块状耳霉的分离、鉴定、培养和寄主范围

1981年自感染真菌的扁豆蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)虫尸上分离到一株虫毒菌,经鉴定是耳霉属的块状耳霉(couidiobolus thromboides Drechsler)。该菌易于分离和培养,在培养基上可形成大量休眠孢子,休眠孢子容易萌发,六天中萌发率达53%。经试验该种虫霉可以感染多种蚜虫,是一种有希望制成杀蚜菌剂的真菌。     

福建厦门地区蚜虫病原真菌调查及其发生规律

从2014年至2015年对厦门地区蚜虫虫霉发生和流行情况进行初步调查,共鉴定出6种虫霉目病原真菌:新蚜虫疠霉Pandora neoaphidis、努利虫疠霉Pandora nouryi、普朗肯虫霉Entomophthora planchoniana、暗孢耳霉Conidiobolus obscurus、弗雷生新接霉Neozygites fresenii、根虫瘟霉Zoophthora radicans。新蚜虫疠霉和普朗肯虫霉是春季蔬菜蚜虫种群中发生、流行的最重要病原真菌,夏季未观察到虫霉的发生。     

虫霉在害虫生物防治中的地位

虫霉是一群重要的昆虫病原真菌。它们具有显著的流行病潜力和适度的寄主专化性,是生物防治中正在开发的重要资源。虫霉目(Entomophthorales)分类一直较乱,本文介绍了目前较流行的新巴氏分类系统。在虫霉流行病学研究的基础上,人们一直在试用不同的田间应用方式。虫霉的培养和生产过去被认为很难,但近10年来进展较大,少数已可工业生产。我国虫霉研究起步较晚,最近在弗氏三孢霉(Triplosporium fresenii)的培养方面取得突破。虫霉的休眠孢子、分生孢子和菌丝皆可生产,各具利弊。除2种耳霉及一种蛙粪霉外,尚未发现其它虫霉在人和哺乳动物安全性方面的问题。     

温度对蚜科专化菌暗孢耳霉休眠孢子形成的影响

为探究虫霉休眠孢子形成的关键影响因素,通过孢子浴接种和多浓度生物测定实验,观察蚜科专化菌暗孢耳霉(Conidiobolus obscurus)在5个温度处理(10,15,20,24,28℃)和3个接种浓度梯度下感染寄主桃蚜(Myzus persicae)的情况,并观测不同处理下蚜尸内产休眠孢子的比例。暗孢耳霉对桃蚜的毒力随温度和接种浓度升高而提高。同时,感病致死的蚜尸镜检结果表明:温度显著影响休眠孢子形成,温度越高,形成几率越大;接种浓度的影响次之,在15—24℃间,形成几率随接种浓度提高而增大。这一现象可能的解释:高温环境将使寄主种群增长停滞或消退,暗孢耳霉通过感知环境温度情况,倾向于在较高温时于寄主体内形成休眠孢子来规避接下来可能出现的寄主匮乏期。     

茎点霉和叶点霉两属的新种及国内新记录种

本文对采自东北地区的115份茎点霉(Phoma)和叶点霉(Phyllosticta)的标本进行分类研究,有新种2个和国内新记录种9个。新种是木瓜生叶点霉(Phyllosticta chaenomelesicola L.Yu et Bai)和草玉铃生叶点霉(Phyllosticta convallaricola L.Yu et Bai)。新种有拉丁文和汉文描述及图。对新记录种作了简要介绍。模式标本保存于沈阳农业大学植保系真菌标本室(HMSAU)。     

中国匍柄霉属分类研究Ⅲ：生于数科植物上的四个新种

报道匍柄霉属的四个新种：播娘蒿匍柄霉Stemphylium descurainiae、绣球匍柄霉Stemphylium hydrangeae、豌豆匍柄霉Stemphylium pisi和塔形匍柄霉Stemphylium turriforme。研究过的标本（干制培养物）及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

木霉属7个中国新记录种（英文）

报道木霉属7个中国新记录种:厚木霉、地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、近渐绿木霉、多孢木霉、特里克木霉和渐绿木霉。厚木霉分离自上海;地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、多孢木霉和特里克木霉分离自新疆;近渐绿木霉和渐绿木霉分离自四川;结合ITS、tef1-α和形态学特征进行鉴定。     

中国匍柄霉属分类研究 Ⅲ：生于数科植物上的四个新种

报道匍柄霉属的四个新种:播娘蒿匍柄霉Stemphylium descurainiae、绣球匍柄霉Stemphylium hydrangeae、豌豆匍柄霉Stemphylium pisi和塔形匍柄霉Stemphylium turriforme。研究过的标本(干制培养物)及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

腐霉属三个中国新记录种(英文)

通过对分离自中国土壤中的腐霉菌进行形态特征和DNA序列分析,发现3个中国新记录种:钟形腐霉Pythium campanulatum、卵突腐霉P. oopapillum和多卵腐霉 P. plurisporium。根据采集材料对其进行了形态学特征描述和图解,研究标本保存于中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

维罗纳霉属和沃德霉属三个新记录种

从采自黄河源头地区的土壤样品中分离到3个中国新记录种——嗜粪维罗纳霉Veronaea coprophila、沃德霉Wardomyces anomalus和土生沃德霉Wardomyces humicola,并对三者进行了形态学描述和绘图。研究菌株的干制培养物和活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

Disseminated infection with Conidiobolus incongruus

The first fatal case of disseminated infection due to Conidiobolus incongruus is reported. The patient presented with a subcutaneous mass, febrility, weight loss, cough and hemoptysis. Histological examination of skin and subcutaneous tissue, lung, lymph nodes, esophagus, liver and jejunum showed a granulomatous reaction with bright eosinophilic amorphous material and broad hyphae. A fungus cultured from skin and subcutaneous tissue was identified as Conidiobolus incongruus.     

Fatty acid composition of Conidiobolus obscurus depending on the in vivo and in vitro development

The fatty acid (FA) composition of Conidiobolus obscurus grown in Acyrthosiphon pisum is similar to the FA profile of the healthy aphid host. It is very different from the composition of the same fungus grown in artificial media, for both neutral and polar lipids. In vitro, the FA composition of Conidiobolus obscurus is highly dependent on the carbon source of the nutritive medium.     

Fatty acid and lipid compositions of Conidiobolus

The fatty acid composition of the total lipids from two Conidiobolus species was studied by gas—liquid chromatography. The major fatty acids of C. lamprauges were palmitic acid (C_16:0), oleic acid (C_18:1), linolenic acid (C_18:3), and arachidonic acid (C_20:4). For C. eurymitus , myristic acid (C_14:0), C_16:0, and linoleic acid (C_18:2) were the most abundant acids. The fatty acid composition of C. eurymitus was quite different from that of the Conidiobolus species as mentioned in other reports. The lipid composition of the total lipids of C. lamprauges and C. eurymitus was also studied by thinchrography on quartz rods. Triglycerides and phospholipids were the major components in the two Conidiobolus species.     

Etude de la composition en sucres de souches de Conidiobolus saprophytes ou pathogenes pour l'homme et l'animal

Résumé La composition en sucres des parois de 13 souches de Conidiobolus coronatus et de 1 souche de Conidiobolus incongruus a été étudiée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Deux sucres principaux ont été mis en évidence: du glucose et du mannose. L'étude du rapport mannose/ glucose montre que les souches se répartissent en 3 groupes. Dans le premier groupe figurent les souches de C. coronatus ayant un rapport compris entre 0,92 et 1,3; ces souches ont été isolées de l'homme et du chimpanzé. Dans le second groupe figurent les souches de C. coronatus isolées du sol ou des lésions du cheval dont le rapport varie de 2,7 à 4,1; enfin, à part, Conidiobolus incongruus qui est caractérisé par un rapport de 0,44. La température léthale de chacune des souches étudiées ainsi que la présence éventuelle de spores villeuses est également signalée. Deux séries apparaissent donc chez Conidiobolus coronatus qui correspondent peut-être à des groupes biologiques différents.

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The composition in the cell wall sugars of 13 strains of Conidiobolus coronatus and 1 strain of Conidiobolus incongruus has been determined. Glucose and mannose were found to be the main sugars. The study of the ratio mannose/glucose has shown that there are 3 groups of strains. The first group which contains the strain of C. coronatus isolated from man or chimpanzee is characterized by a ratio lying between 0.92 and 1.3. The second group containing the strains of C. coronatus isolated from horse lesion or from soil is characterized by a ratio lying between 2.7 and 4.1. The last group which contains C. incongruus whose ratio mannose/glucose is 0.44. These results suggest the existence of two groups among the strains of C. coronatus. Lethal temperature of each strain and eventual presence of villosus spores are also mentioned.

     

Chitin-binding hemagglutinin produced by Conidiobolus strains.

A hemagglutinin was produced by strains of Conidiobolus which also produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Activity of the hemagglutinin was inhibited by D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides but not by D-glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS FOUND IN PLANT DETRITUS

Drechsler , Charles . (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize-meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C. incongruus and C. multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome-shaped contour of the papillia.     

Visualization of exocellular lectins in the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus obscurus

We demonstrated the presence of lectins binding to glucose and N-acetylglucosamine on the surface of Conidiobolus obscurus spores by using glycosylated serum albumins substituted with fluorescent dyes and colloidal gold. The role of these exocellular lectins was examined in relation to the adhesion of the fungal spores to their host insect and the pathogenicity of the fungus.     

Conidiobolus coronatus isolation from a pest aphids of chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales), a pathogen of human and some insects, was isolated from dead specimens of the aphid Neotoxoptera formosana present on chives leaves. C. coronatus infected aphids could pose a threat to growers health. Pest control strategies of N. formosana may also contribute to reduce the human infection risk by C. coronatus.     

山东省常见虫霉目真菌调查

综合国内已发表的文献和近几年所采集的样本 ,共报道了山东省的 1 6种虫霉目真菌 ,分别隶属于虫霉目 3科 9属。介绍了该省虫霉菌的发生和流行的几个特征 ,并做了简要的分析