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重金属污染的缓与急 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
重金属是农业环境和农产品重要污染物质。随着工业化和现代农业的快速发展,我国的环境重金属污染事件频繁发生,如2009年环保部共接报12起重金属污染事件,引发32起群体性事件;以及集中在最近几年爆发的含镉毒大米事件。保守估计我国受重金属污染(主要是镉和砷)的耕地面积超过3亿亩,每年因此造成的粮食减产达1 000万吨,重金属污染的粮食达1 200万吨,合计农业损失至少在200亿元以上。此外重金属污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性等特点,其通过食物链传递并最终富集到人体内造成的慢性毒害几乎是在人们没有意识的情况下发生的,因此长期未能得到足够的重视。其后果 相似文献
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重金属是农业环境和农产品重要污染物质。随着工业化和现代农业的快速发展,我国的环境重金属污染事件频繁发生,如2009年环保部共接报12起重金属污染事件,引发32起群体性事件;以及集中在最近几年爆发的含镉毒大米事件。保守估计我国受重金属污染(主要是镉和砷)的耕地面积超过3亿亩,每年因此造成的粮食减产达1000万吨,重金属污染的粮食达1200万吨,合计农业损失至少在200亿元以上。此外重金属污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性等特点,其通过食物链传递并最终富集到人体内造成的慢性毒害几乎是在人们没有意识的情况下发生的,因此长期未能得到足够的重视。 相似文献
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随着人口的增长和工业的发展,废物废水的排放和矿山废弃地不断增加,加之各种化学物质在人类活动中的广泛使用,重金属污染已成为人们日益关注的环境问题之一。土壤被重金属污染以后,一方面直接影响作物生产并通过食物链危害人类;另一方面由于大多数重金属元素进入土壤以后很难移动,使治理重金属污染的土壤变得十分困难。自然净化过程极其漫长,一般需要成千上万年的时间。采用客土法和淋溶法治理,不仅成本昂贵,需要特殊仪器和经过培训的专业人员,还不能从根本上解决问题。随着人OJ对环境保护的日益重视,一些科学家开始探索在不破… 相似文献
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改性措施对复合污染土壤重金属行为影响的研究 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
采用田间实验的方法,研究了在复合污染土壤上石灰+Ca、Mg、P肥处理对重金属迁移、积累的影响及重金属的作物效应.结果表明,在污染土壤上采用石灰+Ca、Mg、P肥处理可减少重金属向作物籽实的迁移和积累,特别是Cd、Ph、As3元素;改性以后,水稻、小麦Cd吸收量比改性前降低了31.5—55%.4种作物对Ph的吸收量降低了23.4-57.8%,Cu、Zn吸收量略有降低.水稻As吸收量增加了56.8%,小麦、大豆As吸收量减少61.8-81.1%.重金属在土壤中存在的形态发生了变化,Cd、Ph、Zn交换态百分含量不同程度地有所减少,而碳酸盐结合态有所增加,可被植物吸收利用的有效含量降低. 相似文献
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重金属污染土壤超积累植物修复关键技术的发展 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
我国土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,严重影响食品安全和人类健康,同时也制约了社会经济的可持续发展。在众多土壤重金属修复技术中,超富集植物修复技术以廉价高效、操作简单、安全可靠、环境友好等优点,被认为是最具发展潜力的绿色修复技术之一。本文回顾了该技术在国内外的发展历程,并对超积累植物的筛选鉴定、对重金属的吸收转运机制、强化修复措施及植物安全处置与利用等几个关键技术进行了阐述,对该技术今后的发展方向和突破点进行了展望。 相似文献
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淮南煤矿废弃地重金属污染对土壤动物群落的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
土壤动物是煤矿废弃地生态环境变化最敏感的指示指标,已成为土壤生态恢复研究的热点。通过对淮南大通废弃地土壤重金属含量分析和污染等级确定,选取2条不同污染带的8个采样点调查,分析重金属污染对土壤动物的影响,结果显示:(1)大通煤矿废弃地8个样地,共获得土壤动物2286个,隶属于4门8纲24个类群,优势类群为弹尾目、线虫类和蜱螨目,膜翅目、蜘蛛目等9类为常见类群,其余12类为稀有类群。(2)重金属污染对煤矿废弃地的土壤动物群落影响显著。煤矸石和原化工厂的重金属污染对土壤动物群落的影响表现为:随着污染程度增加,个体数和类群数均呈减小趋势,群落的均匀性、多样性和密度-类群指数也呈降低趋势,优势度指数在煤矸石堆污染带呈逐渐降低趋势,在化工厂污染带则先减小后增加。(3)重金属污染使土壤动物群落多样性降低,群落结构趋于简单,重金属污染与群落结构指数之间呈显著负相关,与土壤有机质等营养物质关系不明显。(4)随污染程度增加,土壤动物垂直分布的表聚性降低。 相似文献
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景观格局对农业表层土壤重金属污染的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
景观格局是决定诸多生态过程的重要因素,但其对农业土壤重金属污染的影响尚未明确.鉴于此,本研究基于珠江三角洲2005年的300个表层土壤As、Pb、Cd、Ni样点数据和土地利用/覆盖图,使用地统计分析、景观格局分析、单因子污染指数和Pearson相关分析,揭示4种农业表层土壤重金属的污染特征及空间分布格局,探讨样点缓冲区内景观格局与农业表层土壤重金属污染的定量关系.结果显示:1)235个农业表层土壤样品中,As、Pb、Cd和Ni超过国家土壤质量二级标准的比例分别为3.8%、0.4%、17.0%和9.4%,高污染区主要位于广州、佛山和中山;2)耕地表层土壤样品中重金属的平均污染水平大于林地和果园,但除了Cd,其他3种重金属污染水平在不同农用地类型上的差异并不显著;3)缓冲区内水体的比例、平均斑块规模、破碎化程度、景观形状复杂度和聚集度/连接度与4种表层土壤重金属污染水平呈显著正相关;缓冲区内城市用地的部分景观格局与土壤Pb和Cd污染水平呈现类似的显著正相关.相反,缓冲区内林地的比例、平均斑块规模和聚集度越大,土壤Pb和Ni污染水平越低(呈显著负相关,P<0.05);4)距离工业用地越近,农业表层土壤Pb、Cd和Ni污染水平越高.景观多样性仅与土壤Cd污染呈显著正相关.研究结果可为珠江三角洲农业土壤重金属污染防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
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通过对台州市路桥区峰江再生园区及周围的8个样地采样调查,分析了重金属污染对土壤动物多样性的影响。对研究区域进行大量取样调查并测定土样中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 的含量。计算出重金属综合污染指数,运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术中的插值法根据重金属综合污染指数制作重金属综合污染趋势图。结合重金属综合污染趋势图与实地勘察,共设置8个采样地。研究方法为大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡计数,中小型土壤动物用取土器分层取土,带回室内分别用干湿漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明:(1)8个样地共获得土壤动物844只,分属于4门9纲20个类群,其中优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲,其他为常见类群和稀有类群。(2)8个样地中土壤动物的个体数量存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),类群数存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。在严重污染区,土壤动物的数量和类群数稀少,而轻度污染区土壤动物的密度大、群落多样性高,稀有类群大量出现。表明重金属污染能对土壤动物多样性构成严重影响,土壤动物群落的类群和个体数量随污染程度的加重而减少(3)用群落多样性指标DG衡量重金属污染对土壤动物多样性的影响,结果为随着综合污染指数的减小,DG指数逐渐增大。(4)用简单相关性分析表明土壤动物数量变化与综合污染指数具有极显著负相关性(相关系数-0.86),与有机质含量有一定相关性(相关系数0.42)。在轻度污染的样地中,土壤动物的数量随有机质含量的升高而上升,表明在严重的污染区,重金属的毒性对土壤动物的影响是主要的,而在轻度污染区,有机质含量可能成为影响土壤动物多样性的主要因素。(5)从弹尾目的等节跳科和球角跳科在8个样地中的分布特点可知,本地区的等节跳科对重金属污染的耐受力最强。球角跳科数量大、密度高,对重金属污染较敏感,可作为重金属污染的指示生物。 相似文献
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AbstractEnvironmental exposure is a growing public health burden associated with several negative health effects. An estimated 4.2 million deaths occur each year from ambient air pollution alone. Biomarkers that reflect specific exposures have the potential to measure the real integrated internal dose from all routes of complex environmental exposure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have been studied as biomarkers in various diseases and have also shown potential as environmental exposure biomarkers. Here, we review the available human epidemiological and experimental evidence of miRNA expression changes in response to specific environmental exposures including airborne particulate matter. In doing so, we establish that miRNA exposure biomarker development remains in its infancy and future studies will need to carefully consider biological and analytical ‘design rules’ in order to facilitate clinical translation. 相似文献
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颗粒有机质的来源、测定及其影响因素 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
土壤活性有机质及其组分作为土壤质量的重要指标在土壤化学、物理和生物性质方面起着重要作用。颗粒有机质能够有效地反映有机质的特性,与微生物生长、营养供给及C、N的生物学调节密切相关。作为活性有机质的一个量度指标,颗粒有机质越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了土壤颗粒有机质的来源及其在土壤有机质转化过程中的作用,对其测定方法作了系统的描述,阐明了土壤理化性质、农业措施(施肥与耕作)及土地利用类型对土壤颗粒有机质在土壤形成及维持其稳定性方面的影响。 相似文献
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重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化——以福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污水灌溉区为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标. 相似文献
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We used long-term laboratory incubations and chemical fractionation to characterize the mineralization dynamics of organic soils from tussock, shrub, and wet meadow tundra communities, to determine the relationship between soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and chemistry, and to quantify the relative proportions of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in tundra SOM that are biologically available for decomposition. In all soils but shrub, we found little decline in respiration rates over 1 year, although soils respired approximately a tenth to a third of total soil C. The lack of decline in respiration rates despite large C losses indicates that the quantity of organic matter available was not controlling respiration and thus suggests that something else was limiting microbial activity. To determine the nature of the respired C, we analyzed soil chemistry before and after the incubation using a peat fractionation scheme. Despite the large losses of soil C, SOM chemistry was relatively unchanged after the incubation. The decomposition dynamics we observed suggest that tundra SOM, which is largely plant detritus, fits within existing concepts of the litter decay continuum. The lack of changes in organic matter chemistry indicates that this material had already decomposed to the point where the breakdown of labile constituents was tied to lignin decomposition. N mineralization was correlated with C mineralization in our study, but shrub soil mineralized more and tussock soil less N than would have been predicted by this correlation. Our results suggest that a large proportion of tundra SOM is potentially mineralizable, despite the fact that decomposition was dependent on lignin breakdown, and that the historical accumulation of organic matter in tundra soils is the result of field conditions unfavorable to decomposition and not the result of fundamental chemical limitations to decomposition. Our study also suggests that the anticipated increases in shrub dominance may substantially alter the dynamics of SOM decomposition in the tundra. Received 31 January 2002; accepted 16 July 2002. 相似文献
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《Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability》2013,25(2):99-109
AbstractA preliminary study on soil contamination with heavy metals and As based on solid phase speciation according to the Tessier scheme and the influence on groundwater in an area under anthropogenic influence (Bozanta-Baia Mare, Romania) was conducted. The partitioning of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in five fractions is discussed in relation to soil characteristics, pH, organic matter content, mineralogical composition and distribution of the same elements in airborne particulate matter. The airborne particulate matter contains high quantities of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn as exchangeable fraction. The sequential extraction carried out on soil samples revealed the main role of Fe-Mn oxides surface in the immobilization of metals. Organic matter has a specific role in complexation of Cu, Pb, As and Al, since high contents of these metals were recovered in the oxidizable fraction. Cadmium has a high selectivity for carbonate minerals. The amendment of soil with natural fertilizer increases the exchangeable fraction of metals with the highest toxicity. The available fraction for plants (exchangeable + carbonate-bound species) exceeded the alert values in soil, therefore the continuous monitoring of the area is necessary. The soil is unsuitable for agricultural use due to high contamination on surface with toxic elements resulted from anthropogenic activities. Groundwater is contaminated with very toxic elements (As, Cd and Pb) but also with Cu, Mn and Zn and is unsuitable as supply for drinking water. 相似文献
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Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected from two sites in the Yarra River, Australia under a range of flow conditions using a continuous flow centrifuge. The SPM from the upstream, largely rural, site at Warrandyte had higher concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus and manganese. SPM collected from the downstream, largely urban, site at Heidelberg had elevated concentrations of lead and zinc. The concentrations of iron, copper and chromium in the SPM changed little between the two sites.Over the study period, the flow-weighted mean concentration of SPM increased 5-fold between the two sites and the load increased 7-fold. The annual load of SPM transported past Heidelberg was estimated to be 170 000 tonne, with approximately 80% occurring during high flows (> 15 m3 s-1 ). Detailed study of the SPM concentrations during flood events suggests that the northern tributaries to the Yarra are the main contributors of SPM in the region between Warrandyte and Heidelberg.The mean annual load of total phosphorus transported by the Yarra River at Heidelberg was estimated to be 220 tonne, approximately 2.5 times greater than at Warrandyte. Approximately 60% of this load was associated with SPM. The majority (ca. 80%) of this SPM-bound phosphorus was extractable with 0.1 M NaOH, and is therefore potentially biologically available.There was little difference between the two sites in the flow-weighted mean concentrations of iron, copper and chromium in SPM. The manganese concentration was approximately halved between Warrandyte and Heidelberg, with most of the loss occurring in the exchangeable and reducible fractions. Lead and zinc concentrations in SPM increased 15 to 16-fold between the two sites, with most of this increase occurring in the exchangeable and reducible fractions. This is some cause for concern, since metals in both these fractions could become available to biota under conditions known to exist in the Yarra estuary. 相似文献
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In the present work the extent and variation of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Hg loading in undisturbed surface soil (0–5 cm) and the vertical transport of the metals in soil profiles are studied in the vicinity of a zinc smelter in Norway. Three major controlling factors on the metal concentrations in soil have been assessed: 1) distance from the anthropogenic point source; 2) organic matter content (O.M.); and 3) the prevailing wind directions. Moreover metal distributions in proximal soil profiles in 1972 and 2003 are compared. Current concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Hg in surface soil reach 14000, 60, 980, 430, and 7.0 mg·kg ? 1 , respectively, near the smelter and decrease regularly with distance in the northerly direction according to the regression model (y = ax? b ). The Zn concentrations are significantly different from the background range up to 30 km from the smelter, whereas the other metals approach background at only 10 km distance. Subsurface concentration peaks of Pb, Cu, and Hg are found at greater depth in soil profiles than peaks of Zn and Cd. Levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb in surface soil seem to have decreased from 1972 to 2003, whereas for Cu the levels appear not to be significantly different. 相似文献
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重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明: 4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标. 相似文献
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中国北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤有机碳库对全球气候变暖的响应趋势存在较大不确定性。作为温性盐碱性草地的典型分布区,山西右玉农牧交错带是探索相关研究的理想生境。基于山西农业大学野外观测研究站开顶式气室模拟增温实验平台,通过采集生长旺季土壤样品,探索温性盐碱化草地不同土层有机碳、氮组分对模拟增温的响应与适应机制。结果表明:(1)不同增温处理对土壤有机碳(C)、总氮(N)、颗粒性有机碳(POM-C)和氮(POM-N)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOM-C)和氮(MAOM-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON),以及微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)等组分无显著影响,但显著降低了MAOM-C/MBC的比值;(2)除土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳外,土壤碳、氮各组分均随土层深度加深而呈现递减趋势,土壤碳、氮各组分之间的比值,除MAOM-N/N和MBC/C外,均随土层深度的增加而呈现显著上升趋势;(3)增温对POM-N/MBN和MAOM-N/MBN的影响与土层深度存在明显的交互效应;(4)不同土层氮组分比值对增温的响应与禾草丰度、杂类草丰度、凋落物量、土壤pH值及土壤含水量等因素有关。其中,凋落物... 相似文献