长白山牛皮杜鹃群落物种多样性的海拔梯度变化及相似性

采用样地调查法,研究了牛皮杜鹃群落物种组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性及其沿海拔梯度的变化规律,对不同海拔牛皮杜鹃群落进行相似性分析。结果表明:(1)牛皮杜鹃群落相同海拔高度,草本层的物种多样性普遍高于灌木层的物种多样性。自海拔1926—1986m,灌木层α多样性指数先降低后升高,1986m后再次降低,到达海拔2010m处达到最低点,适应高山苔原带特殊生境条件的物种逐渐增多,多样性指数开始回升。海拔2250m,生物多样性指数的变化趋于平缓,物种组成相对较为稳定。海拔2528m以上,生物多样性再次呈降低趋势。草本层的α多样性指数中,物种多样性指数SW、丰富度指数D和均匀度指数R沿海拔梯度的变化趋势大致相同。海拔1986m处时出现最小值,海拔2350m时达最大值。牛皮杜鹃群落α多样性指数间呈P0.01水平极显著正相关性,物种丰富度指数对群落的物种多样性贡献率最大,表现为丰富度指数(D1、D2)种间机遇指数(H)生态优势度指数(SN)群落均匀度指数(R)。(2)牛皮杜鹃群落β多样性沿海拔梯度基本呈波形变化,草本层β多样性指数普遍高于灌木层β多样性指数。在牛皮杜鹃群落物种沿海拔梯度的替换速率上,草本植物高于灌木物种。Routledge指数的变化趋势不显著。海拔1986m处和海拔2250m处,草本层Cody指数出现两处极值,海拔2250m以上群落灌木层之间差异和变化较小,Whittaker多样性指数和Cody指数逐渐趋于平稳。(3)海拔梯度间生境及群落结构差异性越大,生物多样性变化越明显。海拔高度接近的群落间相似性系数较高,海拔是影响牛皮杜鹃群落差异的主要因素。     

陕南中低海拔山区植物物种多样性与海拔及坡向的关系

为了研究陕南中低海拔山区植物物种多样性与坡向、海拔之间的关系, 在研究区内设置并选取了具有代表性的样方91处, 统计分析了每150 m海拔区间内乔木层、灌木层、草本层物种多样性及其关系。结果表明: (1)研究区内共有维管束植物129科、312属、460种; 阴坡乔木、灌木、草本植物的物种数均多于阳坡; 相同坡向内草本植物的科、属、种数量最多, 灌木次之, 乔木最少。(2)除草本植物的H、D值外, 其他层次物种多样性指数的变异系数阴坡均大于阳坡; 阳坡海拔1250 m以上草本植物物种数逐渐降低, 优势种逐渐显现; 在阴坡, 海拔500—650 m处草本植物物种数最多, 而海拔1400—1550 m灌木的个体数量最多。(3)回归分析中, 多样性指数与海拔之间大多能呈现较好的拟合效果。阴、阳坡向内乔木层的多样性指数均先降低再升高, 海拔950 m以上, 阴坡乔木层的H、M值大于阳坡, 差异显著(P<0.05); 而D、J值差异不显著。阴坡灌木层的H、J、M值在海拔800 m处呈现单峰格局; 阳坡灌木层的H、M值在研究区域内单调升高, 而J值与海拔之间没有很好的拟合效果。在研究区内, 阳坡草本层的H、J、M值随海拔升高呈现先增加再降低趋势, 而阴坡草本层各指数与海拔之间没有很好的拟合效果。(4)不同层次间相关性检验中, 阳坡乔木层H值与灌木层的H、D、M为显著负相关(0.01相似文献   

海拔高度对江油地区杉木人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,海拔高度是影响物种多样性的重要因素。该实验采用典型样地法,在800~900m(低海拔)和1 100~1 200m(高海拔)2个海拔高度分别取4个20m×20m的样地,对江油地区的杉木人工林群落结构和物种多样性进行研究,采用物种丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wienner多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)来综合衡量不同海拔杉木人工林群落的物种多样性。结果表明:(1)组成江油杉木人工林的物种共计205种,分属66科177属;低海拔地区乔木7种,灌木54种,草本47种;高海拔地区乔木10种,灌木60种,草本41种。(2)低海拔和高海拔的木本植物组成无明显差异,草本层的物种组成有明显差异。(3)群落各层次的物种多样性指数在低海拔和高海拔都表现为:灌木层草本层乔木层,乔木层的各项指数最低;物种多样性指数随海拔升高在特定区间内表现出一定规律性,D、H和Jsw值总体上呈高海拔低海拔,H′则相反,表明高海拔杉木人工林物种多样性和物种在群落中分布的均匀度都有增加的趋势,这与高海拔受人为干扰较轻以及环境因子的变化等密切相关。     

乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落结构特征及其多样性研究

根据2013年对乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落野外50个样地调查的数据,结合双向指示种分析分类方法,从各群落基本特征、物种组成、区系特征、物种多样性等方面对乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落结构特征及其多样性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)被调查的50个样地灌木植被群落中共出现了169种植物(其中灌木植物36种,草本植物133种),隶属于118属,31科,其中以藜科、菊科、禾本科等干旱区的表征科居多。灌木物种的植物区系以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布和北温带分布为主。(2)采用TWINSPAN分类方法可将50个样方划分为10个灌木群落类型。乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落多样性指数偏低,黑果小檗+宽刺蔷薇+金丝桃叶绣线菊群落的多样性指数最大,群落之间水平差异显著;欧亚圆柏群落、宽刺蔷薇+矮锦鸡儿群落和铃铛刺+喀什菊群落次之;多枝柽柳群落和琵琶柴+喀什霸王群落最低。(3)属于灌丛植被类型的灌木群落,物种多样性指数为草本层灌木层;属于荒漠植被类型的灌木群落,物种多样性空间结构为灌木层草本层。     

岷江上游祁连山圆柏群落结构研究

应用样方调查方法,对祁连山圆柏群落外貌和结构进行研究.结果表明,该群落生活型谱中以地面芽植物为主,但一年生植物也占有较大比率,具有一些温带植物群落特征.该群落垂直结构简单,只有乔、灌、草3层,无层间植物及地被层.乔木层只有祁连山圆柏1种;灌木层以高山绣线菊的重要值最大,为153.3;草本层以丛生苔草重要值最大,达到36.8.在不同坡度样地中,大坡度样地上具有相对较多的幼苗和幼树,而低坡度样地有刺灌木和适口性差的草本较多,这主要是由于坡度不同导致样地上放牧强度不同造成的.由年龄结构和高度结构的分析可以看出,祁连山圆柏种群总体上为衰退种群,如果任由放牧等干扰继续下去,群落将向灌丛草甸方向演替.群落上层盖度对下层盖度影响较大,且各层盖度大小与其多样性之间没有必然联系.     

白龙江上游地区森林植物群落物种多样性的研究

 白龙江上游地区属长江防护林工程重点地区之一。根据36个样地的调查资料,分析了该地区森林植物群落物种多样性的特征：群落内各层物种丰富度指数的大小顺序为“灌木层>草本层>乔木层”;均匀度指数变化比较复杂,在杜鹃巴山冷杉（Rhododendron fastigiatum-Abies fargesii）林中为“草本层>灌木层>乔木层”,在苔藓巴山冷杉林中为“乔木层>灌木层>草本层”,其余群落中为“灌木层>草本层>乔木层”;多样性指数的大小顺序为“乔木层<灌木层和草本层”,而灌木层与草本层的多样性指数随林分郁闭度变化而变化,在郁闭度30%的杜鹃巴山冷杉林中,草本层大于灌木层,在郁闭度47%的箭竹巴山冷杉林中,草本层和灌木层相当,在郁闭度55%以上的各个群落内,灌木层大于草本层。同一海拔不同坡向群落的物种多样性表现为分布于阳坡的油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林大于分布于阴坡的草类云杉（Picea asperata）林。物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化表现为随海拔升高先降低后增加,从海拔2 400 m的栎类阔叶林,2 600 m的草类云杉林,2 800 m的箭竹(Sinarundinaria nitida)巴山冷杉林,到3 000 m的苔藓巴山冷杉林和3 200 m的杜鹃巴山冷杉林,物种多样性依次下降,到海拔3 400 m的高山杜鹃（Rhododendron fastigiatum）灌丛,物种多样性增加。物种多样性在紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)林的演替系列中表现为随群落演替发展而增加,后降低,在针阔混交林阶段达到最大。     

广东南岭大东山浙江润楠群落物种多样性与区系地理成分分析

应用植被调查样地法研究了广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山片区的浙江润楠群落的物种多样性、区系地理成分,以及优势种种群的年龄结构。结果表明：（1）在1600m2的样地内共有维管束植物73科119属169种,群落的数量优势科为樟科、蔷薇科、山茶科、壳斗科及杜鹃花科等,种类组成的科、属地理成分中热带成分分别占74·51%和70·10%,温带成分分别占23·53%和33·64%;（2）该群落浙江润楠种群以幼、中龄树为主,其优势地位明显且稳定,乔木层的亚优势树种以罗浮栲、马尾松及荷木等为主;（3）群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3层,灌木层的物种最丰富,对群落物种多样性分析发现,Simpson指数：灌木层（乔木层=草本层,Shannon指数：灌木层（乔木层（草本层,Margalef指数：灌木层（乔木层（草本层,Pielou指数：乔木层（灌木层（草本层。     

草海国家级自然保护区华山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

为探讨喀斯特地区森林群落的演替动态和生物多样性维持机制,采用样地调查法对草海国家级自然保护区的华山松(Pinusarmandii)群落的物种组成、植物区系特征、种群结构和物种多样性等进行了分析。结果表明,样地内共有种子植物37科69属81种,其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本38种;群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,以温带成分为主;生活型谱主要以高位芽植物(46.91%)和地面芽植物(27.16%)为主;乔木层华山松的重要值达58%,为群落的单优势种;径级结构呈左偏正态型分布,树高分布集中在12～21 m,冠幅分布呈V型;乔木层与灌木层、草本层间的多样性差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度指数S和D_M、多样性指数H和D_S均为草本层灌木层乔木层,物种均匀度指数J为灌木层草本层乔木层。因此,草海国家级自然保护区内的华山松群落特征和物种多样性具有明显的地域特点。     

四川大巴山巴山水青冈群落的物种多样性特征

巴山水青冈(Fagus pashanica)是川、陕、鄂、渝四省市交界处的特有植物。巴山水青冈林集中分布在四川省东北部的大巴山区。目前关于巴山水青冈群落的资料极其匮乏。作者在大巴山区通过对7个样地39个样方调查数据的分析, 探讨了巴山水青冈群落的物种多样性特征。主要结果有: (1) 巴山水青冈群落物种组成丰富, 共记录到维管束植物77科142属217种。乔木层物种集中于壳斗科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、山矾科等科; 灌木层物种集中于蔷薇科、忍冬科、壳斗科、槭树科等科; 草本层植物个体数量以苔草属(Carex)植物和普通鹿蹄草(Pyrola decorata)占绝对优势。(2) 群落乔木层物种多度对数呈倒“J”型分布, 灌木层与草本层的物种多度近似对数正态分布。群落物种丰富度由大到小依次为灌木层>草本层>乔木层; Shannon指数与Simpson指数的顺序为灌木层>乔木层>草本层; 均匀度指数的顺序为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。(3) 东坡、南坡的植物物种多样性高于北坡。乔木层Shannon指数与土壤第二层厚度回归关系显著; 草本层Shannon指数与土壤第一层厚度的回归关系显著; 灌木层的物种数和Shannon指数与土壤第一层有机质回归关系显著。(4) 群落建群种和乔木层主要树种重要值与物种多样性主要表现为负相关关系, 但与灌木层的物种多样性关系不显著(P≥0.05)。结果表明, 灌木层物种多样性主要受到环境因素的影响, 而乔木层和草本层物种多样性受到环境因子和群落自身特征的双重影响。     

四川大巴山米心水青冈（Fagus engleriana）群落的物种多样性特征

四川省大巴山处于秦岭南部的北亚热带,水青冈属植物分布较集中.该处米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana)林分布面积较大,生长良好,保存相对完好,具有重要的地域代表性.分析了米心水青冈群落的物种组成、区系地理成分、物种多样性以及群落自身特征与物种多样性的灰色关联度,得到以下主要结果:(1)在4个样地28个10m×10m群落样方中,一共记录到维管束植物197种,隶属140属、74科. 群落乔木层物种主要由壳斗科、蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、桦木科、槭树科等科组成;灌木层物种主要由蔷薇科、忍冬科、杜鹃花科等科组成;草本层主要由莎草科、菊科、百合科等科植物组成.(2)地理区系成分中,温带成分分别占群落总属数、总种数的65.38%和64.32%,处于主导地位;热带和亚热带成分占总属数、总种数的23.85%、24.32%.(3)群落中物种数目-多度在不同的层次变化趋势不同.(4)群落的物种丰度以灌木层最高、乔木层最低.Shannon指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数以草本层最高、灌木层最低.(5)乔、灌、草3层的物种多样性均受到乔、灌两层植物的多度与盖度的影响,说明群落自身的特征与群落物种多样性是紧密相关的.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.