植物对重金属锌耐性机理的研究进展

Zn是植物必需的营养元素,同时也是一种常见的有毒重金属元素.由于长期的环境选择和适应进化,植物相应对Zn~(2+)产生了耐性,可减轻或避免Zn~(2+)的毒害.植物对锌耐性机制有:菌根和细胞膜对Zn~(2+)吸收的阻止和控制,其中控制Zn~(2+)的细胞膜跨膜转运器主要有(ZIP)类、阳离子扩散促进器(CDF)类和B-type ATPase (HMA)类;金属硫蛋白(MTs)、植物螯合素(PCs)和有机酸等Zn~(2+)螯合物质的体内螯合解毒;体内区室化分隔以及通过抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质的代谢调节等.本文从生理和分子水平上综述了植物对Zn~(2+)耐性机理的研究进展,并在此基础上提出目前存在的问题和今后研究的重点领域,为该领域的相关研究提供资料和借鉴.     

高等植物重金属耐性与超积累特性及其分子机理研究

由于重金属污染日益严重, 重金属在土壤_植物系统中的行为引起了人们的高度重视。高等植物对重金 属的耐性与积累性, 已经成为污染生态学研究的热点。近年来, 由于分子生态学等学科的发展, 有关植物对重金属的解毒和耐性机理、重金属离子富集机制的研究取得了较大进展。高等植物对重金属的耐性和积累在种间和基因型之间存在很大差异。根系是重金 属等土壤污染物进入植物的门户。根系分泌物改变重金属的生物有效性和毒性, 并在植物吸收重金属的过程中发挥重要作用。土壤中的大部分重金属离子都是通过金属转运蛋白进入根细胞, 并在植物体内进一步转运至液泡贮存。在重金属胁迫条件下植物螯合肽 (PC) 的合成是植物对胁迫的一种适应性反应。耐性基因型合成较多的PC, 谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 是合成PC的前体, 重金属与PC螯合并转移至液泡中贮存, 从而达到解毒效果。金属硫蛋白 (MTs) 与PC一样, 可以与重金属离子螯合, 从而降低重金属离子的毒性。该文从分子水平上论述了根系分泌物、金属转运蛋白、MTs、PC、GSH在重金属耐性及超积累性中的作用, 评述了近 10年来这方面的研究进展, 并在此基础上提出存在的问题和今后研究的重点。     

植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒机制研究进展

揭示植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒的分子机制,可以明晰农作物吸收铅的关键过程,阻控铅在粮食、蔬菜中的积累,降低重金属的食用风险;也可以阐明某些铅超积累植物的耐性与解毒机制,分离并克隆铅超积累的功能基因,培育高效的铅污染土壤修复植物.本文从铅进入植物的两个重要途径(叶片的吸附与吸收以及根系的吸收与转运)出发,系统总结讨论了植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和分布的研究进展;采用胞外至胞内的空间顺序,分别从植物根系分泌物的解毒、细胞壁的固定和动态响应、细胞质膜的选择透过性作用、液泡的区隔化作用以及金属有机配体的螯合等方面论述植物铅耐性和解毒的分子机理,并在此基础上提出存在的问题和今后研究的重点.     

植物螯合肽的转运与功能研究进展

植物螯合肽（phytochelatins,PCs）是由植物螯合肽合酶催化谷胱甘肽合成的一类生物小分子,结构式为（γ-Glu-Cys）n-Gly（n=2-11）,在真菌和高等植物耐受重金属胁迫机制中具有重要作用。近年来,人们在Pc介导重金属脱毒害的分子机理研究上取得了重要进展,发JLSpHMT1和SpABC2是PC在裂殖酵母中介导重金属液泡区室化的主要转运蛋白,鉴定了拟南芥液泡膜PC转运蛋AtABCC1和AtABCC2。此外,PCs也可能在超积累植物细胞内对重金属脱毒害具有重要功能。     

植物螯合肽及其在抗重金属胁迫中的作用

植物螯合肽(PCs)广泛存在于植物体中,与植物抗重金属胁迫关系密切。植物螯合肽及其复合物是一类富含半胱氨酸的低分子量化合物。现有研究证明,PCS由谷胱甘肽(GSH)为底物的酶促反应合成,其合成受相关基因的调控,从模式植物拟南芥的突变体中已分离到与PCS合成有关的几个基因。植物螯合肽首先与重金属离子结合形成低分子量(LMW)复合物,以此形态经由细胞质进入液泡后,再与一个分子的植物螯合肽结合,形成对植物组织毒性较小的高分子量(HMW)复合物,从而达到缓解重金属对植物的危害作用。就植物螯合肽及其复合物的结构、生物合成、基因调控及重金属解毒机理等进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向提出了一些看法。     

植物络合素和植物络合素合酶的研究

植物络合素（Phytochelatins,PCs)是由于重金属离子诱导而在植物体内合成的一类小分子多肽,其结构式为（γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly,(n=2-11);PCs能够螯合重金属,从而起到对对重金属解毒的作用,PCs并非基因的直接产物,而是由植物络合素合酶（phytochelatin syn-thase,PCS),以GSH为底物催化合成的;植物络合素合酶基因的表达是组成型的,重金属离子能够活化PCS,诱导PCs的合成。1989年,人们首次报道得到了部分纯化的PCS,10年后,3个研究小组分别于1999年同时克隆和鉴定了编码PCS的基因,这些结果不仅对于研究PCs的合成途径和模型的建立及植物抗重金属机制的探讨有重要意义,而且在利用基因工程改良植物抗重金属能力和净化环境污染方面有应用前景。     

硫对土壤重金属形态转化及植物有效性的影响研究进展

生源要素硫在土壤中的化学循环不仅会直接影响土壤重金属元素的环境行为,也可通过调控植物根际微环境间接影响植物对重金属元素的吸收累积.土壤中的硫被植物根吸收后在植株中合成的有机硫化合物如植物螯合素(PCs)和金属硫蛋白(MTs)可与重金属形成毒性较低的络合物,构成植物重金属解毒的重要机制之一.我国部分土壤缺硫现象严重,为保证作物高质高产,硫肥的使用逐渐被重视,而硫与重金属的交互作用机制也逐渐成为研究热点.本文综合相关研究,介绍了硫在土壤中的生物化学转化,探讨了土壤硫的化学转化对土壤重金属形态转化及植物有效性的影响,并对今后硫在土壤重金属控制的应用提出展望.
     

植物磷营养高效的分子生物学研究进展

挖掘利用植物自身的磷高效营养遗传资源是农业可持续发展的关键.磷高效营养性状涉及根形态、根分泌物、膜与体内磷转运以及菌根等许多方面,表现为数量遗传性状及受多基因控制.近年来,许多高亲和磷转运子基因已被克隆,磷向地上部转运和磷吸收负反馈调节的控制基因也被发现,对于根系分泌有机酸和酸性磷酸酶的基因的控制也有了一定的了解,但目前对于根毛、排根、根构型以及菌根的营养学意义性状的分子生物学研究进展缓慢.     

植物磷营养高效的分子生物学研究进展

挖掘利用植物自身的磷高效营养遗传资源是农业可持续发展的关键。磷高效营养性状涉及根形态、根分泌物、膜与体内磷转运以及菌根等许多方面,表现为数量遗传性状及受多基因控制。近年来,许多高亲和磷转运子基因已被克隆, 磷向地上部转运和磷吸收负反馈调节的控制基因也被发现, 对于根系分泌有机酸和酸性磷酸酶的基因的控制也有了一定的了解, 但目前对于根毛、排根、根构型以及菌根的营养学意义性状的分子生物学研究进展缓慢。     

植物螯合肽及其在重金属耐性中的作用

综述植物螯合肽的生物合成及其在重金属耐性中的作用．有毒重金属在土壤中的积累不仅影响作物的生长和产量形成,而且严重威胁农产品的安全性．植物对重金属的耐性和积累在种间和基因型之间存在着很大的差异,在重金属胁迫条件下植物螯合肽(PC)的合成是植物对胁迫的一种适应性反应,耐性基因型合成较多的PC谷胱苷肽是合成PC的前体,PC可与重金属螯合,并进一步转运至液泡贮存,使细胞质的重金属浓度降低,从而达到解毒效果．重金属诱导植物合成PC的遗传机理和生化途径有赖于分子生物学的深入研究,cD-敏感型拟南芥突变体Cad1-1(缺失GSH)和Cad2-1(缺失PC合成诱导酶)的分离及相关研究,佐证了PC在Cd-解毒中起关键作用．对PC在重金属污染土壤或水体的植物修复和农作物安全生产中的意义进行了讨论．     

Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants

Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage. In addition, plants accumulate metal ions that disturb cellular ionic homeostasis. To minimize the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure and their accumulation, plants have evolved detoxification mechanisms. Such mechanisms are mainly based on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization. Chelation of heavy metals is a ubiquitous detoxification strategy described in wide variety of plants. A principal class of heavy metal chelator known in plants is phytochelatins (PCs), a family of Cys-rich peptides. PCs are synthesized non-translationally from reduced glutathione (GSH) in a transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase (PCS). Therefore, availability of glutathione is very essential for PCs synthesis in plants at least during their exposure to heavy metals. Here, I reviewed on effect of heavy metals exposure to plants and role of GSH and PCs in heavy metal stress tolerance. Further, genetic manipulations of GSH and PCs levels that help plants to ameliorate toxic effects of heavy metals have been presented.     

金属结合蛋白基因及其在清除重金属污染中的应用

一些微生物和植物由于对毒性金属具有独特的抗性机制,使得利用它们来清除日益严重的环境污染已发展成为一种十分有效的技术——生物修复。研究表明,不同的金属结合蛋白（如MT 和PC）,在生物忍耐和降解过量重金属毒性机制中起重要作用。愈来愈多的MT 和PC基因被克隆,并已成功地应用于生物遗传转化,这些转基因生物在清除重金属污染方面已显示出潜在的应用价值。 Abstract:Heavy metal pollution has become a global environmental hazard.The use of microorganisms and plants for the decontamination of heavy metals is recognized as a low lost and high efficiency method for cleaning up metal contamination.It shows that various metal-binding proteins such as metallothioneins (MTs) or phytochelatines (PCs) play an important role in defense systems and detoxification to heavy metals in organisms.Many genes of MTs and PCs have been cloned and utilized successfully in genetically modified bacteria and plants for increasing remediation capacity.These transgenic organisms have been displayed a great potential in bioremediation and phytoremediation of heavy metals.     

超富集植物吸收富集重金属的生理和分子生物学机制

与普通植物相比,超富集植物在地上部富集大量重金属离子的情况下可以正常生长,其富集重金属的机理已经成为当前植物逆境生理研究的热点领域．尤其是近两年,随着分子生物学等现代技术手段的引人,关于重金属离子富集机理的研究取得了一定进展．通过与酵母突变株功能互补克隆到了多条编码微量元素转运蛋白的全长cDNA;也从分子水平上研究了谷胱甘肽、植物螯合素、金属硫蛋白、有机酸或氨基酸等含巯基物质与重金属富集之间的可能关系．本文从植物生理和分子生物学角度简要评述超富集植物对重金属元素的吸收、富集、整合及区室化的机制．     

Heavy metal detoxification mechanisms in halophytes: an overview

Heavy metals are among the major pollutants from anthropogenic inputs that reach mangrove ecosystem by urban and agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, boating, mining and other processes. To minimize the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure and their accumulations, plants in general have evolved biological detoxification mechanisms, which include avoidance or exclusion, excretion and accumulation. To protect the cellular components from oxidative damage by heavy metal contamination, biological systems have developed enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. Another detoxification mechanisms produced in plants are osmoprotectants, which are the compatible solutes which maintain a favourable water potential gradient and protect cellular structures from toxic ions. Besides these mechanisms, another heavy metal detoxification system in plants involves the chelation of metals by metal binding molecules like metallothioneins (MTs) and phytochelatins (PCs). To limit the heavy metal toxicity from mangrove ecosystem, it was found that phytoremediation is a most useful technology where in plants are used to remove pollutants from the environment and it is considered as a comparatively new, low-cost and highly promising technology for the remediation of heavy metal. Rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytoextraction and phytostabilization are the important phytoremediation techniques. Among these phytoextraction and phytostabilization are found highly important in the case of mangroves and are promising means of phytoremediation.     

Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.

Heavy metals such as Cu and Zn are essential for normal plant growth, although elevated concentrations of both essential and non-essential metals can result in growth inhibition and toxicity symptoms. Plants possess a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and thus tolerance to metal stress. These include roles for the following: for mycorrhiza and for binding to cell wall and extracellular exudates; for reduced uptake or efflux pumping of metals at the plasma membrane; for chelation of metals in the cytosol by peptides such as phytochelatins; for the repair of stress-damaged proteins; and for the compartmentation of metals in the vacuole by tonoplast-located transporters. This review provides a broad overview of the evidence for an involvement of each mechanism in heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.     

Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal hyperaccumulation and phytoremediation

A relatively small group of hyperaccumulator plants is capable of sequestering heavy metals in their shoot tissues at high concentrations. In recent years, major scientific progress has been made in understanding the physiological mechanisms of metal uptake and transport in these plants. However, relatively little is known about the molecular bases of hyperaccumulation. In this paper, current progresses on understanding cellular/molecular mechanisms of metal tolerance/hyperaccumulation by plants are reviewed. The major processes involved in hyperaccumulation of trace metals from the soil to the shoots by hyperaccumulators include: (a) bioactivation of metals in the rhizosphere through root–microbe interaction; (b) enhanced uptake by metal transporters in the plasma membranes; (c) detoxification of metals by distributing to the apoplasts like binding to cell walls and chelation of metals in the cytoplasm with various ligands, such as phytochelatins, metallothioneins, metal-binding proteins; (d) sequestration of metals into the vacuole by tonoplast-located transporters. The growing application of molecular-genetic technologies led to the well understanding of mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance/accumulation in plants, and subsequently many transgenic plants with increased resistance and uptake of heavy metals were developed for the purpose of phytoremediation. Once the rate-limiting steps for uptake, translocation, and detoxification of metals in hyperaccumulating plants are identified, more informed construction of transgenic plants would result in improved applicability of the phytoremediation technology.