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1.
After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predominant role in fueling China's AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China's IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.  相似文献   

2.
After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predominant role in fueling China‘s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China‘s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.  相似文献   

3.
Care of HIV-infected patients in China   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Compared with high infection areas of the world, the total HIV infection rate in China is relatively low. Nonetheless, because of China's vast territory and large population, the potential infection risk must be taken seriously. In the next few years, needle sharing among injection drug users will remain the most common route of transmission for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Unprotected sex is gradually becoming a major route of transmission. China began to implement HAART in 1999 according to international standards. Prior to 2003, there were only about 150 HIV/AIDS patients were treated with HAART in some clinical trials and about 100 HIV/AIDS patients were treated by private sources. Results of those treatments are the scientific basis for development of the therapeutic strategies in China. In March of 2003, the Chinese government initiated China CARES program. In November of 2003, the Chinese Ministry of Health announced a national policy of free ARV treatment to all HIV+ Chinese citizens who were in poverty and required ARV therapy. There are total of 19,456 HIV/AIDS patients received free ARV drugs to date in 159 regions and 441 towns. Current challenges are how to follow-up and evaluate those patients in the clinical settings. The longer the therapy is postponed, the more side effects and the higher probability of drug resistance are going to occur. It remains unclear, therefore, when HAART regimen should be started in the HIV/AIDS population in China.  相似文献   

4.
Compared with high infection areas of the world, the total HIV infection rate in China is relatively low. Nonetheless,because of China‘s vast territory and large population, the potential infection risk must be taken seriously. In the next few years, needle sharing among injection drug users will remain the most common route of transmission for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Unprotected sex is gradually becoming a major route of transmission. China began to implement HAART in 1999 according to international standards. Prior to 2003, there were only about 150 HIV/AIDS patients were treated with HAART in some clinical trials and about 100 HIV/AIDS patients were treated by private sources.Results of those treatments are the scientific basis for development of the therapeutic strategies in China. In March of 2003, the Chinese government initiated China CARES program. In November of 2003, the Chinese Ministry of Health announced a national policy of free ARV treatment to all HIV Chinese citizens who were in poverty and required ARV therapy. There are total of 19,456 HIV/AIDS patients received free ARV drugs to date in 159 regions and 441 towns.Current challenges are how to follow-up and evaluate those patients in the clinical settings. The longer the therapy is postponed, the more side effects and the higher probability of drug resistance are going to occur. It remains unclear,therefore, when HAART regimen should be started in the HIV/AIDS population in China.  相似文献   

5.
Current progress of China’s free ART program   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
INTRODUCTION At the end of 2003, there were an estimated 840,000 people in China infected with HIV, among whom 80,000 were in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1]. Since 1999, the annual rate of increase in reported HIV infec- tions has been around 30%, with growing numbers of females becoming infected [1]. The transmission of HIV/ AIDS in China has been through intravenous drug use (43. 2%) in the south, southwest, and western provinces; prior commercial blood and plasma selli…  相似文献   

6.
High risk populations and HIV-1 infection in China   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
China is currently experiencing one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world. Although the overall prevalence rate is still low, with a population of 1.3 billion, high-risk factors which have contributed to the HIV/AIDS epidemics worldwide continue to prevail in China, including a high rate of injecting drug use and needle sharing, commercial sex with low rates of condom use, and concurrent sex with both commercial sex workers and noncommercial casual or steady sex partners. In addition, there are increasing “double risk” populations overlapping drug users and sex workers, as well as increasing rates of STDs and HIV among high-risk populations. Sexual transmission, therefore, may serve as a bridge connecting high-risk populations with general populations. There is an urgent need to prevent the spread of HIV from these high-risk oooulations into the general oooulation of China.  相似文献   

7.
China is currently experiencing one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world. Although the overall prevalence rate is still low, with a population of 1.3 billion, high-risk factors which have contributed to the HIV/AIDS epidemics worldwide continue to prevail in China, including a high rate of injecting drug use and needle sharing,commercial sex with low rates of condom use, and concurrent sex with both commercial sex workers and noncommercial casual or steady sex partners. In addition, there are increasing “double risk“ populations overlapping drug users and sex workers, as well as increasing rates of STDs and HIV among high-risk populations. Sexual transmission,therefore, may serve as a bridge connecting high-risk populations with general populations. There is an urgent need to prevent the spread of HIV from these high-risk populations into the general population of China.  相似文献   

8.
This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4 T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.  相似文献   

9.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recognized to be one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. By 2011, approximately 34 million people had been infected globally. There were 2.5 million new HIV infections just in 2011 alone according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)Report (2012). With the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the replication of HIV virus and the progression of HIV disease can be suppressed. However, during the life-long treatment of AIDS, HIV resistance and adverse drug reactions have become serious problems.  相似文献   

10.
Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 variants in Henan, China   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
To understand the prevalence and evolution of drug resistant HIV strains in Henan China after the implementation of free antiretroviral therapy for AIDS patients. 45 drug naive AIDS patients, 118 AIDS patients who received three months antiretroviral therapy and 124 AIDS patients who received six months antiretroviral treatment were recruited in the southern part of Henan province. Information on general condition, antiretroviral medicines, adherence and clinical syndromes were collected by face to face interview. Meanwhile, 14ml EDTA anticoagulant blood was drawn. CD4/CD8 T cell count, viral load and genotypic drug resistance were tested. The rates of clinical improvement were 55.1% and 50.8% respectively three months and six months after antiretroviral therapy. The mean CD4 cell count after antiretroviral therapy was significantly higher than in drug naive patients. The prevalence rate of drug resistant HIV strains were 13.9%, 45.4% and 62.7% in drug naive patients, three month treatment patients and six month treatment patients, respectively. The number of resistance mutation codons and the frequency of mutations increased significantly with continued antiretroviral therapy. The mutation sites were primarily at the 103, 106 and 215 codons in the three-month treatment group and they increased to 15 codon mutations in the six-month treatment group. From this result, the evolution of drug resistant strains was inferred to begin with the high level NNRTI resistant strain, and then develop low level resistant strains to NRTIs. The HIV strains with high level resistance to NVP and low level resistance to AZT and DDI were highly prevalent because of the AZT+DDI+NVP combination therapy. These HIV strains were also cross resistant to DLV, EFV, DDC and D4T. Poor adherence to therapy was believed to be the main reason for the emergence and prevalence of drug resistant HIV strains. The prevalence of drug resistant HIV strains was increased with the continuation of antiretroviral therapy in the southern part of Henan province. Measures, that could promote high level adherence, provide new drugs and change ART regimens in failing patients, should be implemented as soon as possible.  相似文献   

11.
创新药物研发是国家医药产业发展的原动力,美国作为全球新药研发能力最强的国家,这与其食品药品管理局在新药审批过程中给 予的技术支持和政策鼓励密不可分。通过分析比较我国与美国的新药评审相关政策的异同,学习和借鉴美国的成功经验,为我国创新药物 注册审评制度的调整与完善提供参考。  相似文献   

12.
由于具有优异的光学特性,量子点在生物医学领域内的研究和应用取得了一些有意义的进展,同时也引起了新药开发人员的兴趣.本文概述了量子点在新药开发中所具有的优势,分析了量子点在药物传输、药物筛选和药靶确证方面的潜在应用,进一步讨论了当前量子点应用于新药开发存在的问题和不足.  相似文献   

13.
Drug repositioning (also referred to as drug repurposing), the process of finding new uses of existing drugs, has been gaining popularity in recent years. The availability of several established clinical drug libraries and rapid advances in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has accelerated the pace of both activity-based and in silico drug repositioning. Drug repositioning has attracted particular attention from the communities engaged in anticancer drug discovery due to the combination of great demand for new anticancer drugs and the availability of a wide variety of cell- and target-based screening assays. With the successful clinical introduction of a number of non-cancer drugs for cancer treatment, drug repositioning now became a powerful alternative strategy to discover and develop novel anticancer drug candidates from the existing drug space. In this review, recent successful examples of drug repositioning for anticancer drug discovery from non-cancer drugs will be discussed.  相似文献   

14.
随着后基因组时代的到来,药物发现研究领域不断涌现出一系列新思路、新技术、新方法,从而迅速推进药物发现的多元化发展。一方面,基因组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、代谢组学、生物信息学、系统生物学等新兴学科的崛起与发展,为药物发现提供更为广泛而深刻的理论基础;另一方面,计算机辅助药物设计、高通量筛选、高内涵筛选、生物芯片、转基因和RNA干扰等高新技术的发展和完善,为药物发现提供了新的技术手段和有力工具,极大地拓宽了药物发现的途径。本文结合近年来现代生物学的研究进展,综述现代生物学对药物发现过程的影响。  相似文献   

15.
壳聚糖作为药物缓释控释载体的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
高娴  马世坤 《生命科学》2008,20(4):657-660
壳聚糖因其具有良好的生物学特性而成为多种药物载体研究的热点。药物经过壳聚糖负载后,不仅能够达到缓释控释的目的,还能够改变药物的给药方式,以此减少给药次数,降低药物不良反应,提高药物生物利用度。本文就壳聚糖和改性壳聚糖作为普通药物和生物大分子药物载体的研究进展作一综述。  相似文献   

16.
纳米微球作为药物载体被越来越多地应用于医药领域,这一技术得到研究者的广泛重视。目前已有多种纳米微球制剂投入临床使用。纳米微球的深入研究具有重要的意义。我们概述了近年来纳米微球的研究及应用情况,展望了纳米微球药物载体缓释技术的应用前景及需要解决的问题。  相似文献   

17.
Toll样受体(TLR)是一类模式识别受体,通过多种信号传递改善免疫系统功能,活化NF-κB信号通路,调节TNF-α、ILs和IFN-α等多种细胞因子分泌,在天然免疫系统中发挥重要作用,在免疫学及药物研究领域受到广泛关注。TLR种类众多,配体广泛,可以作为治疗微生物感染、炎症、自身免疫性疾病、 肿瘤及放射损伤等疾病的药物靶点,是免疫治疗的重要切入点。研究人员已经对数十种TLR靶向药物进行了研究。对TLR结构特征、信号传递以及靶向药物的特点和研究现状进行综述,分析其在免疫治疗方面的优劣势,也为下一步药物研究提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

18.
2014年的新药批准和上市年终报告显示医药行业的活跃性持续保持在高位。截至2014年12月23日,共有55个新药和生物制 品首次上市。此外,29个重要的延伸性新药(新处方、新复方或已上市药物的新适应证)也在2014年首次上市。在这些新上市的药物中, 最多的是抗感染药物,有11个新药和生物制品。它们大多用于多药耐药菌引发的感染或丙肝的治疗。美国再一次成为这些新上市药物最青 睐的市场,该国是2014年半数以上新上市药物的首选地区。不过,日本在2014年开发上市新药的能力显著增强,多年来首次超越欧盟。 另一重要成果是:2014年上市的新药和生物制品中有15个获得罕见病用药资格,5个获得突破性治疗药物资格,还有3个获得合格传染 病产品(QIDP)资格。另外,2014年还有19个产品首度获批,将于2015年年初上市。  相似文献   

19.
2014的新药批准和上市年终报告显示医药行业的活跃性持续保持在高位。截至2014年12月23日,共有55个新药和生物制品 首次上市。此外,29个重要的延伸性新药(新处方、新复方或已上市药物的新适应证)也在2014年上市。在这些新上市的药物中,最多 的是抗感染药物,有11个新药和生物制品。它们大多用于多药耐药菌引发的感染或丙肝的治疗。美国再一次成为这些新上市药物最青睐的 市场,该国是2014年半数以上新上市药物的首选地区。不过,日本在2014年开发上市新药的能力显著增强,多年来首次超越欧盟。另一 重要成果是:2014年上市的新药和生物制品中有15个获得罕见病用药资格,5个获得突破性治疗药物资格,以及3个获得合格传染病产 品(QIDP)资格。另外,2014年还有19个产品首度获批,将于2015年初上市。  相似文献   

20.
2014的新药批准和上市年终报告显示医药行业的活跃性持续保持在高位。截至2014年12月23日,共有55个新药和生物制品 首次上市。此外,29个重要的延伸性新药(新处方、新复方或已上市药物的新适应证)也在2014年上市。在这些新上市的药物中,最多 的是抗感染药物,有11个新药和生物制品。它们大多用于多药耐药菌引发的感染或丙肝的治疗。美国再一次成为这些新上市药物最青睐的 市场,该国是2014年半数以上新上市药物的首选地区。不过,日本在2014年开发上市新药的能力显著增强,多年来首次超越欧盟。另一 重要成果是:2014年上市的新药和生物制品中有15个获得罕见病用药资格,5个获得突破性治疗药物资格,以及3个获得合格传染病产 品(QIDP)资格。另外,2014年还有19个产品首度获批,将于2015年初上市。  相似文献   

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