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1.
尽管为解释种类丰富的植物群落物种共存和多样性维持机制,生态学家位做了大量的努力并提出了许多假说和模型。但这一问题仍处在争议之中,需要更多的证据支持他们的观点或提出新的看法,使这一生物多样性难题不断地向前推进。以松赖平原物种丰富度较高的羊草-杂类草群落为对象,在土壤C、N、P、K和H2O等5个资源轴上,探讨了物种多样性与实现生态位的关系。结果表明:尽管物种生态位存在一定程度的分化,但多数物种的生态位是高度重叠的,物种生态位的分化在草地群落物种共存和多样性维持中,不是唯一的途径,认为应更加重视的物种在长期协同进化中所形成的生物学特性。  相似文献   

2.
群落内物种多样性发生与维持的一个假说   总被引:18,自引:2,他引:18  
本文根据作者对竞争排除法则的研究而提出了一个新的群落多样性假说。按照作者的观点,占用相同生态位的物种可以稳定共存;这样,群落内物种多样性将受到4个基本因子所控制。它们分别是:(Ⅰ)生态位的数量;(Ⅱ)区域物种库的大小;(Ⅲ)物种迁入速率,以及(Ⅳ)物种灭绝速率。该假说强调区域生物地理过程与局域生态过程共同决定了群落内种多样性的大小及分布模式。  相似文献   

3.
红树林是生长在热带、亚热带海湾河口潮间带的受到周期性海水淹浸的木本植物群落, 红树植物如何适应潮间带环境、实现多物种分离共存一直是研究的热点。生态位理论是解释群落物种共存的重要理论和方法之一, 而幼苗是种群更新的基础。因此, 本研究选取海南岛分布较广的6种红树植物幼苗, 通过人工控制海水盐度、淹没时间和光照强度模拟不同的潮间带环境, 构建了一个微型的红树林小群落。通过测定这6种幼苗在不同控制环境中的净光合速率, 统计分析幼苗在海水盐度、淹水时间和光照强度3种资源条件下的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位偏离程度, 尝试阐述红树植物在潮间带中分离共存的机制。结果表明: 在淹水方面, 6种幼苗的生态位宽度最大的为白骨壤(Avicennia marina) (0.956), 角果木(Ceriops tagal) (0.906)最小; 白骨壤、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的生态位重叠度较高, 秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)和角果木的生态位重叠度较高。生态位分离程度反映出在理论生态位中心是12 h/d的物种中, 白骨壤(0.698)适应淹水的范围较大, 在理论生态位中心是8 h/d的物种中秋茄(0.185)适应淹水的范围较大, 在理论生态位中心是4 h/d的物种中海莲(0.115)适应淹水的范围较大。在盐度资源方面, 生态位宽度最大的为白骨壤(0.987), 秋茄(0.496)最小; 白骨壤、桐花树和红海榄的生态位重叠度高, 海莲和角果木的生态位重叠度高, 秋茄与其他物种的生态位重叠度均不高。生态位分离程度反映出理论生态中心为20的物种中白骨壤(4.357)适应盐度的范围较大, 理论生态位中心是10的物种中角果木(10.594)适应盐度的范围较大。在光照资源方面, 生态位宽度最大的为角果木(0.995), 白骨壤(0.828)最小; 6种红树植物的生态位重叠度均较高; 生态位分离程度反映出理论生态中心为100%光照的物种中红海榄(23.138)适应光照的范围较大, 理论生态位中心是80%光照的物种中角果木(12.522)适应光照的范围较大。结合各物种在淹水、盐度和光照资源上的生态位分析, 可以看出它们在淹水和盐度资源上的生态位分化相对较早且明显, 各物种占据不同的淹水和盐度生态位, 生态位重叠程度相对较低, 对淹水和盐度资源的竞争较弱, 进而实现在潮间带中的分离共存; 而在光照资源上的生态位分化相对较晚且不明显, 多数为阳生植物, 生态位重叠程度较高, 对光照的竞争相对较强。  相似文献   

4.
尽管为解释种类丰富的植物群落物种共存和多样性维持机制,生态学家们做了大量的努力并提出了许多假说和模型,但这一问题仍处在争议之中,需要更多的证据支持他们的观点或提出新的看法,使这一生物多样性难题不断地向前推进。以松嫩平原物种丰富度较高的羊草—杂类草群落为对象,在土壤C、N、P、K和H2O等5个资源轴上,探讨了物种多样性与实现生态位的关系。结果表明:尽管物种生态位存在一定程度的分化,但多数物种的生态位是高度重叠的,物种生态位的分化在草地群落物种共存和多样性维持中,不是唯一的途径,认为应更加重视物种在长期协同进化中所形成的生物学特性。  相似文献   

5.
万凌凡  刘国华  樊辉  柳江  倪健  石松林  申宇  程浩  苏旭坤 《生态学报》2024,44(13):5658-5668
青藏高原东南部的东喜马拉雅地区和横断山区是全球生物多样性热点区,也是青藏高原重要的生态安全屏障区,但对该区域森林群落的生态位特征以及多样性相关研究较少。收集和整理了分布于青藏高原东南部的乔木植物及其科属特征,并分析主要优势物种的生态位特征以及森林群落多样性的影响因素。采用\"Levins\"方法计算优势物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值;随后,使用方差比率法、 χ2检验、Association coefficient联结系数和Ochiai指数等方法分析了种间联结性;最后,使用方差分解方法计算了每个环境因素对植物多样性的解释率。研究结果表明:(1)位于东喜马拉雅地区和横断山区森林群落共有植物42科71属119种,物种组成主要以松科(17种)、杜鹃花科(10种)、桦木科(9种)、无患子科(8种)和樟科(6种)为主;(2)该地区所有种植物生态位重叠值较低(平均值为0.027),并且生态位重叠值为0的种对数最多,说明森林群落整体竞争较小,处于一个相对稳定的状态;(3)生态位宽度值由高到低的物种依次为:冷杉、杜鹃、云南铁杉、川西云杉、落叶松、黄背栎、高山栎、花楸、石栎和云南松,这10种植物在森林群落占据优势地位;(4)种间关联结果显示方差比率大于1,说明森林群落中物种间存在较强的正关联,群落内各个物种占据的不同生态位,合理地利用各种资源;(5)年均温和坡向被认为是影响该地区森林群落物种多样性最关键的两个环境因子;(6)森林群落在年均温为7-11℃的地区和半阳坡的地形中,群落植物多样性最高。  相似文献   

6.
幕阜山地处中亚热带-北亚热带过渡地带,物种资源丰富.通过对其典型样地的调查,分别采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数作为测度指标,研究了幕阜山地区森林群落结构及其物种多样性特征.结果表明,该地区主要有21个森林群落类型.其中常绿阔叶林中,物种丰富度指数与多样性指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势均为灌木层相对高于乔木层,乔木层相对高于草本层;在落叶阔叶林中,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层>草本层和乔木层,而在草本层与乔木层间是波动的,多样性指数的趋势为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;在针叶林中,物种丰富度、多样性指数表现的总趋势基本一致,即灌木层的丰富度相对较高,其次为草本层,乔木层的相对较小.在其他群落类型中,多样性指数、均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;另外,从总体上看,各种指数在海拔梯度上并未表现出明显的规律性.  相似文献   

7.
生态群落物种共存的进化机制   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
本文概述了目前对生态群落的物种共存研究中存在的若干问题及动、植物群落物种共存机制的研究进展。植物群落的物种共存主要介绍与环境、种子再迁移、生态位分化、竞争平衡理论、种库假设、再生生态位等有关的几种假设、生态学上相似种的共存及“原”群落概念等。动物群落的物种共存机制主要从以下几方面叙述:(1)异质环境中的资源分割,主要指动物斑状滋养的不同利用;(2)避免竞争排斥的行为机制,如边缘效应、聚群效应、扩散行为、相互作用和干扰;(3)特化者和泛化者的共存,包括:竞争是物种向多功能进化的作用力、最佳觅食理论与生态学特化及特化概念的发展。最后指出进一步研究的方向。  相似文献   

8.
地带性森林群落物种多样性的比较研究   总被引:58,自引:0,他引:58       下载免费PDF全文
在群落调查以及文献收集的基础上,对暖温带地区、暖温带和亚热带过渡地区、亚热带地区以及热带地区的典型地带笥植被不同群落类型群落多样性进行了分析和研究。结果发现这4类地区物种多样性的变化具有一定的规律性,具体表现在热带地区群落乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性为最高,然后依次是亚热带地区、秦蛉地区和东灵山地区;灌木层的物种丰富度和多样性则以亚热带地区为最高,其次是秦岭地区,热带地区的则仍高于东灵山地区;灌木层  相似文献   

9.
贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究   总被引:46,自引:1,他引:46       下载免费PDF全文
 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。  相似文献   

10.
历山森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究   总被引:55,自引:1,他引:55  
采用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数对山西历山森林群落物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:青榨槭+五角枫林>青榨槭+鹅耳枥林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>华山松+红桦林>油松+栎林>白桦林>侧柏+栓皮栎林>红桦林>华山松林>侧柏林>油松林>红桦+山杨林;森林群落灌木层多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本层和乔木层,而均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;海拔1 000~1 920 m之间,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill多样性指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈正相关(P<0.05),海拔大于1 920 m则呈现负相关;这些指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出“中间高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上物种多样性高而低海拔和高海拔物种多样性低.这主要是由于在中海拔(约1 900 m)地段水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致.  相似文献   

11.
    
The Dipterocarpaceae is an ecologically and economically important tree family in Southeast Asia. In this article, we synthesize the contributions to our understanding of the population genetics, ecology, and conservation of the family presented in this Special Section, and discuss their implications for mechanisms of dipterocarp species coexistence in natural and disturbed forests. We highlight the need for research to address how the processes that give rise to dipterocarp diversity are maintained in landscapes modified by anthropogenic activity.  相似文献   

12.
    
Within plant communities, niche‐based species sorting can occur among distinct soil patches (microsites), increasing coexistence and diversity. Microsite edges (microedges) may also offer additional niche space. Therefore, in recently abandoned croplands, which often have uniform soils caused by a legacy of tillage (soil homogenization), the plant species diversity of future restoration efforts may be reduced. We conducted an experiment during the early establishment phase (3 years) of a tallgrass prairie restoration on former cropland to determine if soil homogenization decreases species diversity and alters community composition, and if microedges offer additional niche space. Heterogeneous plots with sand‐ or woodchip‐enriched patches were compared to plots made up of the same components, but distributed homogeneously, and pits and mounds were compared to flat topsoil. Homogenization decreased diversity in flat topsoil plots relative to pit plots and increased diversity in woodchip plots. In both cases, the treatments with the lowest canopy cover and greatest plant density had the greatest diversity. Sand and topographic homogenization decreased diversity, but when a drought occurred in year two, the effect was suppressed in the sand treatment and magnified in the pit plots. Microedges had properties unique from adjacent patches. Overall, variability in heterogeneity–diversity relationships was affected by interactions with plant growth patterns and environmental conditions. Our results indicate that while the addition of contrasting soil microsites has the potential to promote increased diversity in grassland restoration on former cropland, the patch components and design must be optimized to achieve this management goal.  相似文献   

13.
    
Seedlings are vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic agents, and studying seedling dynamics helps understand mechanisms of species coexistence. In this study, the relative importance of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity to seedling survival was examined by generalized linear mixed models for 33 species in a spruce‐fir valley forest in northeastern China. The results showed that the relative importance of these factors varied with species and functional groups. Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) was important to the survival of Abies nephrolepis and Picea koraiensis seedling, whereas phylogenetic negative density dependence (PNDD) was critical to Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla, as well as functional groups of tree, deciduous, and shade‐intolerant seedlings. For shrubs and Acer ukurunduense, habitat heterogeneity was significant. Despite of the significance of CNDD, PNDD, and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival, large proportions of the total variance were not accounted for by the studied variables, suggesting the needs to examine the influences of other factors such as pests, diseases, herbivores, forest structure, species functional traits, and microclimatic conditions on seedling survival in the future.  相似文献   

14.
生物多样性是生态系统复杂性的重要特征, 理解多样性的形成和维持机制一直是理论生态学研究的核心议题。本文从三方面概述了生物多样性理论的最新进展。一是物种共存和群落构建, 总结了现代共存理论和基于过程的群落构建理论的新进展。二是物种相互作用, 综述了利用经验数据推断物种相互作用关系和强度的最新方法。三是生态-进化动态, 介绍了生态-进化模型的一般框架及其在生物多样性研究中的应用。最后对生物多样性理论的发展趋势做了展望, 特别是多尺度整合理论和全球变化下的预测理论。  相似文献   

15.
《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(2-3):153-165
Background : We explored evidence for spatial patterning in vegetation across a sand-dune chronosequence spanning 453 years of primary succession to test for indications of a temporal signature of niche versus neutral processes during community assembly.

Methods : The study was conducted on a series of dune-capped beach ridges located in Wilderness State Park in Emmet County of northern Lower Michigan, United States (45° 43′ N, 84° 56′ E). Nearest-neighbour survey data were subjected to species dispersion and association analyses.

Results : Both species richness and species evenness showed the classic ‘hump-shaped’ relationship across successional time, suggesting that competition is an important force in structuring this community. However, the only evidence of intra-specific aggregation occurred in the youngest dune. Older dunes displayed random spatial structure and the oldest dunes tended toward a mix of random patterns and intra-specific segregation, i.e. with nearest neighbours more likely than by chance to be inter-specific. In addition, the frequency of species having lower neighbour-species richness than expected by chance was higher in younger, not older dunes. Species with significantly low neighbour richness (based on absolute nearest neighbours) on later dunes tended to have a high proportion of nearest neighbours that were intra-specific.

Conclusions : The data provided no evidence that resident species in later succession have greater intra-specific aggregation or more niche differentiation based on horizontal niche space. The data are more consistent with theories of community assembly involving competitive equivalence and/or effects of facilitation.  相似文献   

16.
    
We examined the hypothesis that ecological niche models (ENMs) more accurately predict species distributions when they incorporate information on population genetic structure, and concomitantly, local adaptation. Local adaptation is common in species that span a range of environmental gradients (e.g., soils and climate). Moreover, common garden studies have demonstrated a covariance between neutral markers and functional traits associated with a species’ ability to adapt to environmental change. We therefore predicted that genetically distinct populations would respond differently to climate change, resulting in predicted distributions with little overlap. To test whether genetic information improves our ability to predict a species’ niche space, we created genetically informed ecological niche models (gENMs) using Populus fremontii (Salicaceae), a widespread tree species in which prior common garden experiments demonstrate strong evidence for local adaptation. Four major findings emerged: (i) gENMs predicted population occurrences with up to 12‐fold greater accuracy than models without genetic information; (ii) tests of niche similarity revealed that three ecotypes, identified on the basis of neutral genetic markers and locally adapted populations, are associated with differences in climate; (iii) our forecasts indicate that ongoing climate change will likely shift these ecotypes further apart in geographic space, resulting in greater niche divergence; (iv) ecotypes that currently exhibit the largest geographic distribution and niche breadth appear to be buffered the most from climate change. As diverse agents of selection shape genetic variability and structure within species, we argue that gENMs will lead to more accurate predictions of species distributions under climate change.  相似文献   

17.
The diversity and composition of biological communities might often depend on colonization history because early colonists can exclude future colonists through a priority effect. These priority effects, which have been observed across a wide variety of ecosystems, often arise because early colonists have sufficient time to use available resources efficiently and subsequently withhold them from invaders. Here, we explore the extent to which rapid local adaptive evolution contributes to the pervasiveness of these priority effects. Using an individual-based simulation, we show that early colonization allows the descendants of colonists to adapt to novel conditions and reduce the establishment success of an initially ecologically equivalent competing species. Our model predicts that slight differences in colonization timing and adaptive capacity between species can substantially alter the dynamics and diversity of communities. We also show that priority effects and gene flow can generate a novel mechanism for the expansion and retraction of species distributions in a metacommunity. Our results suggest that local adaptation combined with stochastic colonization events can obscure direct relationships between species distributions and environmental gradients. Given the increasing recognition of rapid, microgeographic evolution in natural populations, we expect that evolutionary priority effects could affect the structure and dynamics of many natural metacommunities.  相似文献   

18.
    
A major goal of community ecology is to identify the patterns of species associations and the processes that shape them. Arboreal ants are extremely diverse and abundant, making them an interesting and valuable group for tackling this issue. Numerous studies have used observational data of species co‐occurrence patterns to infer underlying assembly processes, but the complexity of these communities has resulted in few solid conclusions. This study takes advantage of an observational dataset that is unusually well‐structured with respect to habitat attributes (tree species, tree sizes, and vegetation structure), to disentangle different factors influencing community organization. In particular, this study assesses the potential role of interspecific competition and habitat selection on the distribution patterns of an arboreal ant community by incorporating habitat attributes into the co‐occurrence analyses. These findings are then contrasted against species traits, to explore functional explanations for the identified community patterns. We ran a suite of null models, first accounting only for the species incidence in the community and later incorporating habitat attributes in the null models. We performed analyses with all the species in the community and then with only the most common species using both a matrix‐level approach and a pairwise‐level approach. The co‐occurrence patterns did not differ from randomness in the matrix‐level approach accounting for all ant species in the community. However, a segregated pattern was detected for the most common ant species. Moreover, with the pairwise approach, we found a significant number of negative and positive pairs of species associations. Most of the segregated associations appear to be explained by competitive interactions between species, not habitat affiliations. This was supported by comparisons of species traits for significantly associated pairs. These results suggest that competition is the most important influence on the distribution patterns of arboreal ants within the focal community. Habitat attributes, in contrast, showed no significant influence on the matrix‐wide results and affected only a few associations. In addition, the segregated pairs shared more biological characteristic in common than the aggregated and random ones.  相似文献   

19.
    
Army ants are among the top arthropod predators and considered keystone species in tropical ecosystems. During daily mass raids with many thousand workers, army ants hunt live prey, likely exerting strong top‐down control on prey species. Many tropical sites exhibit a high army ant species diversity (>20 species), suggesting that sympatric species partition the available prey niches. However, whether and to what extent this is achieved has not been intensively studied yet. We therefore conducted a large‐scale diet survey of a community of surface‐raiding army ants at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. We systematically collected 3,262 prey items from eleven army ant species (genera Eciton, Nomamyrmex and Neivamyrmex). Prey items were classified as ant prey or non‐ant prey. The prey nearly exclusively consisted of other ants (98%), and most booty was ant brood (87%). Using morphological characters and DNA barcoding, we identified a total of 1,103 ant prey specimens to the species level. One hundred twenty‐nine ant species were detected among the army ant prey, representing about 30% of the known local ant diversity. Using weighted bipartite network analyses, we show that prey specialization in army ants is unexpectedly high and prey niche overlap very small. Besides food niche differentiation, we uncovered a spatiotemporal niche differentiation in army ant raid activity. We discuss competition‐driven multidimensional niche differentiation and predator–prey arms races as possible mechanisms underlying prey specialization in army ants. By combining systematic prey sampling with species‐level prey identification and network analyses, our integrative approach can guide future research by portraying how predator–prey interactions in complex communities can be reliably studied, even in cases where morphological prey identification is infeasible.  相似文献   

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