鸢尾属1新变型——白花宽柱鸢尾

描述了鸢尾科鸢尾属宽柱鸢尾(Iris latistyla Y.T.Zhao)的1个新变型——白花宽柱鸢尾(I.latistyla Y.T.Zhao f.albifloraJ.Luo)。原变型的花被为蓝紫色,而新变型花被为白色。并对其潜在的药用研究价值进行了讨论。     

粉尘螨1类变应原T细胞表位重组蛋白的构建及鉴定

目的构建Der f1的T细胞表位融合肽基因的原核表达载体并表达鉴定。方法利用基因工程方法构建Der f1的T细胞表位融合肽嵌合基因,命名为Der f1T,并插入到原核表达载体p ET28a(+)中,形成重组原核表达载体p ET28a(+)-Der f1T,进行双酶切和测序验证后的阳性克隆转化到E.coli BL21(DE3)诱导其表达。制样进行SDS-PAGE分析表达产物,再进行纯化,并Western bloting鉴定表达的蛋白。ELISA法测定重组蛋白对粉尘螨过敏的患者血清Ig E抗体的结合能力。结果双酶切和测序结果说明原核表达载体p ET28a(+)-Der f1T构建成功;SDS-PAGE说明Der f1T诱导且纯化成功;Western bloting进一步说明Der f1T蛋白纯化成功;ELISA试验结果说明Der f1T对粉尘螨过敏的患者血清中Ig E结合能力与Der f1相比明显下降(P0.05)。结论成功表达Der f1的T细胞表位重组蛋白,为后续粉尘螨过敏患者提供特异性免疫治疗奠定基础。     

云南楼梯草属小志(英文)

Elatostema integrifolium (D. Don) Wedd. var. tomentosum (Hook. f.) W. T. Wang, comb. nov.——E. sesquifolium (BI)Hassk. var. tomentoaum Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5:565 (1888); W. T. Wang in Bull. Bot. Lab. North-East. Forest. Inst. 7:84(1980).     

绢毛蔷薇复合体的分类学研究：峨眉蔷薇与绢毛蔷薇同种吗？

绢毛蔷薇复合体包括绢毛蔷薇Rosasericea、蛾眉蔷薇R.omeiensis和毛叶蔷薇R.mairei三种.它们的形态特征相近,特别是峨眉蔷薇和绢毛蔷薇之间界限有时不明显,以致峨眉蔷薇的分类学地位长期以来争论不休.本研究对我国主要的标本馆所藏的峨眉蔷薇、绢毛蔷薇和毛叶蔷薇2000多份标本进行了形态对比研究.我们也对横断山区的峨眉蔷薇、绢毛蔷薇和毛叶蔷薇进行了野外观察,同时,我们还应用扫描电镜(SEM)对三者花粉及种皮表面结构进行研究.对小叶、花粉及种子的形态定量分析表明,毛叶蔷薇与其余两者的区别较为明显,但绢毛蔷薇和峨眉蔷薇无论在植株或是花粉形态,还是种皮表面特征方面都存在明显的连续性,但两者在大多数情况下又有一定的区别.两者的地理分布也有所不同.综合各种性状,我们将峨眉蔷薇处理为绢毛蔷薇的变种.同时,将与这两个分类群相关的6个变型作为异名处理.处理为绢毛蔷薇的4个异名分别是腺叶峨眉蔷薇R.omeiensis f glandulosa T.T. Yu & T. C.Ku,宽刺峨眉蔷薇R.omeiensis f.pteracantha Rehder & E.H.Wilson、光叶绢毛蔷薇R.sericea f. glabrescens Franchet和宽刺绢毛蔷薇R.sericea f.pteracantha Franchet.处理为峨眉蔷薇的2个异名分别是少对峨眉蔷薇R.omeiensis f.paucijuga T.T. Yu & T.C.Ku和腺叶绢毛蔷薇R.sericea f.glandulosa T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku.本文也给出了3个分类群详细的形态特征描述及地理分布.     

西藏墨脱悬钩子属植物小志

该文在野外调查、标本采集、标本查阅与鉴定及文献考证的基础上,对西藏墨脱县产的蔷薇科悬钩子属植物进行了系统整理。结果表明:目前发现该区共有悬钩子属植物28种4变种,其中Rubus lineatus Reinw. var. glabrior Hook. f.为中国分布新记录植物,小柱悬钩子(R. columellaris Tutcher)、红毛悬钩子(R. wallichianus Wight et Arn.)、独龙悬钩子(R. taronensis C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu)和疏松悬钩子(R. efferatus Craib)为西藏分布新记录植物。该文还对《中国植物志》和Flora of China中该属部分学名的不恰当使用进行了探讨。     

西北地区苹果褐斑病数学预测模型建立与分析

依据2001～2010年我国西北苹果主产区的气象数据与苹果褐斑病(Marssonina coronaria)病害发生流行数据,构建了平均气温(T)、相对湿度(Hm)、风速(Ws)及地表温度(St)影响下苹果褐斑病的流行趋势预测模型,并利用多元回归分析方法建立了苹果褐斑病预测模型.结果表明环境因素严重影响苹果褐斑病的发生和流行,苹果褐斑病预测模型为:f(T,Hm,Ws,St)=1.317T+0.002Hm+0.047Ws+0.001St-11.885[f(T,Hm,Ws,St)为病情指数].苹果褐斑病发生的T为14℃～15℃,Hm为45%,Ws为13m/s,St为10℃.大发生条件为T为20℃～23℃,Hm在70%～90%之间,Ws为0m/s～2m/s及St为22°.     

两型地里恙螨的研究

恙螨的种型分化问题,目前尚未见到有专题的报导。Womersley(1952)在“亚洲太平洋地区的恙螨”一书中,对红恙螨 Trombicula(Leptotrombidium)akamushi(Brumpt,1910)和地里恙螨Trombicula (L.)deliensis(Walch,1923)等在东南亚地区分布较广的恙螨做了不同地区标本体上各部分标准测量数差别的比较记录;对具有地区性形态差异的 T.hirsti Sambon,1927 则分为 f.(型)nissanensis Womersley,1952和 f.hakei Radford,1946等两型(form);对同一地区形态上有差异的Schongastia(Ascoschongastia)cairnsen-sis(Womersley et Heaslip,1943)则定为 var.gateri(Womersley et Heaslip,1943)(变种)。佐佐学(1956)报告了日本的 T.(L.)miyazakii Sasa et al,1951;T.(L.)pallidaNagayo et al,1919;T.(L.)palpalis Nagayo et al,1919; T.(N.)mitamurai Sasa etal.,1950和 Gahrliepia(G.)saduski Womersley,1952等5种恙螨存在有地区性的形态差异。     

气象因素对陕西省苹果褐斑病流行的影响及预测模型

基于对1999—2008年陕西省气温、相对湿度以及陕西省苹果主产区苹果褐斑病发生、流行的监测,对苹果褐斑病发生时间、发病规律及流行程度进行了分析,并构建了旬平均气温(T)和旬平均相对湿度(Hm)影响下苹果褐斑病一维和三维动态预测模型.结果表明：研究区苹果褐斑病受环境因素影响严重,7、8月在田间扩展迅速并引起大量落叶,危害可持续至9月,初霜后不再有新病斑扩展;构建模型所用的T和Hm与田间实际条件基本一致,苹果褐斑病三维动态预测模型为：f(T,Hm)=-0.0172T³+0.9497T²-16.2209T+88.9923-0.00001Hm³+0.00354Hm²-0.15554Hm+2.36578［f(T,Hm)为病情指数］.模型结果表明,田间引起苹果褐斑病发生的T为15 ℃,大流行条件为7、8月T为 23 ℃、Hm在90%以上.     

苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型的超微结构观察(英文)

20 0 3年在沈阳的三裂叶豚草 (AmbrosiatrifidaL .)上发现了苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型 (PucciniaxanthiiSchwein .f.sp .ambrosia trifidaeS .W .T .Batra) ,这是在我国三裂叶豚草上发现的一种新病菌。试验采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对该锈菌的冬孢子和吸器的形态结构进行了观察。     

2002年生物奥赛冬令营实验试题

(一)遗传实验学部分第二个玉米果穗标本(编号: )各种性状的计数性状(性状1)(性状2)...... 总计第一次计数第二次计数平均数(O)预期比例理论数(T) X2=查表,得x2f,0.05=X2X2f,0.05查表,得x2f,0.05=X2X2f,0.05一、实验操作及计算题:每人所观察的玉米果穗标本为子二代。涉及的性状包括甜(su)、非甜(Su)、有色(C)、无色(c)。通过对一个玉米果穗标本各种性状的计数。测这些性状按照什么遗传规律进行遗传。要求每人计数2个果穗(标出果穗上对应的编号),对每一穗应单独进行分析,将观察的…     

产油嗜碱绿球藻MC-1的烟气适应性

为了降低微藻产油成本和减少温室气体的排放,利用煤炭烟气培养一株具有pH快速漂移和高碱适应特性的产油微藻Chlorococcum alkaliphilus MC-1.首先于15L光生物反应器中分三组(空白组、CO2组和烟气组)进行小体积培养实验,然后在24 m2开放式跑道池中进行放大培养,研究了微藻MC-1对烟气培养的适应性.结果表明,在光生物反应器培养实验中,烟气组的最高生物量浓度、生长速率、藻体总脂含量和CO2固定速率分别为:(1.02±0.07) g/L、(0.12±0.02) g/(L·d)、(37.84±0.58)％和(0.20±0.02) g/(L·d),比CO2组分别提高了36％、33.33％、15.34％和33.33％.在开放式跑道池培养实验中,烟气与纯CO2的培养效果相似,烟气培养下的最高生物量浓度、生长速率、藻体总脂含量和CO2固定速率分别为:147.40 g/m2、14.73 g/(m2·d)、35.72％和24.01 g/(m2·d);烟气培养产出的藻粉中有毒重金属Pb、As、Cd和Cr的含量均低于国家限量标准.实验同时测定了烟气培养下藻液对烟气中CO2、NO和SO2的吸收效果,结果显示,在光生物反应器和开放式跑道池培养中此三种气体的平均吸收率均高于以往研究结果.上述结果说明,该藻能适应烟气培养条件,耦合微藻MC-1产油与烟气减排的室外放大培养是可行的.     

Microalgal biomass production and on-site bioremediation of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide from flue gas using Chlorella sp. cultures

The growth and on-site bioremediation potential of an isolated thermal- and CO?-tolerant mutant strain, Chlorella sp. MTF-7, were investigated. The Chlorella sp. MTF-7 cultures were directly aerated with the flue gas generated from coke oven of a steel plant. The biomass concentration, growth rate and lipid content of Chlorella sp. MTF-7 cultured in an outdoor 50-L photobioreactor for 6 days was 2.87 g L?1 (with an initial culture biomass concentration of 0.75 g L?1), 0.52 g L?1 d?1 and 25.2%, respectively. By the operation with intermittent flue gas aeration in a double-set photobioreactor system, average efficiency of CO? removal from the flue gas could reach to 60%, and NO and SO? removal efficiency was maintained at approximately 70% and 50%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that flue gas from coke oven could be directly introduced into Chlorella sp. MTF-7 cultures to potentially produce algal biomass and efficiently capture CO?, NO and SO? from flue gas.     

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions¹. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants³, but also synthesize advanced biofuels^2-4. Generally, atmospheric CO₂ is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth⁵. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO₂ in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient “flue gas to algae” system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations^4,6 and cultivation strategies^7,8 with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO₂; 2) how we can find optimal CO₂ concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.     

Utilization of flue gas for cultivation of microalgae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella</Emphasis> sp.) in an outdoor open thin-layer photobioreactor

Flue gas generated by combustion of natural gas in a boiler was used for outdoor cultivation of Chlorella sp. in a 55 m² culture area photobioreactor. A 6 mm thick layer of algal suspension continuously running down the inclined lanes of the bioreactor at 50 cm s⁻¹ was exposed to sunlight. Flue gas containing 6–8% by volume of CO₂ substituted for more costly pure CO₂ as a source of carbon for autotrophic growth of algae. The degree of CO₂ mitigation (flue gas decarbonization) in the algal suspension was 10–50% and decreased with increasing flue gas injection rate into the culture. A dissolved CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) higher than 0.1 kPa was maintained in the suspension at the end of the 50 m long culture area in order to prevent limitation of algal growth by CO₂. NO_X and CO gases (up to 45 mg m⁻³ NO_X and 3 mg m⁻³ CO in flue gas) had no negative influence on the growth of the alga. On summer days the following daily net productivities of algae [g (dry weight) m⁻²] were attained in comparative parallel cultures: flue gas = 19.4–22.8; pure CO₂ = 19.1–22.6. Net utilization (η) of the photosynthetically active radiant (PAR) energy was: flue gas = 5.58–6.94%; pure CO₂ = 5.49–6.88%. The mass balance of CO₂ obtained for the flue gas stream and for the algal suspension was included in a mathematical model, which permitted the calculation of optimum flue gas injection rate into the photobioreactor, dependent on the time course of irradiance and culture temperature. It was estimated that about 50% of flue gas decarbonization can be attained in the photobioreactor and 4.4 kg of CO₂ is needed for production of 1 kg (dry weight) algal biomass. A scheme of a combined process of farm unit size is proposed; this includes anaerobic digestion of organic agricultural wastes, production and combustion of biogas, and utilization of flue gas for production of microalgal biomass, which could be used in animal feeds. A preliminary quantitative assessment of the microalgae production is presented.     

Microalgal removal of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> from flue gases: Changes in medium pH and flue gas composition do not appear to affect the photochemical yield of microalgal cultures

Our research objectives are to determine under what conditions microalgal-based CO₂ capture from flue gases is economically attractive. Specifically, our objective here was to select microalgae that are temperature, pH and flue gas tolerant. Microalgae were grown under five different temperatures, three different pH and five different flue gas mixtures besides 100% CO₂ (gas concentrations that the cells were exposed to ranged 5.7–100% CO₂, 0–3504 ppm SO₂, 0–328 ppm NO, and 0–126 ppm NO₂). Our results indicate that the microalgal strains tested exhibit a substantial ability to withstand a wide range of temperature (54 strains tested), pH (20 strains tested) and flue gas composition (24 strains tested) likely to be encountered in cultures used for carbon sequestration from smoke stack gases. Our results indicate that microalgal photosynthesis is a limited but viable strategy for CO₂ capture from flue gases produced by stationary combustion sources.     

Effects of SO2 and NO on growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1

Effects of the toxic compounds in flue gas, SOx and NOx, on growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1 have been determined. Although growth of KR-1 was suppressed by the toxic compounds, KR-1 exhibited excellent tolerances to SOx compared to other algal strains. When Chlorella KR-1 was cultured with the model gas containing 60 ppm SO2, the linear growth rate was 1.24 g/l day which is about 25% lower than that of the control culture aerated with the gas mixture containing no toxic compounds, SO2 and NO. KR-1 could grow even with the model gas containing 100 ppm SO2 and the linear growth rate of KR-1 in the culture was 0.78 g/l day. The period for lag phase was increased with increasing of SO2 concentration that also resulted in the decrease of the linear growth rate and the maximum cell concentration. Direct CO2 fixation by Chlorella KR-1 has been successfully done using actual flue gases from a liquified natural gas (LNG)- or diesel-fueled boiler. These results indicated that Chlorella KR-1 may be applied for direct CO2 fixation from actual flue gas.     

Cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella emersonii</Emphasis> with flue gas derived from a cement plant

The present study reviews the options of cultivating the green alga, Chlorella emersonii, under photoautotrophic conditions with flue gas derived from a cement plant. It was conducted in the Lafarge Perlmooser plant in Retznei, Austria, where stone coal and various surrogate fuels such as used tyres, plastics and meat-and-bone meal are incinerated for heating limestone. During 30 days of cultivation, flue gas had no visible adverse effects compared to the controls grown with pure CO₂. The semi-continuous cultivation with media recycling was performed in 5.5-L pH-stat photobioreactors. The essay using CO₂ from flue gas yielded a total of 2.00 g L⁻¹ microalgal dry mass and a CO₂ fixation of 3.25 g L⁻¹. In the control, a total of 2.06 g L⁻¹ dry mass was produced and 3.38 g L⁻¹ CO₂ was fixed. Mean growth rates were between 0.10 day⁻¹ (control) and 0.13 day⁻¹ (flue gas). No accumulation of flue gas residues was detected in the culture medium. At the end of the experiment, however, the concentration of lead was three times higher in algal biomass compared to the control, indicating that cultures aerated with this type of flue gas should not be used as food supplements or animal feed.     

Simultaneous flue gas bioremediation and reduction of microalgal biomass production costs

A flue gas originating from a municipal waste incinerator was used as a source of CO₂ for the cultivation of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris, in order to decrease the biomass production costs and to bioremediate CO₂ simultaneously. The utilization of the flue gas containing 10–13% (v/v) CO₂ and 8–10% (v/v) O₂ for the photobioreactor agitation and CO₂ supply was proven to be convenient. The growth rate of algal cultures on the flue gas was even higher when compared with the control culture supplied by a mixture of pure CO₂ and air (11% (v/v) CO₂). Correspondingly, the CO₂ fixation rate was also higher when using the flue gas (4.4 g CO₂ l⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹) than using the control gas (3.0 g CO₂ l⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹). The toxicological analysis of the biomass produced using untreated flue gas showed only a slight excess of mercury while all the other compounds (other heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls) were below the limits required by the European Union foodstuff legislation. Fortunately, extending the flue gas treatment prior to the cultivation unit by a simple granulated activated carbon column led to an efficient absorption of gaseous mercury and to the algal biomass composition compliant with all the foodstuff legislation requirements.     

Field applications of a bio-trickling filter for the removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gas

A bio-trickling filter (BTF) packed with polyhedral spheres was used to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant. The BTF system consistently removed 64–95% of the NOx after start-up and acclimation under dynamic conditions (e.g., 120–240 m³/h flue gas flow rate and inlet 300–900 mg NOx/m³). Scanning electron microscopy of the biofilms that were formed showed a shift in the predominating bacteria. Analyses by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the naturally-selected mixed cultures in the biofilm under a flue gas environment were mainly Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.     

NOx removal from flue gas by an integrated physicochemical absorption and biological denitrification process

An integrated physicochemical and biological technique for NO(x) removal from flue gas, the so-called BioDeNO(x) process, combines the principles of wet absorption of NO in an aqueous Fe(II)EDTA(2-) solution with biological reduction of the sorbed NO in a bioreactor. The biological reduction of NO to di-nitrogen gas (N(2)) takes place under thermophilic conditions (55 degrees C). This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of this BioDeNO(x) concept in a bench-scale installation with a continuous flue gas flow of 650 l.h(-1) (70-500 ppm NO; 0.8-3.3% O(2)). Stable NO removal with an efficiency of at least 70% was obtained in case the artificial flue gas contained 300 ppm NO and 1% O(2) when the bioreactor was inoculated with a denitrifying sludge. An increase of the O(2) concentration of only 0.3% resulted in a rapid elevation of the redox potential (ORP) in the bioreactor, accompanied by a drastic decline of the NO removal efficiency. This was not due to a limitation or inhibition of the NO reduction, but to a limited biological iron reduction capacity. The latter leads to a depletion of the NO absorption capacity of the scrubber liquor, and thus to a poor NO removal efficiency. Bio-augmentation of the reactor mixed liquor with an anaerobic granular sludge with a high Fe(III) reduction capacity successfully improved the bioreactor efficiency and enabled to treat a flue gas containing at least 3.3% O(2) and 500 ppm NO with an NO removal efficiency of over 80%. The ORP in the bioreactor was found to be a proper parameter for the control of the ethanol supply, needed as electron donor for the biological regeneration process. The NO removal efficiency as well as the Fe(III)EDTA(-) reduction rate were found to decline at ORP values higher than -140 mV (pH 7.0). For stable BioDeNO(x) operation, the supply of electron donor (ethanol) can be used to control the ORP below that critical value.