泡桐性状的典型相关分析

泡桐4组栽培性状的典型相关分析表明, 它们之间存在着不同显著程度的典 型相关,其中的接干性状与树冠性状组显著相关的信息占两组性状间总信息的95.1%,是 相关程度最高的一组性状。泡桐21个无性系在生长、干形、接干和树冠性状上,存在不 同程度的差异。 Abstract:4 groups of cultival characters related to plywood making of 21 paulownia clones were analysed using canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that there were different degrees of correlation among 4 group characters.Correlation degree between trunk extension characters and tree crown characters was the highest in all character groups.Variations at different level in growth character,stem form,trunk extension and tree crown were found among 21 paulownia clones.     

内蒙古5个民族12对性状的基因频率

报道了内蒙古地区鄂温克、鄂伦春、达斡尔、蒙古族和汉族12对遗传性状的基因频率,并进行民族间基因频率的比较。结果显示：内眦褶性状的民族间差异较大,叠舌性状次之,利手和鼻梁侧面观性状的民族间差异较小。 Abstract:The gene frequency of 12 characters was reported in Ewenki,Oroqen,Daur,Mongol and Han nationalities in Inner Mongolia,and compared among these nationalities.The result indicated that the difference of Mongoloid fold among nationalities was significant,followed by the Folding tongue,while the difference of Handedness and Nasal profile was relatively insignificant.     

烟草主要数量性状的遗传效应分析

利用红花大金元×青梗,红花大金元×中烟14号P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2 6个世代资料对7个农艺性状和4个品质性状进行了基因效应分析。结果表明,性状均不符合简单的加性－显性遗传模型,多数性状加性效应显著而显性效应不显著,在3种互作效应中,所有性状至少有一种显著。互作效应普遍存在,是烟草性状杂种优势表现的主要原因之一。 Abstract:Two tobacco F1 hybrids,F2s,backcrosses B1s and B2s and their parents P1 and P2 were used to estimate the gene effects for 7 agronomic and 4 quality characters.The additive-dominance genetic model was not fit for all characters.The additive effects and the epistatic effects of most characters were significant,but the dominant effect not.The epistatic effects could not be ignored in tobacco breeding.They were one of main causes of heterosis for most characters.     

Molecular markers of nuclear restoration gene Rf1 in sunflower using bulked segregant analysis-RAPD

Restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower was demonstrated to be controlled by polygenes by analysing 982 effective crosses among 109 self-crossed lines and 16 CMS lines. Two self-crossed lines and one CMS line with distinct genotypes were applied to creation of segregating populations for DNA bulks of the target gene Rfl. Bulked DNA was prepared in order to investigate single gene Rfl and its gene marker among polygenic characters at the same genetic background. Using 80 10-mer operon primers, 620 RAPD reactions were carried out between fertile and sterile DNA bulks. In about 800 loci, primary results showed that 8 were related to the restoration genes. Furthermore. 2 were confirmed as RAPD markers for gene Rfl by examining 9 maintenance and 7 restoration lines. This method is the improvement for bulked segregant analysis[1] with which markers of single gene of target can be identified rapidly among polygenic characters.     

湖南汉族、侗族16对遗传性状的调查

本文对湖南汉族、侗族的16对遗传性状进行了调查.计算出了每对性状的出现率及除扣手和交叉臂外的14对遗传性状的基因频率,分析了民族间和性别间的差异,同时还分析了惯用手、扣手、交叉臂之间的关系。 Abstract:Sixteen genetic traits were investigated in Han and Dong nationalities of Hunan Province.The frequencies of all the sixteen genetic traits and the gene frequencies of fourteen genetic traits except hand-clasping and arm-folding were calculated.The differences between two nationalities and those between male and female were ana-lyzed.The relations among handedness,hand-clasping and arm-folding were also analyzed.     

甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的遗传研究

用在中国发现的甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的优良后代“鄂油长角”及短角果品种“中油821”为亲本,研究了角果长及与角果长密切相关的两个性状――千粒重和每果粒数的遗传。结果表明,角果长、千粒重、每果粒数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲间角果长性状存在2对基因的差异。长角果对短角果为显性。数量遗传分析表明,角果长、千粒重的遗传符合加性显性二基因互作模型,存在显著的上位性效应。角果长性状在两个基因座上呈联合分布,显性效应均大于加性效应,且存在超显性。千粒重性状以加性效应为主。 Abstract：Eryou long-pod,which was derived from the unique long-pod mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad rapeseed cultivar Zhongyou 821.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studying the genetical behaviors of pod length and two related characters i.e.1000?seed weight and seed number per pod.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in pod length between two parents was related to two loci.Generation mean analyses revealed that the 6?parameter mode was to interpret the inheritance of the characters studied and the epistasis was significant.Pod length mainly showed association of its genes and highly significant dominant effect,and even superdominant effect too.Meanwhile,additive effect was predominant in 1000-seed weight.     

水稻空间技术育种的研究

为探讨空间条件对水稻育种的影响,利用返回式卫星搭载水稻干种子,返地种植,考察分析了12个亲本品种后代的性状表现及遗传与变异情况。结果表明：空间条件诱变的后代性状具有多样性变异和多向性遗传,且能稳定遗传,并有超亲遗传现象,诱变后代具有变异类型多、变异频率高、特殊突变体、育种周期短等特点。为进一步开发利用空间技术育种,在研究实践的基础上,提出了程序化、规范化、可操作性强的水稻空间育种技术规范。 Abstract:In order to inquire into the influences of space conditions on rice breeding,the dry seeds of 12 rice varieties were carried by recoverable satellite.After recovery,these seeds were sowed in the yield,the inheritance and variation of the characters of their progenies were observed and analysed.The results showed that the characters of the progenies mutated under space conditions segregated and varied in many adpects and directions,and the segregated and varied characters were heritable.These progenies posoessed significant transgressive inheritance,a plenty of variation types.and variation.was characterized by short breeding period.The resulfs in this study indicated that space technology breeding could be developed and used as a new method of mutation breeding.     

Geometric morphometric analysis of Eysarcoris guttiger,E.annamita and E.ventralis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The genus Eysarcoris can be easily distinguished from other genera through the two spots in the basal angle of the scutellum.Nevertheless,Eysarcoris species show complex variances.Geometric morphometric methods have been increasingly applied to distinguish species and to define the boundary of genera among insects.In the present study,geometric morphometric approach was firstly employed to evaluate the shape variation of three characters (fore wing,hind wing and pygophore) of E.guttiger,E.annamita and E.ventralis using E.aeneus as outgroup to ascertain whether this approach is a reliable method for the taxonomy of Eysarcoris.Analysis was conducted on the landmarks of the three characters of these species.Multivariate regression of procrustes coordinates against centroid size was conducted to test the presence of allometry.Principal component analysis (PCA),canonical variate analysis (CVA)and cluster analysis were utilized to describe variations in shapes among the studied species.For all of the three characters,though PCA analysis showed some overlap among species,p-values for procrustes distance and mahalanobis distance were all less than 0.0001.The distribution of the three studied species corresponds with their species status.This study demonstrates that the geometric morphometrics of both the fore wing and the hind wing might represent a possible tool for the identification of species within this genus.     

蚕豆特矮秆突变体的遗传研究

用在国内首次发现的蚕豆特矮秆突变体的优良后代“鄂农 82矮”及高秆品种“启豆1号”为亲本, 研究了株高及其与株高密切有关的两个性状──节间长和节数的遗传。结果表明:株高、节间长、节数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲株高性状存在一对基因的差异,我们用Df-df表示这一基因座的两个等位基因,高秆亲本基因型为Df Df,矮秆亲本的基因型为dfdf,高秆对矮秆为显性。数量遗传分析表明,3个性状的遗传均符合加性显性模型,株高、节长的加性效应和显性效应都很重要,显性度接近于1。节数仅受加性效应控制,显性效应不显著。 Abstract:DwarF Enong 82,which derived from the unique dwarf mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad bean cultivar Qidou 1.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studing the genetical behaviors of plant height and two related characters i.e. node length and number of nodes.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in plant height between two parents was related to a loci,which was designated Df-df.Generation mean analyses revealed that the additive-dominance model was adequate to interpreting the inheritance of the three characters.The estimates of number of genes controlling these characterswere the same astheresults with Mendlian methods.     

丝葚核属的三个中国新记录种

The genus Papulaspora was named by Preuss in 1851 based on the characters of “bulbils” （papulospores） and interpreted by Hotson （1912,1917） as consisting of sterile mycelia with various kinds of “bulbils”. 25 Papulaspora species were described by Hotson in detail （1912, 1917）, among them 10 species were acknowledged by Weresub ＆ LeClair （1971） and 20 species were recorded in the Dictionary of the Fungi （2003）. The ecology of Papulaspora species is not well known, most species were isolated from dung, decaying plant material or soil.     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

濒危植物缙云卫矛果实、种子形态分化研究

对缙云卫矛7个天然种群的果实、种子形态进行研究,测量果实和种子的数量、长度、宽度、重量等22项形态学指标。结果显示:果实、种子的形态性状在种群内和种群间均存在一定程度的变异,种群间变异系数平均值从0.750(种子数/序)到0.062(种子整体形态,长/宽),相比之下种子整体形态最为稳定。在种群水平上,果实、种子的形态性状有一定程度的分化,但不与种群间的地理距离远近相关联。形态分化与环境因子的灰色关联度分析表明,在所研究的环境因子中,没有发现一单一因子对其形态分化起绝对主导作用,不同环境因子对同一性状所起作用不同,且同一环境因子对不同性状的影响效应也有差异。潜在的主导因子是土壤中的全钾含量、土壤厚度以及土壤pH。     

The races of maize: III. choices of appropriate characters for racial classification

Analyses of variance for 111 characters from 55 races and subraces of maize from eastern South America grown at Piracicaba, S. P., Brazil, between 1960 and 1965, indicated that those characters which were least affected by environmental factors and interactions were reproductive characters. In particular, the component of variance due to differences among races for certain ear and kernel characters was greater than the sum of the corresponding components due to differences among years and race by year interactions. The converse was true for all vegetative characters. Tassel characters tended to be intermediate between ear and plant characters. While some indices had larger components of variance attributable to racial differences than to the effects of environment and/or environmental interaction, some commonly used ones, such as cob/rachis and rachilla/kernel indices, proved to be quite susceptible to environmental influences. Again, indices based upon solely vegetative characters were consistently influenced more strongly by environmental factors and interaction than were those based on reproductive characters.     

内蒙古3种生态型扁蓿豆遗传多样性与亲缘关系的分析

采用SSR分子标记结合21个表型性状对来自内蒙古3种生态型扁蓿豆种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明:3种生态型的22份扁蓿豆材料在考察的4个质量性状上差异明显;在17个数量性状上,总体变异程度为黄花型扁蓿豆>扁蓿豆>细叶扁蓿豆;表型性状的遗传相似系数在31.59～113.27间,变异系数为43.30%.SSR分析结果显示,18对引物平均多态性比率为80.09%,引物平均等位位点数为6.06,位点多态性信息含量平均为0.32,遗传相似系数在0.37～0.47间,变异系数为61.80%.表型性状聚类、SSR分子标记聚类及主成分分析结果均显示,黄花型扁蓿豆和扁蓿豆的亲缘关系较近,与细叶扁蓿豆的亲缘关系较远.     

秦岭山地太白红杉种群种实性状的生态可塑性研究

研究了太白红杉6个种群中13个种实性状的变异情况.结果表明,太白红杉种实性状在种群内和种群间均存在广泛的变异,除种子宽和种鳞宽的差异在种群间不显著外,其它11个性状在种群间差异均极显著;种群间种鳞长、种鳞宽、球果长宽比、种翅长和种翅宽的变异程度比种群内大,其它8个性状在种群内的变异程度比种群间大.海拔对太白红杉种实性状的影响比较明显,其中种子宽、种鳞长、种翅宽、种鳞宽、球果长、球果宽和种鳞数与海拔呈负相关,种子宽和球果宽相关性显著,种鳞长、种翅宽、种鳞宽、球果长和种鳞数相关性极显著;坡度与种鳞长宽比呈负相关;年降水与球果宽呈正相关.种子长宽比和种翅长宽比与海拔呈负相关.     

GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION OF LEAF EPIDERMAL ANATOMY IN PUCCINELLIA (POACEAE)

Phenotypic plasticity of anatomical leaf epidermal characters was assessed in the halophytic grass genus Puccinellia, to identify those of potential taxonomic utility. Characters with the greatest taxonomic potential are those that exhibit genetic variation and low plasticity. For the analysis, field-collected clones were divided and grown under a series of moisture and salinity regimes. Genetic variation and plasticity in response to environmental variation were assessed for 39 anatomical characters by analysis of among-clone and among-treatment variation, respectively. Both genetic variation and plasticity are widespread among the characters, and both are detected in greater frequency among continuously variable characters than among discretestate characters. Among continuously variable traits, average cell dimensions exhibit more plasticity than do maximum cell dimensions or ratios that reflect shapes and relative sizes. Among discrete-state characters, plasticity in the occurrence of papillae is found in nonstomatal intercostal cellular ranks, but not in costal or stomatal intercostal ranks. In Puccinellia, anatomical characters are, in general, neither more nor less plastic than those of macromorphology.     

毛泡桐与白花泡桐正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异

利用田间实验和统计分析方法,研究了毛泡桐[Paulownia tomentosa（Thunb．）Steud．]与白花泡桐[P.fortunei（Seem．）Hemsl．]正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异。结果表明,供试的11个F1无性系的22个自然接干性状具有广泛而明显的遗传变异和变异差异,其中接干高、全干高、接干材积、全干材积、接干材秽全干材积、通直度和丛枝病等级是变异最大的7个自然接干性状（CV〉30）;在6个正交F1无性系间和5个反交F1无性系间,绝大多数自然接干性状的差异达极显著水平;在毛泡桐与白花泡桐正交F1无性系和反交F1无性系间,22个自然接干性状均存在极显著差异。     

Evolutionary rates of secondary sexual and non-sexual characters among birds

The rate of evolutionary morphological change in secondary sexual characters among species has traditionally been assumed to exceed that for non-sexual characters, giving rise to a larger degree of divergence. We used a large data set of independent evolutionary events of exaggerated secondary sexual feather characters across all birds to test whether that was the case. Comparative analyses revealed that secondary sexual tail feather characters diverged more than wing feathers in females, and we also found that secondary sexual head feather characters diverged more than tarsi in males, when only including intra-order comparisons in the analyses. These results are in the predicted direction, with secondary sexual characters diverging more than ordinary morphological traits, partially supporting the general impression that secondary sexual characters are more variable among species than ordinary morphological characters. However, the degree of divergence among secondary sexual characters was generally not much larger than that among ordinary characters. Some non-significant differences in divergence between secondary sexual characters and ordinary characters could be explained by the cost-reducing function of ordinary morphological traits. There was no evidence of significant differences in divergence between sexes for secondary sexual characters, maybe because of genetic correlations in morphology between the sexes. However, male tarsi diverged more than female tarsi, and sexual selection might play a role in this difference in divergence. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系生长和结实性状的评价

为进一步优化1.5代杉木种子园的质量,通过对福建漳平杉木种子园内21个杉木无性系生长和球果特征的调查,分析不同无性系生长和结实性状的差异及其相互关系,采用层次分析法对不同无性系的生长性状和结实性状进行综合评价。结果表明:1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系之间的生长和结实性状存在明显差异;不同无性系的结实量、球果体积、球果鲜重与其种子产量显著相关,生长性状与结实量、结实量与种子发芽率的相关性不显著。根据不同无性系生长性状和结实性状的综合评价结果,有6个无性系具有生长快且结实量高的特性,可作为重建1.5代杉木种子园的材料。