染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和气道重塑的预防作用

目的：研究蛋白酪氨酸激酶（PTK）抑制剂染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和气道重塑的作用。方法：成年雄性豚鼠30只,随机分成3组（n=10）：对照组（C组）、哮喘组（A组）和染料木黄酮干预组（B组）,以腹腔内注射联合雾化吸入卵蛋白复制哮喘模型。测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中细胞总数及其分类数,测细支气管炎症细胞浸润及支气管重塑指标,免疫纽化方法测磷酸化酪氨（p-tyrosine）在肺组织中的表达。结果：A组BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞分类与C组比较明显增加,B组与A组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;A组细支气管嗜酸性粒细胞（E）数和淋巴细胞（L）数较C组明显增多,B组与A组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;B组细支气管重塑较A组明显减轻（P〈0．01）,与C组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）;免疫组化显示p-tyrosine在支气管平滑肌、支气管上皮、血管滑平滑肌及炎性细胞均有表达,尤其以支气管和血管平滑肌及炎性细胞明显,A组比C组表达明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,而B组与C组比较,无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论：PTK对哮喘豚鼠肺部炎症和支气管重塑具有促进作用：PTK抑制剂染料木黄酮对哮喘豚鼠肺炎症和支气管重塑具有预防和抑制作用。     

脂多糖对人支气管上皮细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6表达的影响

目的观察脂多糖对人支气管上皮细胞16HBESTAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6表达的影响。方法采用普通RT—PCR检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达;Western印迹检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT4、STAT6的蛋白表达。分别采用不同浓度的脂多糖在不同的时间点处理16HBE细胞,采用Real—timePCR的方法检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达。结果1μg／m1的LPS处理16HBE细胞1h组、0．25μg／m1的LPS处理16HBE细胞4h组、1μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞4h组STAT1、STAT4的mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）;0．25μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组、1μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组、10μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组STAT1、STAT4的mRNA表达较正常对照组有所增高（P〈0．05）;1μg/ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞1h组STAT6的mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）。所有LPS处理16HBE细胞组STAT3的mRNA表达均较正常对照组减低。结论人支气管上皮细胞表达STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA和STAT1、STAT4、STAT6的蛋白,一定剂量的脂多糖在某些时间点分别刺激了人支气管上皮细胞STAT1、sTAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达。     

复方抗敏灵对哮喘大鼠ICAM—1表达及PLA2的影响

采用卵蛋白等致敏大鼠哮喘模型,观察正常组、哮喘组和中药治疗组大鼠支气管肺泡上皮细胞粘附分子（ICAM－1）的表达情况及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中磷脂酶A2（PLA2）活性变化,以及BALF中细胞总数及细胞分类情况。结果表明：复方抗敏灵能够抑制哮喘大鼠肺组织ICAM－1表达（P＜0.01）;显著降低哮喘大鼠BALF中PLA2活性（P＜0．01）;同时,具有降低哮喘大鼠BALF中各种炎性细胞的作用（P＜0．01）。     

NF-κB在哮喘病患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中的表达及意义

目的：探讨NF-κB、IL-17在儿童支气管哮喘中的作用及机制。本文通过观察哮喘急性发作儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）NF-κB、IL-17的水平变化,探讨其在哮喘急性发作儿童气道炎症中的作用。方法：我院2012年12月-2013年2月期间行纤维支气管镜检查患儿共80例,包括哮喘急性发作组（哮喘组,n=40）、非喘息组（肺炎组,n=20）及对照组（n=20）,收集所有病例的BALF,进行细胞学分类,RT-PCR法测定BALF中细胞中NF-κB蛋白（P65mRNA）、IL-17mRNA的表达;Western法检测P65蛋白、IL-17蛋白表达。结果：与对照组比较,哮喘组和肺炎组患儿的P65mRNA、IL-17mRNA水平均明显增高;P65蛋白、IL-17蛋白水平均明显增高（均P〈0.05）;哮喘组患儿的P65mRNA、IL-17mRNA水平、P65蛋白、IL-17蛋白水平较肺炎组高（P〈0.05）。结论：NF-κB、IL-17在哮喘儿童气道炎症中发挥重要作用,NF-κB通过调控IL-17来实现促进哮喘病情进展。     

支气管哮喘豚鼠肺组织中KLF2的表达及意义

目的：探讨锌指Krüppel样转录因2（KLF2）在豚鼠支气管哮喘肺组织中的表达及意义。方法：30只健康雄性豚鼠,按随机数字表法分为对照组（A组）、哮喘组（B组）及地塞米松治疗组（C组）,每组10只。卵清蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型。观察豚鼠肺组织病理学改变,BALF细胞总数及分类计数;采用原位杂交和RT-PCR检测肺组织中KLF2的mRNA表达情况,免疫组化和Westernblot检测肺组织中KLF2的蛋白表达水平。结果：（1）哮喘组豚鼠BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS%）、中性粒细胞百分比（NEU%）显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,哮喘组肺组织可见大量炎症细胞浸润,及明显气道重塑改变,而地塞米松治疗组BALF炎细胞浸润及肺组织病理改变较哮喘组明显减轻;（2）KLF2mRNA和蛋白在哮喘组表达显著低于对照组,在地塞米松治疗组中的表达明显高于哮喘组,3组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;（3）KLF2蛋白以及mRNA与肺泡灌洗液炎细胞总数及EOS%,NEU%呈负相关。结论：KLF2在支气管哮喘急性发作期模型中表达明显下降,而地塞米松治疗后KLF2的表达上调,提示KLF2可能在支气管哮喘的发病机制与防治中起重要作用。     

烟草烟雾暴露对哮喘大鼠气道CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响

目的研究烟草烟雾暴露对支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）大鼠气道chemokine receptor 6（CCR6）表达的影响,探讨吸烟加重哮喘气道炎症的免疫学机制。方法雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、烟雾暴露组、哮喘组和哮喘＋烟雾暴露组,每组10只。建立哮喘大鼠模型和哮喘大鼠烟草烟雾暴露模型,采集大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）行白细胞计数及分类,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法及免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠气道CCR6 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果①哮喘组（69.0±3.5;4.1±1.0;8.9±2.0）、哮喘＋烟雾暴露组（86.7±5.2;2.2±1.0;19.0±2.8）BALF中白细胞总数、嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞均高于对照组（10.1±3.8;1.3±0.7;2.2±1.1）、烟雾暴露组（47.7±6.8;0.5±0.3;2.7±1.4）（P均〈0.05）;哮喘＋烟雾暴露组BALF中白细胞总数和中性粒细胞高于哮喘组,嗜酸粒细胞低于哮喘组（P均〈0.05）。②哮喘组（8.15±0.88;0.452±0.013）、哮喘＋烟雾暴露组（15.16±0.87;0.531±0.024）CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平均明显高于对照组（1.01±0.52;0.299±0.027）、烟雾暴露组（5.55±0.54;0.442±0.018）（均P〈0.01）;哮喘＋烟雾暴露组明显高于哮喘组（均P〈0.01）。结论烟草烟雾暴露可通过促使气道CCR6 mRNA及其蛋白高表达,加重哮喘大鼠气道慢性炎症。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血调节性T细胞、Foxp3和IL-6的表达

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮（ systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE）患者外周血CD4^＋ CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Tregs）、roxp3 mRNA和血浆IL-6表达的意义。方法对38例SLE患者和16例正常人采用流式细胞术检测外周血CD4^＋ CD25^＋ T regs百分率,RT-PCR检测roxp3 mRNA表达,ELISA法检测IL-6水平。结果①SLE活动组和非活动组的CD4^＋ CD25^＋ Tregs水平均显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;②SLE活动组的roxp3 mRNA表达水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）;③SLE活动组和非活动组血浆的IL-6水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,而且活动组显著高于非活动组（P〈0．05）;④38例SLE患者的CD4^＋ CD25^＋Tregs水平与SLEDAI评分呈显著性负相关（P〈0．01）,F0xp3mRNA水平与CD4^＋ CD25^＋Tregs呈显著性正相关（P〈0．01）,血浆IL-6水平与SLEDAI评分之间呈显著性正相关（P〈0．01）,血浆IL-6水平与CD4^＋ CD25^＋Tregs／CD4^＋细胞比值呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。结论CD4^＋ CD25^＋Tregs和Foxp3以及IL-6可能在SLE的发生和发展中发挥重要作用。     

早期吸入不同浓度布地奈德对哮喘大鼠气道炎症和重构的干预

目的：研究早期吸入不同浓度布地奈德对哮喘大鼠气道炎症和气道重构的干预情况。方法i32只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组：A对照组8只,B卵蛋白（OVA）致哮喘组8只,C卵蛋白致哮喘后吸入低浓度布地奈德治疗组8只,D卵蛋白致哮喘后吸入高浓度布地奈德治疗组8只。分别测定各组大鼠血中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中内皮素．1（ET-1）的水平,计数BALF中细胞总数及分类。各组大鼠行肺组织切片HE染色,再行胶原染色、免疫组化NGF、TGF-β1染色,借助计算机图象分析软件测量单位气道面积炎性细胞数目,基底膜周径（Pbm）、平滑肌面积（WArn）、气道内壁面积（WAi）、胶原面积（Wcol）,NGF及TGF-β1阳性信号积分吸光度。结果：B组BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸细胞分类及TNF—α、ET-1水平与A组比较均明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,C组及D组较B组均明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。B组NGF及TGF-β1的表达、气道壁炎性细胞计数、气道内壁面积、平滑肌面积、胶原面积与A组比较均明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,C组及D组与B组比较均明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,C组及D组与A组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,C组与D组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：早期吸入不同浓度的布地奈德均可明显抑制气道炎症和气道重构,高浓度较低浓度对气道炎症和气道重构的影响更明显。     

IL-6单克隆抗体对自身免疫性心肌炎的保护作用及其机制

目的：观察白介素-6（interleukin,IL-6）单克隆抗体（IL-6 mAb）治疗Lewis大鼠自身免疫心肌炎（EAM）的疗效。探讨IL-6与辅助性T细胞17（Th17）、调节性T细胞（Treg）在EAM发病中的机制。方法：将34只8-10周龄Lewis大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=6）,EAM组（n=12）,IL-6mAb干预组（n=16）。对EAM组和干预组注射心肌肌凝蛋白,干预组于免疫注射后第1、7至第20天腹腔注射IL-6 mAb1nlg,分别于急性峰值期（第21天）、慢性持续期（第84天）取材,观察心肌炎症浸润、纤维化、细胞凋亡以判断IL-6mAb疗效。检测脾脏TH17、Treg细胞数量和功能,比较各组血清中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和转化生长因子．β（TGF-β）的浓度,实时定量PCR测定外周血STAT3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA水平,对EAM源性脾细胞进行体外IL-6mAb刺激,并用ELISA法测定IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β的浓度。结果：炎症积分、纤维化积分、凋亡指数IL-6mAb干预组较EAM组明显下降（P〈0．01）。急性峰值期（21d组）EAM组TH17和Treg细胞数量上调,干预组则受明显抑制（P〈0．01）;21d干预组血清IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β的浓度较EAM组明显下降（P〈0．01）;21d干预组外周血STAT3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA水平下降（P〈0．01）;体外IL-6mAb刺激EAM源性脾细胞,IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β表达明显增加。结论：IL6mAb对EAM有明显的保护作用,IL6mAb通过抑制Th17、Treg细胞的数量和功能,实现对EAM的保护作用。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭未草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义,大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段,放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势,牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关,放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.