塔里木河下游湿地面积时序变化及对生态输水的响应

及时了解和定量分析荒漠区河岸带湿地月度时序变化趋势及对生态输水过程的响应, 对认识湿地生态修复过程, 改进生态输水策略, 维护湿地生态系统稳定具有重要意义。该文基于Landsat ETM+/TM/OLI和Sentinel 2形成的月尺度的密集长时序遥感数据, 分析2000-2018年塔里木河下游英苏-阿拉干之间的湿地时序变化特征, 并评估湿地变化对生态输水过程的响应。结果表明: 近19年来湿地面积持续增加, 其中2011-2013年和2017-2018年是面积快速增加的时段。不同的单、双通道输水方式和输水量大小解释了喀尔达依湿地与博孜库勒湿地在不同时段增长的快慢。对湿地面积与生态输水量、地下水埋深关系的分析表明, 累计生态输水量的持续增加是近20年来塔里木河下游河岸带湿地扩张的重要因素, 每年大于3.5亿m ³的双通道生态输水, 地下水埋深维持在-5.0- -3.5 m是湿地持续稳定增长的关键。     

Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin

AimsRevealing the spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in hyper-arid regions can improve our understanding on the water relations of riparian vegetation in the desert watershed ecosystem, and also can provide valuable scientific guidance for desertification control and water resources management of watershed of the arid region in northwestern China. This research objective is to show the spatial distribution and structures of typical riparian vegetation in hyper-arid desert watershed from regional and overall perspective.Methods Based on Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images and a large number of field vegetation surveys, the supervised classification method was used to distinguish three main vegetation categories in the lower Tarim River basin: Tamarix thicket, Populus euphratica woodland, and Phragmites australis grassland. The leaf area index (LAI) of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands were inverted by using the remote-sensed LAI inversion empirical model that we developed.Important findings Supervised classification supporting abundant information of ground objects by remote sensing was an effective method to determine desert riparian vegetation categories in arid desert regions. The area was 336.4 km² for the Populus euphratica woodlands and 405.3 km² for the Tamarix thickets, respectively. The Tamarix thickets had a wider distribution range while the Populus euphratica woodlands grew near the river channel. The overall LAI of the riparian vegetation was low. The average LAI value was 0.253 for the Tamarix thickets and 0.252 for the Populus euphratica woodlands. The areas of vegetation with the LAI value of less than 0.5 accounted for 92.4% and 90.1% of the total area of the Tamarix thickets and the Populus euphratica woodlands, respectively. The statistic results showed that large spatial variability of the riparian vegetation LAI existed. The spatial variability of the Populus euphratica woodlands was larger than that of the Tamarix thickets. The LAI values of the riparian vegetation had a significant negative exponential relationship with the distances away from the river channel. The LAI values declined rapidly within the distance of 1 km from the river channel and they were generally lower than 0.1 when the distances beyond 1 km, which indicated that the riparian vegetation was mainly distributed within 1 km from both side of the river. This research indicated three basic characteristics of the spatial pattern in riparian vegetation from hyper-arid desert regions, including overall sparse spatial distribution, high spatial variability and negative exponential relationship between LAI and distance away from the river channel.     

基于地下水恢复的塔里木河下游生态需水量估算

为探明生态输水后地下水响应带范围及地下水恢复下生态需水量,以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至台特玛湖段为研究区,基于2000—2010年生态输水和地下水埋深分布特征,分析了塔里木河下游生态输水后两岸地下水位恢复状况,并借助遥感和地理信息系统技术对研究区生态需水量进行了研究。结果表明:塔河下游地下水位的抬升幅度与输水量的大小呈一定的正相关关系,并存在一定的时效性。2004—2010年地下水处于长期的负均衡状态,多年下降幅度明显。塔河下游英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干和依干不及麻断面地下水响应幅度分别为1195、1050、2281 m和1000 m。历经11a输水后,塔里木河下游地下水总恢复需水量为7.06×108m3,其中,齐文阔尔河段为4.98×108m3,老塔里木河段为2.09×108m3,地下水恢复至生态水位4.5m需要5—8a的时间。保护塔里木河下游大西海子以下所有天然植被面积(96114.09 hm2)的生态需水量为0.587×108m3,保护下游地下水响应带天然植被面积(41439.85 hm2)的生态需水量为0.21×108m3。     

基于树木年轮技术的塔里木河下游河岸胡杨林生态需水量研究

生态需水量计算是干旱脆弱生态区恢复重建的一个关键问题。分析了塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林关键种-胡杨树木年轮近90年来的变化特征及对气候水文过程的响应,并基于树木年轮技术提出了维系荒漠河岸林不同恢复状态的生态需水量。研究结果表明,塔里木河下游胡杨树木年轮主要承载的是区域水文历史变化信息,可以作为定量评估生态输水工程的生态恢复效应和定量计算植被生态需水量的新指标;胡杨标准年轮宽度指数与生长年生态输水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),近15年生态输水对胡杨年轮宽度指数增加的平均贡献率为42.96%;若要维持塔里木河下游英苏段垂直河道300 m范围内的胡杨达到近90年来的平均生长水平,则需在生长年下泄生态需水量0.84×10~8m~3,若要达到断流前(1933—1974年)的平均径向生长,则每个生长年内生态需水量应达到0.91×10~8m~3。     

新疆塔里木河下游应急输水植被阶段恢复分析

根据塔里木河下游第4次应急输水后不同断面、不同离河距离植被生长调查数据,分析塔里木河下游输水河道两侧不同地下水埋深梯度地表相应植物的生态恢复指征,结果表明,经4次应急输水后胡杨萌蘖更新发生在离河150m且地下水埋深＜4m的条件下,研究确定了植被种类、长势与离河距离和地下水埋深之间的量化关系以及植被恢复等级与离河距离的量化关系,为应急输水后生态恢复范围的确定和输水方案的调整提供科学依据.     

塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征

揭示我国内陆河流域下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征, 对于了解我国西北干旱区荒漠河岸带植被的空间分布规律、指导荒漠化治理和内陆河水资源管理具有重要意义。该研究基于野外大范围植被调查数据支持下的遥感监督分类方法, 利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感数字图像, 辨识了塔里木河下游柽柳(Tamarix spp.)灌丛、胡杨(Populus euphratica)疏林和芦苇(Phragmites australis)草地3类主要的河岸带植被, 并利用建立的叶面积指数(LAI)遥感反演经验模型反演了研究区柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林的叶面积指数, 旨在从区域尺度和总体趋势上分析荒漠河岸带植被的空间结构和分布特征。结果表明: 在有详细地物资料的基础上, 遥感监督分类可以作为一种干旱区荒漠河岸带植被分类的有效方法; 遥感分类结果显示塔里木河下游胡杨疏林分布面积约336.4 km², 柽柳灌丛约为405.3 km², 胡杨疏林总体更靠近河道, 柽柳灌丛分布范围更广; 河岸带植被LAI整体很低, 柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林平均LAI值分别为0.253和0.252, LAI小于0.5的植被对应面积分别占柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林总面积的92.4%和90.1%, 表明了塔里木河下游荒漠河岸植被空间上稀疏分布的特征; 统计结果显示, 河岸带植被结构存在巨大的空间变异性, 其中胡杨疏林比柽柳灌丛的空间变异性更大; 河岸带植被LAI随距河道距离呈现显著负指数分布规律, 在离河道1 km范围内LAI随离河道距离快速下降, 而1 km外区域叶面积指数普遍低于0.1, 表明植被主要分布在河道两侧1 km范围内。整体稀疏的空间分布、显著的空间变异性, 以及由LAI体现的植被盖度随距河道距离的负指数下降规律是荒漠河岸带植被空间结构的3个基本特征。     

新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水与生态恢复

结合塔里木河下游输水过程中对9个地下水监测断面、18个植被样地的实地监测资料,分析了塔里木河下游输水条件下的浅层地下水位变化和天然植被的响应和恢复情况。研究结果表明,塔里木河下游输水有效地抬升了河道两侧的地下水位由输水前的6～8m抬升到了2～4m。在横向上,地下水位对输水的响应范围达到850m,胡杨和柽柳对地下水位变化的响应范围分别达到700和600m但对草本植物的影响范围较窄,林间沙地活化现象仍未得到遏制。提出为扩大输水的生态效应和加快受损生态系统的恢复重建,应在目前沿自然河道“线型”输水的基础上,分段实施河水漫溢的面上供水方案,并通过加强流域水管理、推广农业节水技术和加大河道整治力度等措施,来确保塔里木河下游一定的生态用水量。     

Characteristics of water and carbon fluxes during growing season in three typical arid ecosystems in central Asia

亚洲中部干旱区地处欧亚大陆腹地, 干旱少雨, 生态环境十分脆弱, 研究该地区大气与地表之间的能量和物质交换对干旱区水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。该文分析了亚洲中部干旱区荒漠与草地生态系统能量、水汽和CO₂通量的日变化及季节变化特征, 探究了水汽和CO₂通量对主要环境因子的响应。通过分析亚洲中部干旱区3个站点的涡度相关资料发现: 亚洲中部干旱区荒漠和草地生态系统在生长季(4-10月)能量、水汽通量、净CO₂通量和总初级生产力的日变化呈“单峰型”, 而荒漠生态系统呼吸日变化相对稳定; 草地生态系统白天的潜热通量占净辐射通量的比例明显高于荒漠生态系统; 草地生态系统在5-8月呈现较强的碳汇, 而荒漠生态系统表现为弱碳汇。亚洲中部干旱区草地和荒漠生态系统水汽通量和总初级生产力对降水、净辐射通量或光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、气温均表现出明显的敏感性。     

基于遥感总初级生产力的天山-塔里木绿洲地区生态系统脆弱性研究

生态系统的脆弱性是全球气候变化与可持续发展研究的核心问题，测定与评价脆弱性对认识生态系统的结构与功能至关重要。天山-塔里木绿洲地区包含着山地、荒漠和绿洲等多种类型的生态系统，存在着多个不同生态类型的交界过渡区。为定量评价该地区生态脆弱性，以植被总初级生产力这一生态系统重要的功能性指标为基础，对该地区生态系统脆弱性进行了计算和分级（不脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱和极度脆弱），并对研究区生态系统脆弱性的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析与讨论。结果表明：（1）研究区生态系统脆弱性总体上表现出明显的空间分化格局，以中度和重度脆弱为主，极度脆弱的地区主要分布在南部的塔里木绿洲。（2）生态系统脆弱等级大体上随着区域内多年平均温度的升高而升高。受地表水灌溉的影响，生态系统脆弱性与降水量间并无明显趋势性规律。（3）研究区的生态系统脆弱等级随着区域内的平均海拔以及平均坡度的升高都呈现下降的趋势。受自然条件恶劣、过度放牧以及农田过度开垦的影响，目前该地区总体呈现脆弱性严重的状态。研究表明该地区应积极开展生态治理工作，合理规划生态功能关键区，保护好现有草原和湿地等易开垦地区，划定绿洲开发范围的"红线"，限制农田的开垦，协调好塔里木河流域的水资源分配。研究为使用卫星遥感数据研究生态系统脆弱性提供了方法上的参考，为可持续发展和生态治理提供了科学依据。     

新疆生态质量变化趋势遥感分析

新疆是我国西部生态环境问题比较突出的区域,开展生态状况调查评估、及时掌握生态质量状况及其变化特征是环境保护的一个研究重点。以遥感数据为基础,根据构建垂直干旱指数(Perpendicular Drought Index, PDI)的思想,改变土壤基线所经过的原点,提出表征土壤湿度的垂直湿度指数(Perpendicular Moisture Index,PMI)。基于代表绿度的垂直植被指数(Perpendicular Vegetation Index, PVI)、代表湿度的垂直湿度指数PMI和代表热度的地表温度(Land Surface Temperature, LST),利用空间几何原理创建了植被-湿度-温度生态指数(Vegetation-Moisture-Temperature Ecological Index, VMTEI)。利用MODIS数据计算了新疆2000—2018年的VMTEI,并进行趋势分析。结果表明:VMTEI集成了植被、湿度和热度的信息,能很好地反映新疆生态质量的空间分布和时间变化趋势。新疆生态质量状况总体空间分布格局变化不大,与植被分布特征比较一致,呈现出纬向伸展的变化,不同生态系统VMTEI均值差异明显,湿地生态系统生态质量状态最好,VMTEI均值为0.43左右,其次为森林生态系统;最差的是荒漠生态系统,VMTEI仅为0.28。近20年来,新疆生态状况总体上得到改善,其中,生态状况明显改善的区域占2.332%,主要集中在塔里木河干流、伊犁河、额敏河和天山北坡绿洲经济带,以农田、聚落生态系统为主,主要原因为三北防护林建设、风沙治理、城市绿地面积增加造成的生态质量状况改善;生态状况严重退化的区域占0.430%,主要集中在塔克拉玛干沙漠外围、博斯腾湖、艾比湖以及零星分布于新疆的不同地区,以湿地生态系统为主,主要由于人为因素和气候变化造成平原湖泊以及部分水库的生态退化。     

间歇性生态输水塔里木河下游断面地下水位变化模拟

地下水作为干旱区生态系统的重要组成部分,对植物生长具有重要作用。以塔里木河下游英苏断面2011—2015年逐月地下水埋深变化为研究内容,基于非稳定流理论,以河道附近水位边界条件作为初始求解条件,以余误差函数erfc(x)为求解函数,综合考虑地下水变化时间滞后效应及潜水蒸发作用,旨在构建间歇性输水河道地下水埋深变化模型。结果表明:(1)生态输水期间,在短期内,临近河道地下水埋深波动较大,而远离河道地下水埋深波动并未受到较大的影响,生态输水作用影响河岸附近地下水埋深变化存在一定时段的滞后期,且随着距离河道的增加,滞后期增长。(2)以河道为基点的地下水非稳定流运动及潜水蒸发作用是影响沿岸地下水变化的诸多环境因子中最敏感的因子。(3)模拟结果表明基于非稳定流理论对塔里木河下游地下水变化模拟效果较好,达到了地下水模拟精度的要求,对塔里木河下游断面尺度上地下水恢复状况研究及后期生态恢复评价具有重要的理论意义与参考价值。     

漫溢干扰过程中微地形对幼苗定居的影响

通过对比漫溢干扰后边坡、坡中和坡底幼苗的物种组成、密度、幼苗周边的环境条件及土壤种子库的差异来分析漫溢干扰过程中,微地形对幼苗定居的影响.结果表明:(1)微地形对幼苗物种组成和生物多样性指数的影响很大.漫溢干扰后,位于边坡、坡中和坡底幼苗的Simpson多样性指数和Mcintosh均匀度指数在0.01的水平上差异极显著,Margalef丰富度指数在0.05的水平上差异显著.(2)微地形对土壤盐分含量影响很大.方差分析的结果表明,除HCO3-和K+外,边坡、坡中和坡底的pH值、C023-、SO24-、Ca2+和Mg2+各指标在0.01的水平上差异极显著;全盐、总盐、Cl-和Na+各指标均在0.05的水平上差异显著.(3)微地形通过改变幼苗定居的环境条件,进而影响幼苗库的物种组成、密度和生物多样性指数.微地形中,幼苗库的各种生态指标均小于对应的土壤种子库的生态指标,从坡底到坡中到边坡,除单位面积上的植被密度外,土壤种子库和幼苗库的各项生态指标的变化趋势均不同.     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的黑河中游张掖市生态安全评价

生态系统服务的状态与生态是否安全密切相关，生态系统服务的正常发挥是实现生态安全的前提。近年来，中国西北荒漠-绿洲扩张速度加快，改变了生态系统服务的供给与传输，进而影响了区域生态安全。以典型荒漠-绿洲区域黑河中游的张掖市为例，基于压力-状态-响应模型，耦合生态系统服务理论，构建了黑河中游生态安全评价指标体系，评估了2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全演变趋势。研究结果表明黑河中游生态系统面临的资源消耗和环境污染压力越来越大，压力指数有所降低；部分地区出现植被退化、破碎化增加等现象，状态指数略有降低；在实施节水灌溉、产业转移、湿地保护等举措后，响应指数显著增加。总体来看，2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全水平呈现波动增长趋势，生态安全综合指数由0.3748增至0.5888，生态安全等级由"较不安全"达到"临界安全"状态，其中高效节水灌溉面积、生态用水量、地下水开采率等水资源相关要素是影响绿洲生态安全水平的主要因子。基于以上研究，提出了坚持生态保护优先、调整种植和产业结构、发展高效节水灌溉技术、提高公众生态保护意识等提高生态安全水平的相关对策与建议，以期为促进区域生态经济可持续发展提供支撑。     

乌兰布和沙漠生态系统服务价值时空动态

以乌兰布和沙漠为研究区,基于1990—2018年4期土地利用类型数据,以"当量因子法"为基础,运用网格分析、热点分析、权衡协同分析等方法,探究乌兰布和沙漠近30年生态系统服务价值的时空动态特征。结果表明:(1)生态系统服务价值总量以2000年为拐点先下降后逐期上升,由1990年17.03亿元上升至2018年25.94亿元,其中调节服务价值贡献量最大,4期平均占71.34%,供给服务增幅最大,近30年间增加85.04%;(2)生态系统服务价值呈东部和东北部高、中部和西南部低的空间分布特征,1990—2010年空间格局基本不变,但2018年高值区有所扩展;(3)1990—2018年间生态系统服务冷点区面积占比由2.85%增至4.23%,热点区面积占比由0.22%增至10.45%,热点区分布在黄河沿岸及部分生态恢复区,但东南部冷点区逐渐增大,生态治理时应着重关注;(4)1990—2018年生态系统服务间以协同关系为主,权衡关系存在于初期供给服务与其他类型服务之间。     

锡林郭勒植被NDVI时空变化及其驱动力定量分析

定量评价归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化特征及其驱动机制, 对了解区域生态变化特征, 促进区域生态与社会经济的可持续发展具有重要作用。该文利用MODIS-NDVI数据, 采用趋势分析法探讨了锡林郭勒2000-2015年生长季植被NDVI时空格局; 然后, 将各驱动因子的空间影响面积与植被显著增加/减少区域进行空间叠加分析, 二者比例即为贡献率大小。结果表明: 研究区植被NDVI整体缓慢增加, 呈现“东北高西南低”的分布格局。NDVI显著增加面积大约是显著减少面积的2倍, 且在气候和人类活动的双重作用下, 植被NDVI表现出显著的空间异质性。在NDVI显著增加区域, 气候影响比例为47.79%, 且降水和气温影响比例相当; 禁牧及草畜平衡政策是最主要的人为影响因素, 占比69.55%。在NDVI显著减少区域, 气候因素占比52.55%, 且以降水影响为主; 人类活动占比24.73%。在NDVI显著增加区域, 人类活动的影响大于气候因素, 且二者耦合作用较突出。     

Changes in normalized difference vegetation index of deserts and dunes with precipitation in the middle Heihe River Basin

AimsPrecipitation is the major water source for desert ecosystems, with its temporal dynamics significantly driving the changes of ecosystem structure and function in desert regions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with seasonal precipitation and different climate years in two cover types (desert and dune).MethodsBased on the daily rainfall dataset of 2000-2012 in the middle Heihe River Basin in Northwest China and the NDVI extracted from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, we performed linear regression analysis to examine the correlation of NDVI_INT (accumulated NDVI) with precipitation in two cover types (desert and dune). Two measures of the precipitation are P_c (cool-season precipitation from last September to late February) and P_w (warm-season precipitation in between March and August), while NDVI was characterized with NDVI_INT-pys (previous-year during the different climate years (dry: 2001-2003, wet: 2004-2007)) and the different periods of a growing season (i.e. whole growing season from May through September, early growing season in between May and June, and late growing season in between July and September).Important findings We found that: (1) the determinants of growing season NDVI_INT and their order were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w for the deserts, while the order was P_w > NDVI_INT-pys for the dunes. The determinants and their order of NDVI_INT in early growing season were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c for the desert, while they were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w for the late growing season. However, for the dunes, NDVI_INT of the early and late growing season appeared determined by NDVI_INT-pys and P_w, respectively. (2) During the dry and wet periods, precipitation was not a significant factor influencing NDVI_INT for the desert and dune. However, significant increases in NDVI_INTwere observed at dune under wet condition. With the wet years continued, the length of the wet years become an important determinant of NDVI_INT at both cove types, particularly at dune. In addition, it appeared that different changes in NDVI with precipitation existed between the two cover types, but with very similar effects of time-lag. These findings provide useful references for further understanding the mechanisms of NDVI changes with precipitation.     

Trade-offs between water yield and carbon sequestration for sub-alpine catchments in western Sichuan,China

Aims There is increasing concern on the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water yield of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to explore the effects of vegetation composition on water and carbon trade-off in the sub-alpine watersheds of western Sichuan during 1982-2006.Methods The WaSSI-C, which is an eco-hydrological model with coupled water and carbon cycles, was employed to calculate the key components in water balance and carbon sequestration for the 22 sub-catchments in the upper reaches of Zagunao River. Spearman’s Rho trend analysis was used to examine the trends in runoff and net ecosystem productivity. Important findings Compared with either subalpine meadow or mixed forest dominated catchments, the conifer-dominated catchments had much higher water loss due to high evapotranspiration, and the loss was not offset by its higher soil water infiltration during the growing season. The change in soil water storage for subalpine meadow, mixed forest and coniferous forest are -44 mm, -18 mm and -5 mm, respectively, which indicated significant decline in soil water storage and thus water yield particularly in alpine meadow catchments. Significant negative relationship was found between runoff and net ecosystem productivity, the alpine meadow as the dominant vegetation type showed high water yield and low carbon sequestration, and the conifer-dominant and mixed forest vegetation showed low water yield and high carbon sequestration, moreover, the higher the forest coverage, the lower the water yield. Upward trends in net ecosystem productivity were observed in the three vegetation types during the study period and the alpine meadow type was significant.     

近40年青藏高原生态格局演变及其驱动因素

20世纪80年代至今近40年间,青藏高原自然与人工生态系统发生了广泛而深刻的变化,作为我国重要的生态屏障,亟需对其生态系统格局演变过程及其驱动因素进行系统定量的解析。本研究利用1980年至2018年间8期遥感解译土地利用与覆被数据,将青藏高原9类主要生态系统类型,森林、灌丛、草地、农田、城镇、水体与湿地、冰川、裸地、荒漠,依其主要构成组分,划分为以植被为主体的自然生态系统（森林、灌丛、草地）、以无机环境为主体的自然生态系统（水体与湿地、冰川、裸地、荒漠）,以及人工生态系统（农田、城镇）共三大类。统计分析表明1980至2018年的近40年来,青藏高原以植被为主的自然生态系统面积约占61.9%,其中草地生态系统变化率较大,局部年际变化逾30%/10a,草地灌丛面积扩张明显,最高可达约7%/10a。此外,青藏高原喜马拉雅山脉附近的冰川消减较快,下降速率约达25%/10a。青藏高原东缘向西城镇扩张明显,城镇面积占比增加约40%。研究还对气温和降水计算其变化速率,量化驱动生态系统演变的外部气候环境的时空动态特征,结合地理环境变量、人类活动强度、土壤侵蚀度、生物丰度等综合的驱动因素指标,建立多层级结构方程模型。研究发现,以植被为主的自然生态系统变化速率与气温、降水的变化速率呈现显著负相关,以无机环境要素为主的自然生态系统与气候因子的变化速率呈现显著正相关,人工生态系统则与外部环境因素耦合关系不强,结果表明青藏高原森林、灌丛、草地一类自然植被生态系统与环境变化之间呈现负反馈的保守性耦合关系,相比较水体与湿地、冰川、裸地和荒漠生态系统来讲,具有更强的韧性,因此保护区域自然植被将有利于维护青藏高原整体的生态屏障功能。     

黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地景观格局演变

高寒湿地是青藏高原地区最重要的生态水源涵养区之一, 也是局部气候的有效调节者, 其动态变化与成因亟待深入研究。该研究基于遥感图像分析、地理信息系统空间分析和景观生态指数分析结合的方法, 以黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地为研究对象, 对1995-2018年6期湿地的动态变化进行研究。结果表明, 研究区湿地在1995-2010年间不断退化, 1995-2010年湿地面积总共减少了18 680.31 hm²。在2010-2018年间黄河首曲高寒湿地面积有所增加, 但与20世纪90年代相比, 21世纪初开始湿地的面积普遍呈现下降趋势; 1995-2010年湿地斑块数不断增加, 斑块密度不断增大, 平均斑块面积下降, 景观的破碎度升高; 2010-2015年湿地斑块数和斑块密度减少, 2015-2018年湿地斑块数和斑块密度增加, 平均斑块面积先增大后减小, 景观的破碎度先降低后升高。1995-2010年研究区高寒湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现下降的趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于简单, 景观类型分布更加集中。2010-2018年湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现上升趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于复杂, 景观类型增加且分布更加分散。进一步的驱动力分析表明, 引起黄河首曲高寒湿地景观格局演变的主要因素是蒸发量和降水量, 其次是人口数量和大牲畜数量等人类活动影响。气候因子是影响黄河首曲高寒湿地面积变化的主要原因, 过度的人类经济活动在一定程度上加剧了湿地的变化。     

Characteristics of normalized difference vegetation index of biological soil crust during the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation in the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Aims Biological soil crust (hereafter crust) affects normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values in arid desert ecosystems. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining crust NDVI values with meteorological data to distinguish the crust successional stage at the regional scale. Meanwhile, the characteristics of crust NDVI could provide the basis for the error analysis of NDVI-based surface ecological parameters estimation in desert ecosystems. We also suggested the optimum periods for crust observation based on the multi-temporal remote sensing images.Methods NDVI values of five types of dominant crusts, three typical sand-fixing shrubs and bare sand were collected by spectrometer in the field. Crusts and shrubs were randomly selected in revegetated areas established in 1956, 1964, and 1973 at Shapotou, which is on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. We used the space-for-time method to study the characteristics of crust NDVI values and their responses to precipitation and temperature during the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation. Additionally, we evaluated the contribution of crust NDVI values to the whole ecosystem NDVI values by comparing the NDVI values of crusts, shrubs and bare sand.Important findings 1) With succession process of the artificial sand-fixing vegetation, the crust NDVI values significantly increased. Among different crust types, we found the following order of NDVI values: Didymodon vinealis crust > Bryum argenteum crust > mixed crust > lichen crust > algae crust. 2) Crust NDVI values were significantly affected by precipitation, temperature and their interaction, and the influences showed significant seasonal differences. Furthermore, we found significantly linear correlations between crust NDVI value and precipitation, and between crust NDVI value and the shallow soil moisture content covered by crust. A significantly negative linear correlation between daily mean temperature and crust NDVI value, and a significantly exponential correlation between the surface temperature of crust and its NDVI value. With the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation, the response of crust NDVI value to precipitation and temperature became more sensitive. In addition, the response of crust NDVI value to temperature was more sensitive in spring than in summer, while that to precipitation was less sensitive in spring than in summer. 3) Moss crust NDVI value was significantly higher than that of shrubs and bare sand after the rainfall event in spring, while shrubs NDVI value was significantly higher than that of crust after the rainfall event in summer. Considering the coverage weights of different ground features in sand-fixing areas, crust NDVI values contributed 90.01% and 82.53% in spring and summer, respectively, to the regional NDVI values, which were higher than those of shrubs (9.99% and 17.47% in spring and in summer, respectively). Additionally, with the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation, crust NDVI values contributed more, while shrubs contributed less to regional NDVI values.