武汉东湖浮游动物对浮游细菌牧食力研究

利用３５μｍ、６４μｍ、９０μｍ和３６０μｍ等不同大小孔径的筛绢网过滤湖水进行了浮游动物对浮游细菌牧食力的研究。结果表明,东湖浮游地浮游细菌总滤过度为１８０．１９ｍｌ ｌ＾－１Ｈ％－１,摄食率为０．４０μｇＣｌ＾－１ｈ＾－１．９０μｍ以下的个体为原生动物和轮虫,它们组成了群落总生物量的７５％,其对细菌的牧食力占总牧食 力的４４．８％,大于３６０μｍ的浮游动物（主要是甲壳动物）的牧食力占总牧食力的３     

武汉东湖浮游动物对浮游细菌的牧食力研究

利用３５μｍ、６４μｍ、９０μｍ和３６０μｍ等不同大小孔径的筛绢网过滤湖水进行了浮游动物对浮游细菌牧食力的研究。结果表明,东湖浮游动物对浮游细菌总滤过率为１８０．１９ｍｌｌ￣（－１）ｈ￣（－１）．摄食率为０．４０μｇＣｌ￣（－１）ｈ￣（－１）。９０μｍ以下的个体为原生动物和轮虫,它们组成了群落总生物量的７５％,其对细菌的牧食力占总牧食力的４４．８％,大于３６０μｍ的浮游动物（主要是甲壳动物）的牧食力占总牧食力的３５．１％。大于９０到小于３６０μｍ的浮游动物其牧食力最小,只占总牧食力的２０％。文中分别用滤过率、摄食率和特定摄食率对各浮游动物组分进行了比较,甲壳动物的特定摄食率比原生动物和轮虫的特定摄食率之和大。文中并讨论了可能影响浮游动物对浮游细菌牧食力的有关因素。     

微囊藻群体形成影响因子及机理

富营养化导致的湖泊、水库蓝藻水华带来了一系列环境和生态问题。微囊藻群体形成,在水体表面的聚集是形成水华的重要策略之一。微囊藻群体形成有效抵御了草食性动物摄食、病毒、细菌的侵害,耐受不良环境因子(紫外辐射、高光强、重金属等)能力显著增强。文章探讨了野外微囊藻群体占优势的机制并综述了影响微囊藻群体形成的外源因子及作用机理,包括非生物因子(营养、温度、光照、重金属、微囊藻毒素、乙醛酸)、生物因子(草食性动物、细菌、鱼类、藻类)。基于现有研究,本综述还对未来研究进行展望:(1)非生物因子与生物因子协同效应对藻类形态影响研究; (2)人类活动对浮游藻类形态及动态的影响研究;(3)藻类形态对沉水植物的响应在未来淡水生态系统修复中的应用; (4)促进藻类群体形成的胞外多糖分泌在未来工业生产中的作用。     

海水养虾池浮游动物对浮游植物牧食力的研究

利用常规显微镜直接计数法评估了海水养虾池浮游动物对浮游藻类的牧食力。测得虾池浮游动物对水柱浮游植物的总滤水率为８０．３８ｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｈ）,每个浮游动物的滤水率平均为１１．１３μｌ／（ｉｎｄ·ｈ）,总牧食率为１０．５０μｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）,即１．２５ｎｇＣ／（ｉｎｄ·ｈ）。浮游动物对水柱原位主要浮游藻类的选食,以隐藻和舟形藻为最多,其次是扁藻和小环藻,６ｈ内对上述４种藻类的选食率分别为９２．６８％、７２．４６％、３６．２２％和３２．５６％,其相应的选择指数依次为０．７３３１、０．６７１７、０．４３４５和０．３９１３。对水柱总体而言,６ｈ内有３５．７２％的主要浮游藻类被选食了。     

蓝藻胞外多聚物生物合成、群体形成与微囊藻水华

有毒微囊藻水华在太湖、巢湖和滇池等饮用水源地频繁暴发,对居民健康和水产养殖等构成严重威胁,亟需开发新技术加以有效控制和利用.在水华暴发时,蓝藻大量分泌胞外多聚物而形成细胞群体,是蓝藻水华发生的关键和前提.蓝藻群体中胶质状胞外多聚物由胞外多糖、蛋白质和其他生物大分子组成,对其结构、功能和生物合成途径研究了解仍然有限.生物...     

海水养虾池浮游运行对浮游植物牧食力的研究

利用常规显微镜直接计数法评估了海水养虾池浮游动物对浮游藻类的牧食力,测得虾池浮游运行对水柱浮游植物的总滤水率为８０．３８ｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｈ）,每个浮游动物的滤水率平均为１１．１３μｌ（ｉｎｄ·ｈ）,总牧食率为１０．５０μｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）,即１．２５ｎｇ℃／（ｉｎｄ·ｈ）、浮游动物对水柱原位主要浮游藻类的选食,、以隐菏和舟形藻为最多,其次是扁藻和小环藻,６ｈ内对上述４种藻类的选食率为９２．６８％、７２．４     

滤食杂食性鱼类放养对浮游动物群落结构的影响

滤食杂食性鱼类是我国南方水体中常见鱼类,本文调查了放养滤食杂食性鱼类后浮游动物的丰度和种类组成的变化,以探讨其对浮游动物群落的影响.结果显示,滤食杂食性鱼类放养之后,枝角类模糊秀体溞(Diaphanosoma dubium)、微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)和桡足类蒙古温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops mongolicus)、南方近镖水蚤(Tropodiaptomus australis)等丰度迅速下降,而轮虫丰度在鱼类放养一周后迅速增加,且保持较高的密度;轮虫优势种也发生了变化,调查前两周主要以臂尾轮虫(Brachionus)为主,两周后以暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocereidae pusilla)、广布多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)和裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsisfissa)等个体更小的种类为主.本研究说明,滤食杂食性鱼类能够显著影响浮游动物群落结构,个体较大的种类受到的影响较大,最后导致浮游动物群落的小型化.     

淡水湖泊浮游藻类对富营养化和气候变暖的响应

水体富营养化和气候变暖是淡水生态系统面临的两大威胁。文章分别阐述了富营养化和气候变暖对淡水湖泊浮游藻类直接和间接效应, 并总结气候变暖可能通过影响水体理化性质、水生植物组成、食物链结构从而直接或间接改变浮游藻类生物量或群落结构。作者重点分析了气候变暖下湖泊生态系统蓝藻水华暴发机制, 比较了不同湖泊蓝藻对气候变暖和富营养化响应的异同点, 发现气候变暖和富营养化对湖泊生态系统影响存在相似性, 表现在均促进湖泊由清水-浊水稳态转变、增加蓝藻水华发生频率和强度。然而二者对湖泊浮游藻类影响的相对重要性取决于分层型湖泊和混合型湖泊的差异性、不同营养型湖泊和不同类群蓝藻组成差异性。作者认为, 开展气候变暖和富营养化下, 湖泊浮游藻类功能群响应研究亟待进行。     

海洋微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力

综述了国际上研究微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力摄食的方法,并重点介绍了稀释法的理论和在实践中遇到的问题。各种方法的微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力摄食压力的估计表明,微型浮游动物在海洋生态系统中的扮演重要角色。     

虾塘养殖中后期微型浮游动物的摄食压力

2008年8月底到10月初,用现场稀释法对虾塘中≤200 μm、≤100 μm和≤20 μm 3个粒级的微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力进行了研究。共进行了三次培养实验,结果表明：浮游植物的生长率为0.0834～0.4498 d-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率为0.1212～0.2998 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率对浮游植物生长率比值(g:k)为0.4271～3.4901,占浮游植物现存量的11.41%～25.90%,对初级生产力的摄食压力为48.20%～314.69%。≤20 μm微型浮游动物的摄食率、对浮游植物现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力,占微型浮游动物(≤200 μm)的相关比例范围为73.85%～97.69%、76.67%～97.91%、78.87%～98.59%。这表明≤20 μm微型浮游动物比≥20 μm的微型浮游动物在对虾养殖中后期虾塘能量流动和物质循环方面起到更重要的作用。     

The effect of small zooplankton on the microbial loop and edible algae during a cyanobacterial bloom

SUMMARY 1. We studied the effect of the small crustacean zooplankton on heterotrophic micro-organisms and edible phytoplankton in a eutrophic lake during a cyanobacterial bloom.
2. Small (15 L) enclosures were filled with natural or screened (100 μm) lake water and incubated for 5 days in the lake. Screening removed crustacean zooplankton but the initial density of rotifers and phytoplankton remained the same in control and removal treatments. Changes in the abundance and biomass of bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton (APP), heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates were measured daily.
3. The crustacean zooplankton, dominated by the small cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus , did not affect cyanobacteria, the main phytoplankton group during the experiment.
4. The removal of the crustacean zooplankton induced a higher abundance of ciliates and reduced that of the HNF, indicating the importance of ciliates in controlling HNF in this system.     

太湖梅梁湾大型控藻围栏对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

2005年对太湖梅梁湾大型鲢、鳙控藻围栏内外浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化进行了监测.结果表明:围栏内外的环境因子、浮游植物生物量、浮游甲壳动物种类组成无显著差异.但鲢、鳙放养对浮游甲壳动物的生物量产生了较大的影响,围栏内浮游甲壳动物的总生物量和枝角类的生物量显著低于围栏外.总体上,枝角类各种类的生物量受鲢、鳙放养的影响程度大于桡足类的种类.太湖梅梁湾浮游甲壳动物的季节演替明显,大部分种类只是季节性出现.冬季和春季以溞(Daphnia sp.)和近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicnus)等大型种类为主,夏季和秋季以象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)、角突网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)等小型种类为主.典范对应分析表明,透明度、温度和浮游植物的生物量是影响浮游甲壳动物季节变化的主要因素.     

The edibility of Staurastrum chaetoceras and Cosmarium abbreviatum (desmidiaceae) for Daphnia galeata/hyalina and the role of desmids in the aquatic food web

A laboratory clone of Daphnia galeata/hyalina was fed with two different planktic desmid taxa: Staurastrum chaetoceras and Cosmarium abbreviatum var. planctonicum, being about equal in cell size. Whereas Staurastrum chaetoceras was readily ingested and assimilated to a high degree, Cosmarium was hardly incorporated. This could be partly due to the presence of an extracellular mucilaginous envelope in the latter species. When decapsulated by mild sonification, Cosmarium cells were significantly better ingested but digestion was still inferior to that of Staurastrum, presumably because of the more compact cell shape of Cosmarium.From literature it appears that small-sized planktic desmid species occasionally may constitute a main food source for zooplankton, especially in eutrophic lakes. Most likely however, desmids, particularly large-sized species, play a much more important role in the food chain in the benthic compartment of shallow, oligotrophic water bodies where they serve as a food source for various macro-invertebrate taxa.     

Morphological Response of Microcystis aeruginosa to Grazing by Different Sorts of Zooplankton

In the experiment we investigated the effect of grazing by different sorts of zooplankton on the induction of defensive morphology in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that protozoan flagellate Ochromonas sp. grazing could induce colony formation in M. aeruginosa, whereas M. aeruginosa populations in the control and the grazing treatments of copepod Eudiaptomus graciloides, cladoceran Daphnia magna, and rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were still strongly dominated by unicells and paired cells and no colony forma occurred. In the protozoan grazing treatment, the proportion of unicells reduced from 83.2% to 15.7%, while the proportion of cells in colonial form increased from 0% to 68.7% of the population at the end of the experiment. The occurrence of a majority of colonial M. aeruginosa being in the treatment with flagellates, indicated that flagellate grazing on solitary cells could induce colony formation in M. aeruginosa. The colonies could effectively deter flagellate from further grazing and thus increase the survival of M. aeruginosa. The colony formation in M. aeruginosa may be considered as an inducible defense against flagellate grazing under the conditions that toxin cannot deter flagellate from grazing effectively.     

ACUTE TOXICITY OF SOME BLUEGREEN ALGAE TO THE PROTOZOAN PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM1

Four species of bluegreen algae were tested for possible effect on the protozoan Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg. Toxicity was demonstrated using lyophilized cells of Fischerella epiphytica Ghose and Gloeotrichia echinulata (Smith) Richter. Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet & Thuret failed to show any effects when lyophilized but became toxic when sonified. Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Bréb. was nontoxic in all tests. G. echinulata was lethal at 0.1 mg·ml^?1 which is comparable to the toxic concentration of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs reported for microcrustaceans.     

Analysis of phytoplankton-zooplankton relationships in an oligotrophic lake under natural and manipulated conditions

During August, 1987, we performed a series of Limnocorral experiments in lake La Caldera, a small winter-kill lake in which phytoplankton is strikingly nutrient-limited. The effects of biomanipulation on zooplankton-phytoplankton relationships were assessed by monitoring both individual species and whole-assemblage responses. Two sizes of enclosures were used (15 and 350 litres) and two treatments were assayed: 1) removal of zooplankton by 45 μm filter net and 2) doubling the natural grazing pressure by increasing the zooplankton concentration. Results show the two enclosure types to differ strikingly: flagellates disappeared from the small enclosures, resulting in four- to six-fold changes in chlorophylla concentration and three- to four-fold changes in number of individuals. Most species were grazed (a prey selectivity based on criteria other than size was observed) and their net growth rate increased with zooplankton concentration, causing a net increase in the phytoplankton growth, a stimulatory effect probably through nutrient regeneration that overrides the losses due to grazing.