opportunity to secure access to healthcare. Poverty may also lead to ‘competition’ to access the research‐related benefits, with a risk of disturbance at societal or household level. Adjusting consent procedures to sociocultural and socioeconomic realities is essential for fulfilling the underlying ethical principles. This requires a collaborative dialogue between researchers, regulators and ethics committees.     

Witness response at acute onset of stroke: a qualitative theory-guided study

Background

Delay in calling emergency medical services following stroke limits access to early treatment that can reduce disability. Emergency medical services contact is mostly initiated by stroke witnesses (often relatives), rather than stroke patients. This study explored appraisal and behavioural factors that are potentially important in influencing witness behaviour in response to stroke.

Methods and Findings

Semi-structured interviews with 26 stroke witnesses were transcribed and theory-guided content analysed was undertaken based on the Common Sense Self-Regulation Model (appraisal processes) and Theory Domains Framework (behavioural determinants). Response behaviours were often influenced by heuristics-guided appraisal (i.e. mental rules of thumb). Some witnesses described their responses to the situation as ‘automatic’ and ‘instinctive’, rather than products of deliberation. Potential behavioural influences included: environmental context and resources (e.g. time of day), social influence (e.g. prompts from patients) and beliefs about consequences (e.g. 999 accesses rapid help). Findings are based on retrospective accounts and need further verification in prospective studies.

Conclusions

Witnesses play a key role in patient access to emergency medical services. Factors that potentially influence witnesses’ responses to stroke were identified and could inform behavioural interventions and future research. Interventions might benefit from linking automatic/instinctive threat perceptions with deliberate appraisal of stroke symptoms, prompting action to call emergency medical services.     

大型公立医院建设区域医疗协同体系的实践与探索

随着国家医疗卫生体制改革不断深化，以大型医院为核心建立区域医疗协同体系，显得尤为重要和迫切。徐州医科大学附属医院以集团化运作、托管、技术支持等多种合作模式和县级以及基层乡镇卫生院建立互动的协同关系，累积了一定的实践经验。本文通过调查对比建立协作关系前后核心医院和成员医院发展的情况，总结和分析出核心医院推动区域医疗协同体系建设的六项关键措施，即提升成员医院等级、加强人才培养、技术支援、专科建设、硬件支持、公共项目合作。以期为推动区域医疗联体的发展提供参考。     

基于企业资源计划系统的医院运营管理公理化设计

在深化我国医药卫生体制改革的过程中,为适应医院日益增长的管理需求,将企业资源计划（ERP）理念运用到医院运营管理中,以实现对医院运营的有效管理为目标,运用独立公理对医院运营管理ERP系统进行功能设计,降低设计的复杂性,改善了医院运营管理的运作流程,提升了医院整体运营效益,提高了医院运营管理的水平,是实现医院战略的有力保障。     

Medical malpractice: a case study in medical and legal decision making

The conference was organized in part to dispel some of the misinformation that interferes with cooperative efforts of attorneys and physicians to redress the malpractice situation. During discussion of the hypothetical case, participants identified how medical decision-making responsibilities were allocated among health care providers caring for the patient. Panel members suggested ways in which medical decision making might be affected by non-medical factors such as third-party reimbursement (e.g., selection of inpatient or outpatient setting, the opportunity to discuss issues related to informed consent prior to the day of a procedure) and potential malpractice litigation (e.g., documentation in charts, use of diagnostic procedures). The characterization of decision-making roles and responsibilities differed somewhat for purposes of malpractice litigation; that is, which caregivers might be named as defendants. Panel members reconstructed the development of the medical incident into a legal case. Plaintiff's attorney commented that it is often a hospital employee who advises the family to consult an attorney and described some of the constraints on information gathering (e.g., the rule of "discovery" requiring that suit be filed before defendants can be forced to give statements about what happened, insurance contract provisions prohibiting physicians from talking without legal counsel present to persons who indicate that they plan to file suit). He also briefly explained the rationale for the contingency fee arrangement in these cases. Describing the role of the medical expert witness and the need to review the medical record, he outlined the process of deciding whether to pursue a malpractice case. In making this decision, plaintiff's attorney evaluates the facts to identify issues in the case, to determine if there are deviations from the standard of care, and to try to predict jury reaction. If a suit is filed, defense attorneys employed by the hospital, insurance company, or individual defendants will decide, based on facts including coverage limits, possible publicity, and likelihood of successful prosecution, whether the case should be settled and for what amount. Interests represented by the defense attorneys differ and may affect settlement strategies. Physician feelings of concern for the patient/family or desire for vindication will, to varying degrees, be factors in the decision to try or settle a case. Panel members explored several important policy issues. Among these were the effect of malpractice cases on doctor-patient communications and ethical issues concerning expert witnesses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

行政干预对Ⅰ类切口围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的影响

目的:探讨行政干预对I类切口围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的影响。方法:2011年4月～6月对全院手术科室进行行政干预,具体做法:卫生行政部门与医院一把手、医院与手术科室主任、科室主任与科室执业医生分别签订目标责任状;医院配合全国抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动方案进行全员培训,并对医师进行抗菌药物临床应用培训并考核合格后,授予其相应级别的抗菌药物处方权,明确各级医师使用抗菌药物的处方权限;由医务科牵头与院感染科、药剂科、质控科联合对I类切口手术患者预防使用抗菌药物情况进行检查,定期实施目标奖罚,责任到科室主任和临床医生。然后抽取我院2010年7月～12月(行政干预前)和2011年7月～12月(行政干预后)I类切口手术病历各210份,参考《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》、卫办医政发[2009]38号通知对420例I类切口手术患者预防使用抗菌药物情况进行回顾性分析。结果:行政干预前(2010年7月～12月)I类切口围手术期预防性抗菌药物的使用率达83.81%(176/210),术后抗菌药物使用时间在2～7天者占69.52%,大于7天者占6.67%;行政干预后(2011年7月～12月)210例患者预防使用抗菌药物使用率为30%(63/210),显著低于未使用行政干预的Ⅰ类切口术患者(P<0.05),围术期术后抗菌药物使用时间在2～7天者占16.67%,没有1例患者用药超过7天,抗菌药物的使用时间较未使用行政干预的Ⅰ类切口术患者显著缩短(P<0.05)。结论:有效的行政干预可以强化临床医生合理应用抗菌药物的意识,提高合理用药的水平,明显降低I类切口预防性抗菌药物的使用率,缩短抗菌药物的使用疗程。     

Pretrial preparations can improve a physician's value as an expert witness.

Many physicians appear in court as expert witnesses, but the quality of their testimony varies considerably, says a Nova Scotia judge. Pretrial preparation will improve the quality of a physician''s testimony, reduce stress and save time, says Judge Timothy Daley, who provides some suggestions about how to prepare to be an expert witness and what to expect in the courtroom.