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1.
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原生态系统特有的小型优势哺乳动物,具有维持草原生态系统多样性、改善土壤等重要的生态学意义。目前,高原鼠兔的生态学研究已有大量报道,本文从高原鼠兔栖息地、种群生态、繁殖生态、行为生态、高原适应性以及与草原生态系统的关系等方面,综述了国内外的研究现状,并分析了未来有待深入研究的问题,高原鼠兔的高原适应性及其生态意义值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

2.
青藏高原高寒草原生态系统是我国特有的生态系统类型,由于受到人为破坏的影响,目前该地区草原生态系统功能退化,优良牧草减少,有毒植物蔓延。高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原东缘高寒草原中最重要的两种小型哺乳动物,其采食行为和挖掘洞穴的生活特性必然对生态系统产生影响,但其与有毒植物之间的互作关系尚未揭示。基于此,在甘肃省玛曲县河曲马场自然生长的高寒草原生态系统中开展了有毒植物的分布与高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠之间的相关性研究。结果表明,该高寒草原生态系统中分布有毒植物27种,分属于菊科、豆科、毛茛科等11科。在此基础上,测定了该地区有毒植物的生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数,并探究了单位面积条件下有毒植物的分布特征与高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠种群密度之间的相关性,发现该地区高寒草原有毒植物的蔓延与高原鼠兔的密度之间存在密切的负相关关系(P0.05),而与高原鼢鼠的相关性不显著(P0.05)。  相似文献   

3.
高原鼠兔种群数量过多被认为是青藏高原草地退化的主要原因之一。2007年4月,在青海省果洛州大武镇开展了高原鼠兔不育控制实验。为了解3种不育剂(炔雌醚、左炔诺孕酮和EP-1)对高原鼠兔和土著鸟类的影响,分别在2007年和2008年8-9月调查了高原鼠兔种群数量与鸟类多样性。结果表明,投药次年,炔雌醚能显著降低高原鼠兔各群数量,而对鸟类多样性和物种数均无显著影响;炔雌醚组白斑翅雪雀的数量显著低于对照组,棕颈雪雀的数量显著高于EP-1组。因此,炔雌醚能有效降低高原鼠兔种群数量,对土著鸟类多样性影响较小。使用炔雌醚开展不育控制是高原鼠兔种群管理的一种新途径。  相似文献   

4.
高原鼠兔 (Ochotona curzoniae) 作为青藏高原高寒草地生态系统中的关键物种,其种群数量随着过度放牧导致的草地退化而暴发式增长。阐明此过程中高原鼠兔天然免疫能力及肝脏和肾脏器官指数的变化,对深入揭示青藏高原草地退化引起的高原鼠兔种群暴发机理具有重要意义。本研究在青海海北高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站地区,调查了轻度、中度、重度退化草地中高原鼠兔洞口数量,并测定了成体高原鼠兔血清总IgG含量、肠道寄生物感染状况及肝脏和肾脏指数。结果发现:随着草地退化,高原鼠兔洞口数量和血清总IgG水平显著增加;绦虫和线虫的感染率和感染强度以及肝脏和肾脏指数均显著降低。雄性对绦虫的感染率和肝脏指数显著低于雌性;雌性在重度退化草地中对绦虫和线虫的感染率及感染强度显著低于轻度退化草地。以上结果表明,过度放牧介导的草地退化增强了高原鼠兔的天然免疫功能,缓解了毒素对肝脏和肾脏的损伤,进而可能促进其种群暴发式增长。  相似文献   

5.
达乌尔鼠兔是我国典型草原区的主要鼠种之一,对其繁殖特征知之甚少。作者于2009年7-11月和2010年4-9月在内蒙古典型草原区采用整洞群夹捕的取样方法捕获了199只达乌尔鼠兔(Ochotona dauurica),对其种群数量、性比、繁殖特征和年龄结构进行了研究。结果显示:2009年鼠兔数量118只,2010年81只;雌鼠数量显著多于雄鼠;达乌尔鼠兔的繁殖期为3-9月,高峰期集中在4-6月份,平均胎仔数为6.15±0.50(n=13);2009年的7-9月幼年和亚成年比例均小于50%,成年个体成为种群的重要成分;2010年幼体主要集中在5-7月份,且6月和7月幼体和亚成体的数量超过了成年鼠兔的数量,8-9月份种群的主要成员为亚成年和成年鼠兔。达乌尔鼠兔种群繁殖特征是对草原环境适应的体现。  相似文献   

6.
高原鼠兔     
正高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)作为青藏高原的特有种,生活在海拔3 000 m~5 000 m的高寒草甸,是一种植食性非冬眠小型啮齿类动物。据古生物资料记载,现存的鼠兔均是由距今3 700万年的古鼠兔亚科(Subfamily Sino-lagomyinae)演化而来。分类上高原鼠兔属兔形目(Lagomorpha),鼠兔科(Ochotonidae),鼠兔属(Ochotona)。成年的高原鼠兔体长约10 cm~15 cm,平均体重约120g~200g。高原鼠兔嘴唇似兔,耳朵似鼠,尾巴短小,躯背毛色呈黄褐色,因其上下唇缘为黑色,又被人们称为黑唇鼠兔。  相似文献   

7.
高原鼠兔对小嵩草草甸的破坏及其防治   总被引:20,自引:3,他引:17  
刘伟  王溪  周立  周华坤 《兽类学报》2003,23(3):214-219
1997~ 2 0 0 0年在青海省果洛州达日县 ,通过测定不同程度退化草地、人工草地和除杂草地中高原鼠兔种群数量的变化以及对草地的破坏程度 ,分析了草地植物群落变化对高原鼠兔种群数量的影响。结果表明 :随草地退化程度的加重 ,高原鼠兔种群数量相应升高 ,重度退化草地中高原鼠兔种群数量降低 ,是由食物资源不足引起。不同程度退化草地之间高原鼠兔种群数量差异极显著 (t未退化与轻度 =2 5 36 97,t未退化与中度 =2 5 5 5 ,t未退化与重度 =36 4 0 6 0 ,t轻度与中度 =2 3 2 794 ,t轻度与重度 =14 3439,t中度与重度 =2 0 1785 ,df =3,p<0 0 0 1)。高原鼠兔对草地的破坏面积与平均单坑面积呈显著的相关关系 (F =2 2 0 4 6 ,df=3,P <0 0 0 1)。在草地达到重度退化以前 ,高原鼠兔的种群密度升高 ,对草地的危害则加重。草地植物群落空间结构的变化直接影响高原鼠兔的种群数量 ,当植物群落高度增加时 ,其种群数量开始减少 ,反之则增加。  相似文献   

8.
本文研究于1983年7—8月,1985年8—10月期间,在中国科学院高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。应用概率分布的方法研究小哺乳动物的种群空间格局,取得了与实际观察相吻合的结果。这项工作将为定量描述哺乳动物种群数量的空间配置做出尝试。 主要结果为: 1.高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔(以下简称鼢鼠,鼠兔)的空间格局适合负二项分布,截尾负二项分布。 2.鼢鼠在空间的聚集强度高于鼠兔。 3.鼢鼠在高寒草甸和灌丛中的聚块面积分别为0.75公顷和1公顷以上;鼠兔均为0.5公顷。 4.大雪后(低密度鼠兔种群),鼠兔的空间格局呈随机分布,鼢鼠的格局不变,聚集强度均有下降。 5.两种动物空间分布总体上呈正相关,低密度样本与此相同;高密度样本为负相关。  相似文献   

9.
调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4.97只/hm^2和10.6只/hm^2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0.16只/100hm^2、0.37只/100hm^2、3只/100hm^2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100%、96.1%、100%,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87.5%、73.2%、0%。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0.703%和0.038%,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0.780和0.393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。  相似文献   

10.
高原鼠兔洞穴数量与其栖息地植被分布格局的GIS分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的关键种,其生境利用特征对高寒草甸植被保护的影响一直是重要的研究内容.我们于2008年9月在四川省石渠县云波沟面积为44 km2的研究区域内进行了高原鼠兔有效洞穴数量样线调查.该地区一直以来放牧压力较小,2006年起执行国家西部退牧还草政策后.放牧完全停止.调查期间共完成样线7条,总长度19 km,获得取样单元2,423个.根据中巴资源2号卫星2008年9月18日拍摄的遥感图像计算并提取研究区域归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据.利用石渠县地形数字地图建立数字高程模型计算坡度.用Bonferroni z检验比较取样单元内鼠兔洞穴数量与NDVI以及洞穴数量与坡度间的相互关系发现:NDVI值较低区间(0.1-0.3)内鼠兔洞穴数量显著低于理论预期值,中等NDVI值区间(0.3-0.4)内鼠兔洞穴的数量与理论值没有显著差异,而NDVI值较高区间(0.4-0.6)内,鼠兔洞穴的数量显著高于理论预期.回归分析结果表明:NDVI与洞穴数有显著正相关的线性回归关系y=16.50x+0.87(R2=0.78,P<0.001);鼠兔有效洞穴数量和坡度没有显著的线性关系(R2=0.04,P=0.441).因此,我们认为在无家畜竞争的自然环境中,栖息地植被的质量是影响高原鼠兔空间分布的重要因素.高原鼠兔有选择地利用植被较好的生境而避免使用植被过度退化的生境,这种利用方式在客观上防止了栖息地植被的过度破坏.  相似文献   

11.
The present study evaluates the protective effect of α‐lipoic acid (LA) against arsenic‐induced testicular and epididymal oxidative damage in rats. Arsenic caused significant reduction in the reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular daily sperm count, epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, and sperm membrane integrity. Significant reduction in the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels with a concomitant increase in the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content in the testis and the cauda epididymis of arsenic‐exposed rats. Arsenic intoxication also enhanced the testicular caspase‐3 mRNA levels, disorganization of testicular and cauda epididymal architecture as well as increased arsenic content in the testis and the cauda epididymis of rats. Arsenic exposure also deteriorated fertility ability in male rats over controls. Conversely, α‐LA negated the testicular and cauda epididymal oxidative stress and restored the male reproductive health in arsenic‐exposed rats.  相似文献   

12.
1. The motility of undiluted fowl spermatozoa taken from testis, epididymis and ductus deferens was negligible at 40 degrees C, around the normal avian body temperature. 2. The immobilization was not permanent and motility was restored by decreasing the temperature to 30 degrees C or by suspending in a NaCl/TES buffer with 2 mM Ca2+, 2 mM HCO3- or 10% seminal plasma at 40 degrees C. 3. Demembranated spermatozoa taken from testis, epididymis and ductus deferens were also immotile at 40 degrees C. However, these spermatozoa were restored the motility at 30 degrees C except testicular spermatozoa. 4. These results suggest that the capacity of movement of fowl spermatozoa can be readily obtained from testis, but that these spermatozoa are immotile due to temperature-dependent immobilization in the male reproductive tract. 5. Furthermore, it is possible that changes in environmental temperature at ejaculation are one of the important exogenous physiological factors of the initiation of fowl sperm motility.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of neonatal exposure to different doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the reproductive functions of male rats at adulthood were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats (5-8/group) received sc injections of 25 microl olive oil containing DES (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at a dose of 10 microg, 1 microg, 100 ng, 10 ng, or 1 ng per rat on alternate days from Postnatal Days 2-12. Control animals received olive oil only. All animals were allowed to develop until 83-91 days of age; however, when they were 70 to 80 days old, four male rats each from the 10 microg, 1 microg, 100 ng, and control groups were cohabited with untreated 60- to 70-day-old females (1:1) for 12 days. At the end of cohabitation, both mated and unmated male rats were weighed, and blood and tissue samples were collected and processed. Results revealed that although sperm motility patterns and sperm morphology were adversely affected in the 10- microg group, other reproductive parameters, including 1). daily sperm production (DSP)/testis; 2). absolute and relative weights of the testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle; and 3). sperm numbers in both regions of the epididymis declined significantly in a dose-dependent manner in the 10- and 1- microg groups. Conversely, in the <1- microg groups, none of these parameters (except DSP/testis and weight of the epididymis in the 100-ng group, and sperm numbers in the epididymis of the 100- and 10-ng groups) was different from controls. Generally, plasma testosterone levels decreased in the 10- and 1- microg groups, FSH level increased in the 10-microg group, and prolactin and LH levels were unaltered. In the fertility study, although each male in the 1-microg, 100-ng, and control groups produced a copulatory plug and impregnated a female, none could do so in the 10-microg group. The mean number of pups per litter was reduced to eight in the 1-microg group, in contrast to 15 each in the 100-ng and control groups. In conclusion, exposure of neonatal male rats to DES altered sperm motility patterns, sperm fertility (as evident from the reduced number of pups in the 1-microg group), and sexual behavior (as evident from the absence of copulatory plugs in the 10-microg group) and reduced weights of reproductive organs, DSP/testis, and sperm numbers in the epididymis. Whether these alterations/reductions persist in older rats (6-8 mo of age) is under investigation.  相似文献   

14.
The contraceptive effects of benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya have been reported in male albino rats at the dose regimens 5 and 10 mg/animal/day; oral for 150 days. The body weight, weight of testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate remained unaltered during the entire course of the investigation. Total suppression of cauda epididymal sperm motility coincided with a decrease in sperm count, viability and an increase in per cent abnormal spermatozoa during 60-150 days observation period. Minor changes in the germ cell proliferations in the testis and vacuolization and pyknotic nuclei in the few epithelial cells of the cauda epididymis were observed. Histology and biochemical composition of testis and accessory sex organs, haematology and serum clinical biochemistry and serum testosterone levels remained unchanged throughout the course of the investigation. Test for estrogenicity indicated mild estrogenicity. Monthly fertility test showed negative fertility. All the altered parameters returned to normal level following 60 days withdrawal of the treatment. The results suggest that the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya exerts antifertility effects in rats without adverse toxicity and that the effects may be directly rendered on the spermatozoa.  相似文献   

15.
Salinomycin is used as an antibiotic in animal husbandry. Its implication in cancer therapy has recently been proposed. Present study evaluated the toxic effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice. Doses of 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg of Salinomycin were administered daily for 28 days. Half of the mice were sacrificed after 24 h of the last treatment and other half were sacrificed 28 days after withdrawal of treatment. Effects of SAL on body and reproductive organ weights were studied. Histoarchitecture of testis and epididymis was evaluated along with ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells. Serum and testicular testosterone and luteinizing hormones were estimated. Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were measured. Spermatozoa count, morphology, motility and fertility were evaluated. Expression patterns of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage proteins (CYP11A1) were assessed by Western blotting. Salinomycin treatment was lethal to few mice and retarded body growth in others with decreased weight of testes and seminal vesicles in a dose dependent manner. Seminiferous tubules in testes were disrupted and the epithelium of epididymis showed frequent occurrence of vacuolization and necrosis. Leydig cells showed hypertrophied cytoplasm with shrunken nuclei, condensed mitochondria, proliferated endoplasmic reticulum and increased number of lipid droplets. Salinomycin decreased motility and spermatozoa count with increased number of abnormal spermatozoa leading to infertility. The testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were decreased in testis but increased in serum at higher doses. Depletion of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione with increased lipid peroxidation in both testis and epididymis indicated generation of oxidative stress. Suppressed expression of StAR and CYP11A1 proteins indicates inhibition of steroidogenesis. Spermatogenesis was however observed in testis 28 days after Salinomycin withdrawal. The results indicate reversible dose-dependent adverse effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of excessive zinc intake on the testes and on sperm count and motility in mice. Thirty Balb c mice were divided randomly into 3 groups of 10 animals in each. Group I acted as controls; group II was supplied with drinking water containing 1.5 g/100 mL Zn, and group III was supplied with drinking water containing 2.5 g/100 mL Zn. The animals were sacrificed after 3 wk supplementation and the epididymis and testis were quickly excised. A negative correlation between Zn dose and sperm count and motility was found. The sperm count in group III was significantly lower than in groups II and I (p<0.05). The sperm motility in group III was significantly lower than in the controls (p<0.05). Degenerative changes, including spermatic arrest, degeneration of seminiferous tubules, and fibrosis in interstitial tissue, were observed in group III animals. These results show that high doses of zinc significantly alter sperm motility.  相似文献   

17.
目的通过度他雄胺对大鼠附睾精子和生育的影响,探索调节雄性生育的睾丸后作用靶点。方法使用度他雄胺20和40 mg/(kg.d)大鼠灌胃给药,连续2周。给药结束后雄雌鼠按1∶2合笼,计算生殖指数;采用计算机辅助精子分析系统分析精子活力和形态;采用SYBR-14和PI双重荧光染色计算精子存活率;采用Elisa法测定大鼠睾酮(T)和双氢睾酮(DHT)血清浓度;采用HE染色法对各组睾丸、附睾进行组织学分析。结果度他雄胺低、高剂量组双氢睾酮浓度均显著下降,分别为0.54和0.28 nmol/L(P<0.01),精子活力明显降低,分别为39.0%和28.7%(P<0.01),畸形率分别增加为10.3%和15.6%(P<0.05),最后受孕率分别降为62.5%和38.4%。而睾酮水平和交配指数均无明显变化(P>0.05),睾丸和附睾亦无明显病理学改变。结论度他雄胺通过抑制DHT生成,影响附睾精子成熟而导致大鼠不育,为今后男性避孕和不育药物研发提供了新思路。  相似文献   

18.
Oligoasthenozoospermia is a major cause of male infertility; however, its etiology and pathogenesis are unclear and may be associated with specific gene abnormalities. This study focused on Tppp2 (tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 2), whose encoded protein localizes in elongating spermatids at stages IV‐VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in testis and in mature sperm in the epididymis. In human and mouse sperm, in vitro inhibition of TPPP2 caused significantly decreased motility and ATP content. Studies on Tppp2 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated that deletion of TPPP2 resulted in male subfertility with a significantly decreased sperm count and motility. In Tppp2?/? mice, increased irregular mitochondria lacking lamellar cristae, abnormal expression of electron transfer chain molecules, lower ATP levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased apoptotic index were observed in sperm, which could be the potential causes for its oligoasthenozoospermia phenotype. Moreover, we identified a potential TPPP2‐interactive protein, eEf1b (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta), which plays an important role in protein translation extension. Thus, TPPP2 is probably a potential pathogenic factor in oligoasthenozoospermia. Deficiency of TPPP2 might affect the translation of specific proteins, altering the structure and function of sperm mitochondria, and resulting in decreased sperm count, motility and fertility.  相似文献   

19.
The relationship between overweight and male fertility is well studied, still the correlation of obesity and decreased sperm quality is a subject to debate. The widely used conventional spermatological examinations alone seem to be inadequate to assess fertilization potential. Hyaluronan Binding Assay (HBA®) is one of the available validated tests that allows the functional examination of sperm. Data of 72 male patients (mean age 33.9 (24–43) years) from infertile couples were analysed. Body Mass Index (BMI) determination, conventional semen analysis and HBA were performed. Additionally, a relatively new Hyaluronan Bound Matured Sperm Count (HB-MaSC) -index, first introduced by the authors in 2015, was calculated. This index reflects fertilization potential of sperm more precisely. With the increase of BMI, sperm count decreased significantly until about 25?kg/m2, above 25?kg/m2 no further decrease was observed, although sperm count remained permanently low. Greater body weight (in the 70–90?kg range) was observed to have a significant negative effect only on the progressive sperm motility. In addition to sperm concentration and motility, sperm fertilization potential is also negatively affected by obesity, but is irrespective of body weight, as evaluated using BMI + HB-MaSC linear regression analyses adjusted for age and weight. This correlation between male BMI and sperm fertilization potential – as opposed to the conventional correlations with sperm concentration or motility – appears to provide more helpful information in the identification of real capability for fertilization.  相似文献   

20.
树鼩作为一种新型的、接近灵长类的实验动物,在医学生物学上的应用受到越来越多的重视。精子的结构特性研究及冷冻后结构的完整性分析是精子生物学的主要内容,也有助于树鼩的实验室快速繁殖。该研究采用人工饲养的中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),结果显示其睾丸占总体重的(1.05±0.07)%,总体积为(1.12±0.10)mL。附睾尾及输精管精子总量估计在2.2×107~8.8×107,其运动度和顶体完整率分别为(68.8±3.9)%和(90.0±2.1)%。利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对树鼩附睾精子的超微结构进行的观察和分析显示精子头部呈圆形或卵圆形;头部长度、宽度平均分别为6.65和5.82μm;精子尾部中段、主段、尾段和精子总长度平均分别为13.39、52.35、65.74和73.05μm;尾部中段的线粒体螺旋数量为48个,其轴丝结构为典型的"9+9+2"结构。冷冻解冻后的精子主要表现在顶体与质膜不完整、精子断裂、尾部扭曲和膨大。上述结果提示树鼩精子与其他哺乳动物精子的结构特征相似,但是精子大小和线粒体螺旋数目有明显的差别,且超微结构改变仍是冷冻精子运动和受精能力下降的主要原因。  相似文献   

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