红豆草体细胞胚胎发生早期过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱变化

红豆草下胚轴切段接种于含1mg/l BA,1mg/l KT的LS培养基上,通过筛选和繁殖由一块外植体而来的淡黄色愈伤组织,而得到生理状态比较一致具有较高胚性发生能力的非胚性愈伤组织,将其转移到含1mg/l BA的LS培养基上后可诱导体细胞胚眙发生。在体细胞胚胎发生早期发现过氧化物酶同工酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱均有规律性变化。过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱在胚性培养的第10天,两条明显的A_1、A_2带消失。酯酶同工酶各酶带之间酶活性比例在胚性培养过程中变化很大,培养后期酶带变得不明显或酶带数下降。说明胚性发生过程遗传信息的表达有选择性并为激素所调控。     

红豆草组织培养中体细胞胚的形成及其胚胎学观察

红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop)幼苗的茎或根放入含有Kinetin(1mg/1)和6-BA(1mg/1)的LS固体培养基上,4周后可产生愈伤组织。当愈伤组织被转移到含有6-BA(1mg/1)的LS固体培养基上3—4周后,发现在愈伤组织上形成了体细胞胚,这种胚在不含任何激素的LS液体培养基浸湿的滤纸上会发育为完整植株。在愈伤组织分化的过程中进行胚胎学显微观察,发现了从单个的胚性细胞到高级阶段胚的体细胞胚发育的各个阶段,看来十分明显,红豆草的分化植株最初来源于单个的胚性细胞,这就使得在红豆草的组织培养中通过体细胞胚发生的途径在细胞水平上进行遗传选择成为可能。     

红豆草体细胞胚胎发生早期DNA,RNA和蛋白质的合成动态变化

红豆草(Onebrychis viciaefolia Scop.)下胚轴切段在含有1mg/IBA、1mg/1 KT 的 LS培养基上培养,两周后产生愈伤组织,通过筛选、克隆得到大量的具有胚胎发生潜力的非胚性愈伤组织,当将其转移到含1mg/1BA 的 LS 培养基上后可诱导体细胞胚胎发生。应用放射性同位素液体闪烁技术测得在胚性培养的前2天,RNA 合成速度迅速上升,随后下降,第五天后又呈缓慢上升趋势,尔后平稳。蛋白质合成速度在胚性培养的第三天达到高峰,升高很快。而 DNA 合成速度变化平缓,只是在胚性培养的第五天出现一较小的峰。胚性培养过程的 DNA、RNA 蛋白质合成速度均高于非胚性培养。     

枸杞髓组织培养中体细胞胚胎发生与过氧化物酶同工酶分析

枸杞髓组织在 MS+6 - BA0 .1mg/ L+NAA0 .5mg/ L培养基上诱导愈伤组织发生。在 MS+6 - BA0 .1mg/ L+NAA0 .5mg/ L+CH50 0 mg/ L培养基上继代培养 ,再转入 MS+6 - BA2 mg/L +NAA 0 .5mg/ L的分化培养基上进行分化培养。显微观察表明 ,在培养过程中愈伤组织细胞由非胚性细胞转变为胚性细胞 ,直至发育成体细胞胚胎和完整植株 ;电泳结果显示 ,体细胞胚胎发生的各阶段 ,其过氧化物酶同工酶发生相应的变化。     

苦荞胚性愈伤组织诱导与植株再生研究

以苦荞子叶和下胚轴为外植体,进行了不同浓度激素组合的MS和SH固体培养基对胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究。结果发现,MS培养基比SH培养基更有利于胚性愈伤组织诱导;2,4-D是诱导愈伤组织的有效激素,KT能有效促进胚状体的形成;下胚轴和子叶都能有效诱导出胚性愈伤组织和再生植株。下胚轴在MS 1.5mg·L-12,4-D 1.5mg·L-1BA培养基,子叶在MS 2mg·L-12,4-D 0.5~1.5mg·L-1BA上能高效诱导出愈伤组织;愈伤组织在MS 2mg·L-12,4-D 0.1mg·L-1KT培养基中继代,能有效诱导胚性愈伤组织;来自下胚轴的胚性愈伤组织在1/2MS 2.0mg·L-1BA 0.5mg·L-1KT 0.1mg·L-1NAA培养基上能够高频再生出芽,来自子叶的胚性愈伤组织在1/2MS 1.0mg·L-1BA 0.1mg·L-1KT 0.1mg·L-1NAA培养基上芽诱导率较高;MS 1mg·L-1NAA是适宜的再生苗生根培养基。     

秦艽(Gentiana macrophylla Pall.)离体培养再生过程中体细胞胚的发生(简报)

本文以秦艽叶片和茎段作为外植体,通过离体培养对秦艽植株再生途径进行研究。愈伤组织在添加2mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L BA的MS培养基上诱导,两周内可出现愈伤组织。愈伤组织在相同激素配比并附加500mg/L LH的MS培养基上继代。愈伤组织的分化在添加有0.1mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L BA的MB培养基上进行。通过显微观测,疑似体细胞胚可以在叶片和茎段的愈伤组织上产生。形态学和组织学的分析进一步证实了秦艽离体再生过程中体细胞胚发生的现象。体细胞胚和合子胚一样,也经历球形、心形、鱼雷和子叶胚等发育时期。相对独立的结构说明秦艽的体细胞胚可能是单细胞来源。体细胞胚在愈伤组织的表面和内部都有出现。在本实验中,体细胞胚发生途径是在秦艽愈伤组织形成后观察到的唯一再生途径。     

香果树体细胞胚胎发生

香果树叶子在附加1.0mg·L-12,4-D 0.5 mg·L-1KT 3%蔗糖的MS固体培养基上培养,可诱导出愈伤组织.愈伤组织在附加0.7 mg.L-1KT 0.3 mg·L-16-BA 3%蔗糖的MS液体培养基中避光悬浮培养时,可形成体细胞胚胎.体细胞胚胎可在不含植物生长调节剂的MS固体培养基上形成正常植株.     

盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)幼胚为外植体,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合对其愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚胎发生的影响,以建立盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系。结果表明,最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率为84.57%,诱导出的初代愈伤组织白色或淡黄色,质地疏松,表面光滑,为非胚性愈伤。初代愈伤组织转移到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L培养基上培养1个月后,长出淡黄色质地紧密的胚性愈伤组织,诱导率高达100%,在此培养基上胚性愈伤组织增殖倍数为854.73%。所获得的胚性愈伤组织转接到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖4%的培养基上培养1个月后可诱导体细胞胚胎发生,诱导率可达32.67%。诱导得到的体细胞胚胎经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚进一步分化发育成苗。无菌苗炼苗后栽种到泥炭土∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为2∶1∶1的生长基质上,能100%稳定成活。经过细胞学观察分析,体细胞胚的发育与合子胚相似。     

早熟棉体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生体系的建立

以8个早熟或特早熟棉花为材料,通过不同激素组合(1.0 mg/L IBA+0.5 mg/L KT;0.1 mg/L 2,4-D+0.1 mg/L KT)诱导其愈伤组织,为早熟棉花的遗传转化以及基因功能研究奠定基础.结果表明,2种激素组合均能诱导产生4种主要类型的愈伤组织:淡黄色颗粒状愈伤组织,褐化的愈伤组织,翠绿致密的愈伤组织,疯长型愈伤组织.4种愈伤组织转入增殖培养基中前2种愈伤组织能够分化出胚性愈伤组织,胚性愈伤组织再转到分化培养基上培养能够产生胚状体,即体细胞胚;体细胞胚进一步发育成为再生小苗.用该组织培养再生系统,成功地使晋棉5号、中棉27号和辽棉10号等3个早熟棉品种在5～7个月内通过体细胞胚胎分化获得再生小苗.     

胡杨器官和体胚发生方式的植株再生

目的：为以胡杨为亲本的体细胞杂交育种奠定基础。方法：以胡杨苗叶片为外植体,通过器官和体胚两种不同发生方式建立了离体再生体系。结果：附加0．75mg/L BA、0．5mg/L NAA基本培养基及3w暗培养是愈伤组织诱导的最佳条件;附加0．25mg/L BA和0．1mg/L NAA的基本培养基上不定芽的诱导率最高;1／2大量元素的MS培养基附加0．1mg/l NAA、0．05mg／L和1．5％蔗糖对不定芽生根效果最好;诱导并筛选出的胚性愈伤组织在附加了0．5mg/L BA、0．5mg／L NAA的基本培养基上诱导获得大量胚状体,干化处理后大部分能经子叶胚期萌发成苗。结论：外植体的采集周期和培养条件影响胡杨离体叶片的形态发生途径。     

Callus Culture of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and Plant Regeneration through Somatic Embryogenesis

Callus of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) was initiatedfrom stem and root explants which were obtained from seedlingsgrowing in vitro, on Linsmaier Skoog (LS) medium supplementedwith 1 mg l^–1 2, 4-D and 1 mg l^–1 BA or only 1 mgl^–1 BA, and the Vacin and Went medium without hormones.Somatic embryos were formed on LS medium containing 1 m l^–1BA. Embryos developed into complete plants on filter paper saturatedwith hormone-free LS medium. Onobrychis viciifolia, somatic embryogenesis, callus culture, plant regeneration     

Changes in the Syntheses of DNA,RNA and Protein during Early Somatic Embrogenesis in Sainfoin(Onobrychis viciaefolia Sccp.)

Hypocotylar explants of Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. were cultured on LS basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l KT. After two weeks of culture, calli were initiated on the surface of sections. Light-Yellow callus from .one of the explants was selected and proliferated on the medium above. Then it was transfered to LS medium with 1 mg/l BA to initiate somatic embryogenesis. The activity of RNA synthesis increased rapidly during the first two days. Of embryogenic culture and then decreased, but on the 5th day increased gradually. The activity of protein synthesis increased during the first three days and was the highest on the 3rd day. The activity of DNA synthesis had no mark change and emerged, a small peak on the 5th day. All the activities of syntheses of DNA, RNA and protein were higher on embryogenic culture than on nonembryogenic culture.     

Shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis from needles of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don.) Endl.)

A rapid and effective system of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis from the in vitro needles of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don.) Endl.) had been established. The influences of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and days of seedlings in vitro on adventitious bud regeneration and somatic embryogenesis were studied. The process of somatic embryo formation was also observed. The results showed that embryogenic callus was induced and proliferated on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium with BA (0.5 mg/l), KT (0.5 mg/l) and IBA (1.0 mg/l). SH medium containing BA (0.5 mg/l), KT (0.2 mg/l) and IBA (0.2 mg/l) effectively promoted adventitious bud regeneration. The highest frequency (66.3%) of direct somatic embryogenesis was obtained in the combination of BA (0.5 mg/l) and IBA (0.5 mg/l). The optimal days of seedling in vitro for adventitious bud and somatic embryogenesis were 30 days and 30–40 days, respectively. The developments of somatic embryos were similar to that of zygotic embryogenesis. The result of histocytological studies indicated that proteins were gradually accumulated in the process of somatic embryo formation and there were two peaks of starch grains accumulation that one was in the embryogenic callus and the other was in the globular embryos. These results indicated that starch and protein were closely related with the energy supply and the molecular base of somatic embryogenesis, respectively.     

Plant regeneration in Arachis pintoi (Leguminosae) through leaf culture

Plant regeneration in Arachis pintoi was obtained via two developmental pathways: organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Organogenic callus cultures were initiated from pieces of leaf on MS medium supplemented with NAA or 2,4-D in combination with BA, KIN or 2iP. The most suitable combination for plant regeneration through organogenesis was an initial medium composed of 10 mg/l NAA+1 mg/l BA followed by transfer of the callus to a shoot induction medium (MS+1 mg/l BA). Rooting of regenerated shoots was readily achieved by culture on MS+0.01 mg/l NAA. Embryogenic callus cultures were initiated from pieces of leaf on MS medium supplemented with PICL in combination with KIN, ZEA, BA or 2iP, and the most suitable combinations were 20 mg/l PICL+1 mg/l BA or 2iP. When pieces of embryogenic callus were subcultured on MS+1 mg/l BA, somatic embryos were differentiated and developed further into well-developed plants in MS+1 g/l AC followed by MS medium devoid of plant growth regulators. Received: 29 April 1999 / Revision received: 24 November 1999 / Accepted: 18 December 1999     

百合体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以切花百合(Lilium)品种‘黄天霸’(‘Manissa’)花器官为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生。结果表明,不同花器官、不同激素配比对愈伤组织形成均具有显著影响。花丝为最佳外植体,激素对愈伤组织诱导的影响效应为NAA>6-BA>2,4-D,最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg.L-1NAA+0.2 mg.L-16-BA;激素诱导体细胞胚胎发生的影响效应为2,4-D>KT>6-BA,最佳培养基配方为MS+1.0 mg.L-12,4-D+0.2 mg.L-1KT+1.0 mg.L-16-BA;MS培养基添加IBA可促进体细胞胚萌发成苗,体细胞胚芽成苗的最佳培养基为MS+0.2 mg.L-16-BA+1.0 mg.L-1IBA。     

Production of Virus-tree Nucellar Plantlets from Unfertilized Ovules of Citrus in vitro

On a series of Murashige and Tucker (MT) media supplemented with different growth regulators, the 8-week-old unfertilized ovules of Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis) were able to regenerate perfect plantlets via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis. The sorts and combinations of exogenous hormones had remarkable effects on the induction, growth and differentiation of its callus. It was found that the most suitable induction medium was MT medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.5mg/l 1AA. The most suitable differentiation medium was MT medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA. It was proved by indicator plant examination that the nucellar plantlets free of citrus exocortis virus (CEV) and citrus tristeza virus (CTV) had been obtained from infected trees.     

Study on Tissue and Protoplast Culture of Wild Cotton (Gossypium davidsonii)

This paper deals with the study on the condition of callus formation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, plant regeneration and protoplast culture of wild cotton (G. davidsonii) Callus cultures derived from several organs such as root, stem, leaf, cotyledon and hypocotyl. The results obtained in these cultures showed that the modified MS medium containing 2,4-D 1.0+KT 0.1; 2,4-D 0.1+KT 0.01; NAA (IAA) 2.0+KT 0.1 and NAA (IAA) 1.0+KT 0.1 mg/L were favorable to callus formation. Modified MS medium containing 2,4-D was suitable for initiated callus of G. davidsonii Besides, suspension cultures from callus of G. davidsonii were saccessfully initiated. Optimum concentration of 6BA (or ZT, or 2ip) and NAA (IAA) was for shooting, somatic embryo or leaf formation. Plantlets regenerated from somatic embryo at lower concentration of 6BA, or ZT, or 2ip. As to protoplast culture of this species, the age and physiological condition of callus or suspension cells and concentration of enzymes used for protoplast isolation affected the yield and survival of protoplasts. Protoplast of this species cultured in modified MS medium containing 2,4-D 0.5+NAA 0.5+ZT 0.1–0.2 mg/L. and divied after 3–4 days. The rate of division was 3--4% and cell cluster formed after 14 days, then these cells died.     

2.4-D、6-BA对人参体细胞胚胎发生过程的影响研究

本实验以人参芽胞、二年生人参根、实生苗的茎、叶为外植体研究了体细胞胚的发生条件,并对其发生过程中可溶性蛋白、相关酶活性及内源激素的变化等进行了研究。结果表明,诱导愈伤组织的培养基为MS+2,4-D 4.0mg/L + BA 0.2mg/L;在MS+2,4-D 1.0mg/L + KT 0.2 mg/L培养基上继代培养,可获得胚性愈伤组织;在无2,4-D的培养基上可诱导出胚状体。将胚状体转入无任何激素的MS培养基上继续培养,之后转入1/2MS培养基上获得再生植株。组织细胞学观察表明人参胚状体的起源方式为单细胞起源。在体细胞胚胎发生过程中,多糖和淀粉含量在早期胚时较低,可溶性蛋白含量、POD及PPO活性在早期胚时最高;IAA在早期胚时期含量最高,在成熟胚时期ABA含量最高,而ABA/IAA比值在成熟胚时较高,利于体细胞胚的发育成熟。cDNA-AFLP 分析表明胚状体发育不同时期的人参培养物基因表达不同,从而导致了分化和发育。培养物HPLC分析表明胚胎发生试管苗总皂苷含量比子叶胚时期高4倍多。单体皂苷差异较大。