茶树CsGIF1基因的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应分析

GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR(GIF)基因是植物叶发育相关的一类重要调控因子,调节植物叶器官的发育。该研究采用RT-PCR方法从茶树‘龙井43’的叶片cDNA中克隆得到CsGIF1基因,并利用荧光定量PCR分析了高温(38℃)、低温(4℃)、干旱(200g·L-1 PEG)、盐胁迫(200mmol·L-1 NaCl)下CsGIF1基因的表达水平,以明确CsGIF1基因对非生物胁迫的应答特性,为茶树CsGIF1基因的逆境调控以及功能研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)CsGIF1基因长666bp,编码221个氨基酸,具有高度保守的SNH结构域;CsGIF1蛋白为亲水性蛋白,理论相对分子质量为23 380,理论等电点为6.30;酸性氨基酸、碱性氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸和脂肪族氨基酸所占比例分别为7%、9%、5%和13%;蛋白质二级结构显示,茶树CsGIF1蛋白由38.01%的α-螺旋、10.41%的β-折叠、12.22%的延伸主链和39.37%的随机卷曲组成。(2)qRT-PCR分析显示,茶树CsGIF1基因对于4种非生物胁迫均有响应,但不同处理响应不同。其中在胁迫2h时,高温和低温胁迫下,CsGIF1基因相对表达量显著增加,分别为对照的3.54和5.69倍,且高低温胁迫下,CsGIF1基因响应明显大于干旱和盐胁迫。在高温、低温、干旱、盐等不同胁迫处理下,茶树‘龙井43’中CsGIF1基因的表达水平与对照相比均差异明显。     

胡萝卜中DcDofD1转录因子基因的克隆及其对非生物逆境胁迫的响应分析

Dof (DNA-binding with one finger)转录因子是植物特有的一类转录因子,该类转录因子在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用。本实验以胡萝卜‘黑田五寸’和‘君川红’为实验材料,分别从中克隆得到DcDofD1转录因子基因。采用生物信息学方法对DcDofD1转录因子氨基酸组成、理化性质、进化关系进行了分析。并利用实时定量PCR方法对DcDofD1基因在非生物胁迫下的表达量进行了分析。结果表明‘黑田五寸’和‘君川红’中的DcDofD1转录因子具有明显的单锌指结构,保守域的氨基酸序列比较保守,进化分析显示,DcDofD1属于Dof家族的D1亚族。在胡萝卜‘黑田五寸’和‘君川红’中,DcDofD1基因对高温、低温、干旱、盐等非生物胁迫响应。而不同胡萝卜材料中,DcDofD1基因对非生物逆境响应的强度和速度不同。     

胡萝卜中DcDofD1转录因子的克隆及其对非生物逆境胁迫的响应分析

Dof(DNA-binding with one finger)转录因子是植物特有的一类转录因子,该类转录因子在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用。本试验以胡萝卜黑田五寸和君川红为试验材料,分别从中克隆获得Dc Dof D1转录因子基因。采用生物信息学方法对Dc Dof D1转录因子氨基酸组成、理化性质、进化关系进行了分析。并利用实时定量PCR方法对Dc Dof D1基因在非生物胁迫下的表达量进行了分析。结果表明,黑田五寸和君川红中的Dc Dof D1转录因子具有明显的单锌指结构,保守域的氨基酸序列比较保守。进化分析显示,Dc Dof D1属于Dof家族的D1亚族。在胡萝卜黑田五寸和君川红中,Dc Dof D1基因对高温、低温、干旱、盐等非生物胁迫有响应。而不同胡萝卜材料中,Dc Dof D1基因对非生物逆境响应的强度和速度不同。     

茶树品种‘安吉白茶’ CsDREB-A4 b基因的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应

采用RT-PCR方法从茶树﹝Camellia sinensis ( Linn.) O. Ktze.﹞品种‘安吉白茶’(‘Anjibaicha’)叶片的cDNA中克隆得到1个编码DREB转录因子的基因,命名为CsDREB-A4b。序列分析结果显示,CsDREB-A4b基因包含长度为873 bp的开放阅读框,编码290个氨基酸,具有保守的AP2结构域。与拟南芥﹝Arabidopsis thaliana ( Linn.) Heynh.﹞AP2/ERF家族转录因子进行同源进化分析,CsDREB-A4b转录因子属于DREB亚族中的A4组。多重比对结果显示：CsDREB-A4b转录因子与蓖麻(Ricinus communis Linn.)等植物的DREB类转录因子保守结构域氨基酸序列的相似性较高。 CsDREB-A4b转录因子为亲水性蛋白,理论相对分子质量为31938.5,理论等电点为pI 5.91,总平均疏水性为-0.603,碱性、酸性、芳香族和脂肪族氨基酸的比例分别为12%、12%、7%和15%。在高温(38℃)胁迫处理前期,CsDREB-A4b基因的相对表达量显著高于胁迫处理前;在低温(4℃)胁迫处理下,CsDREB-A4b基因的相对表达量呈显著升高的趋势;在盐(200 mmol·L-1 NaCl)和干旱(200 g·L-1 PEG)胁迫处理下,CsDREB-A4b基因的相对表达量呈先降低后显著升高的趋势。表明CsDREB-A4b基因参与‘安吉白茶’非生物胁迫的响应过程,且在不同胁迫条件下具有表达差异性。     

盐碱与干旱胁迫对碱菀种子萌发和TvNHX1表达的影响

通过施加不同浓度NaCl(40～400mmol·L-1)、NaHCO3(20～200mmol·L-1)和聚乙二醇(PEG,5%～30%),分析盐碱和干旱胁迫对盐生植物碱菀种子萌发、幼芽生长以及Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因TvNHX1表达的影响.结果表明:40～160mmol·L-1NaCl、20mmol·L-1NaHCO3和5%～10%PEG处理对碱菀种子的萌发没有不利影响;但当NaCl浓度达到240mmol·L-1时,碱菀种子发芽率、根长和芽长均显著降低(P0.05);NaHCO3≥50mmol·L-1时,种子发芽率显著降低(P0.05),浓度达到130mmol·L-1时,发芽势、根长和芽长显著降低;PEG≥15%时,种子的萌发出现显著的滞后效应.发芽期TvNHX1呈组成型表达,但160mmol·L-1NaCl、100mmol·L-1NaHCO3和10%PEG的胁迫诱导使TvNHX1的表达明显升高,NaCl和PEG胁迫下TvNHX1表达的变化与萌芽种子的表型变化同步,TvNHX1在碱菀耐逆境胁迫中可能发挥重要作用.     

茶树CsCIGR基因克隆及表达特性分析

该研究以茶树基因组数据库为基础,采用RT-PCR技术,从茶树‘龙井43’中克隆得到基因CsCIGR。序列分析显示,CsCIGR基因开放阅读框长度为1 677 bp,编码588个氨基酸。进化分析表明,CsCIGR属于GRAS家族的PAT1亚家族。多序列比对显示,茶树CsCIGR蛋白与其他植物的GRAS蛋白氨基酸序列具有很高的相似性。氨基酸理化性质分析显示,CsCIGR转录因子属于亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位预测显示,CsCIGR可能位于细胞核中。启动子预测分析发现,CsCIGR启动子区域包含胁迫响应元件(STRE)、干旱应答元件(MYC)、厌氧诱导元件(ARE)等多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,CsCIGR基因在低温(4℃)、高温(38℃)、干旱(200 g·L~(-1) PEG)、高盐(200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)胁迫下均能诱导表达,且对高盐,低温和高温胁迫响应更为明显,推测CsCIGR基因在茶树响应逆境胁迫中发挥重要作用。该研究为茶树抗性育种筛选基因提供了重要理论依据。     

胡萝卜AP2／ERF-B1亚族两个转录因子基因的克隆及其非生物胁迫响应分析

AP2／ERF是植物中普遍存在的一类重要转录因子,参与植物整个生命周期的生长发育和逆境信号转导。本研究以胡萝卜（Daucus carota）‘黑田五寸’为试验材料,基于其转录组和基因组数据,检索和拼接获得胡萝卜AP2／ERF家族2个转录因子基因序列g39811和g47170。采用RT-PCR方法,分别从‘黑田五寸’中克隆DcERF-B1-1（g39811）和DcERF-B1—2（g4717D）转录因子基因。序列分析显示,胡萝卜DcERF-B1-1和DcERF-B1-2转录因子基因分别含有630个和594个开放阅读框,分别编码209和197个氨基酸;均含有相对保守的AP2结合域,具有典型的植物AP2／ERF类转录因子特征。从氨基酸组成成分、理化性质、亲水性／疏水性和三级结构上分析显示,胡萝卜DcERF—B1-1和DcERF-B1-2转录因子亲水性大于疏水性,其氨基酸序列可能属于亲水性蛋白。空间结构分析显示,它们都具有1个α螺旋和3个β折叠。进化树分析显示,二者均属于AP2／ERF家族转录因子中ERF亚族的B1组。实时定量荧光PCR显示,在低温、干旱、盐胁迫的条件下,DcERF-B1-2转录因子比DcERF-B1-1转录因子对逆境的响应更大;在高温的条件下,DcERF-B1-1转录因子比DcERF-B1-2转录因子对逆境的响应更大。     

青杄PwNAC42基因的克隆及表达模式分析

NAC转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,广泛参与了植物的生长发育过程,并在植物响应盐害、干旱、冷害和脱落酸等多种非生物胁迫的过程中发挥重要作用。通过青杄转录组数据获得PwNAC42基因的cDNA序列,对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学预测,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测PwNAC42基因在青杄各个组织及非生物逆境胁迫下的表达水平。生物信息学分析结果显示:PwNAC42基因cDNA全长共1 749 bp,其中编码区1 140 bp,共编码379个氨基酸;蛋白理论分子质量为42.92 k D,理论等电点为6.53,有丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点,不存在信号肽结构域,为非跨膜的亲水蛋白。组织特异性表达结果显示,PwNAC42在青杄球果中表达量最高。逆境胁迫实验表明PwNAC42的表达量在NaCl、干旱、4℃以及脱落酸处理下产生显著的变化。因此推测PwNAC42在青杄球果发育及青杄对逆境胁迫的响应过程中发挥作用。     

热激转录因子在植物抗非生物胁迫中的功能研究进展

植物在遭受环境胁迫时会产生一系列应激反应,而热激转录因子可通过介导热激蛋白或其他热诱导基因的转录和表达,来参与调控植物抵抗逆境胁迫过程和其他生命活动。主要介绍了植物热激转录因子的基本蛋白结构域,阐述了3类热激转录因子在抗极端温度（高温、低温）胁迫、干旱胁迫、高盐胁迫、活性氧胁迫中的功能与作用机制,并探讨和展望了植物热激转录因子在植物育种和提高植物抗逆性的研究中的发展与应用前景,以期为深入研究热激转录因子在调控植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的生物学功能与机制提供理论参考。     

植物对盐胁迫应答的转录因子及其生物学特性

逆境胁迫会激活植物的转录因子,转录因子结合到应答基因的顺式作用元件后可以启动应答基因的表达,调控并减轻逆境胁迫对植物的伤害,因而转录调控在植物对逆境胁迫的应答反应中具有重要的作用。本文对盐胁迫下参与植物应答反应的转录因子及其生物学特性进行了综述,并对这些转录因子在植物耐盐基因工程中的应用前景作出了展望。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Doc and copia instability in an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock

A high degree of heterogeneity and an overall increase in number of insertion sites of the mobile elements Doc and copia were revealed in one substock of an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock, while in two other substocks the distribution of copia sites was highly homogenous, but that of Doc sites was again heterogenous. We therefore concluded that copia was unstable in one of the substocks and Doc was unstable in all. Doc instability presumably arose earlier than copia instability. Doc and copia transpositions were directly observed in experiments with one substock. An abundance of copia insertions was revealed in the X chromosome where insertions with deleterious effects are exposed to selection in hemizygous condition. The locations of many other mobile elements (mdg1, mdg2, mdg3, mdg4, 297, B104, H.M.S. Beagle, I, P, BS, FB) were found to be conserved in each substock and did not differ between them, indicating that these mobile elements were stable. This homogeneity is a strong argument against any possibility of inadvertent contamination.