烟粉虱生物型的监测及其遗传结构研究

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是一种重要的农业害虫并包括许多生物型,其中B型和Q型是入侵性较强的2种生物型。文章着重介绍近年来在烟粉虱生物型的监测及其遗传结构方面的研究进展。B型烟粉虱和Q型烟粉虱这2个生物型均已入侵我国,其中多数地区烟粉虱是B型烟粉虱,局部地区有Q型烟粉虱并呈现不断蔓延趋势。微卫星(SSR)分子标记分析结果表明我国B型烟粉虱的入侵来源具有多元化,而云南地区Q型烟粉虱来源比较单一。化学农药的使用能够影响室内种群的遗传结构,降低种群的遗传多样性。基于RAPD、ISSR分子标记的分析结果表明,Q型烟粉虱种群各项遗传多样性指数均比B型烟粉虱的高。今后加强烟粉虱入侵生物型的遗传结构及其种群动态关系等方面的研究,对于揭示烟粉虱的灾变机制及其控制具有重要的意义。     

烟粉虱B型和Q型群体遗传结构的RAPD分析

近20年来,烟粉虱B型传入世界各地并暴发成灾,成为一种重要的农业入侵害虫; 烟粉虱Q型则是近几年引起人们高度重视的一种新的入侵生物型,目前已传入许多国家并造成一定危害。本文利用RAPD分子标记对烟粉虱B型和Q型不同地理种群的遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明：（1）引物H16对烟粉虱B型不同种群扩增的特异带,能有效区分烟粉虱B型和Q型、浙江非B/Q型种群;（2）烟粉虱Q型种群各项遗传多样性指数均比烟粉虱B型的要高;（3）我国烟粉虱Q型来自伊比利亚半岛的可能性比来自中东地区的可能性要大。另外,聚类分析结果提示,RAPD分子标记能有效地区分烟粉虱不同生物型,但可能不适用于生物型之间亲缘关系分析。     

基于16S rDNA基因的中国部分地区非B型烟粉虱系统发育关系分析

【目的】烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci是一个快速进化的复合种。由于近年来烟粉虱危害不断增加, 其生物型问题也越来越受到关注。在我国, 不仅存在危害严重的B型烟粉虱, 同时也已发现多种非B型烟粉虱。通过鉴定我国部分地区目前发生的烟粉虱生物型种类, 分析它们与世界各地不同生物型之间的关系, 可为我国烟粉虱的生物型检测和综合防治提供依据。【方法】利用16S rDNA基因作为分子标记, 鉴定了2005年与2006年在我国6个省份（自治区）采集的22个非B型烟粉虱样本的生物型, 并探讨了各生物型之间的系统进化关系。【结果】所研究的22个非B型烟粉虱归属于Q型、Nauru型和An型, 3种生物型之间的遗传距离在10%以上, 但是Q生物型与B生物型之间的亲缘关系最近, 遗传距离在2.8%~4.0%范围内; 进化分歧数据还表明, 不同生物型之间的遗传距离明显大于同一生物型内遗传距离, 其中Q型内部差异最小, 在0.9%以内; 同时结果表明目前在我国多个生物型共同存在是一个普遍的现象, 其中Nauru型的分布较广泛; 在云南地区检测到的非B型烟粉虱生物型类型最多。【结论】烟粉虱生物型遗传分化复杂, 利用16S rDNA基因能有效鉴定烟粉虱的生物型。     

烟粉虱B型与Q型种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是由多种生物型或物种组成的复合种。Q型烟粉虱在我国部分地区正在取代B型烟粉虱成为优势生物型。烟粉虱Q型与B型遗传多样性比较研究为解析这2种生物型入侵的遗传学基础具有重要的意义。本文利用AFLP技术研究了Q型(包括Q1型、Q2型)、B型烟粉虱种群的遗传多样性。结果表明:Q型烟粉虱遗传多样性高于B型烟粉虱;Q1型烟粉虱各项遗传多样性指数均接近于Q2型。最后探讨了AFLP与SSR分子标记的各自特点。     

B型烟粉虱的入侵机理与控制基础——国家重点基础研究发展计划“农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究”进展

针对B型烟粉虱入侵后的暴发性及生态系统的可侵入性,开展了B型烟粉虱的入侵机制、成灾机理和控制基础研究.结果显示,目前我国至少存在6种生物型（B,Q,ZHJ-1,ZHJ-2,ZHJ-3,FJ-1）,其中B型烟粉虱在我国大部分地区、Q型烟粉虱在我国长江流域已成为优势种群,给蔬菜、花卉和棉花生产造成严重危害.寄主植物、地理环境及杀虫剂可诱导B型烟粉虱产生遗传分化,使其种群遗传结构发生快速演变;黄瓜和南瓜可诱导羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽S-移酶（GSTs）活性升高,增强B型烟粉虱抗药性;植物次生物可诱导B型烟粉虱解毒酶活性升高.B型烟粉虱所具有的较强的高温胁迫适应能力和热激蛋白基因的表达与响应密切相关.B型烟粉虱可取代土著烟粉虱,B型烟粉虱与土著烟粉虱间的非对称交配干扰及其与植物双生病毒间的互利共生加剧了B型烟粉虱的入侵;特定条件下B型烟粉虱可取代温室粉虱,较强的逆境适应能力、较快的种群增长力可能是B型烟粉虱取代温室粉虱的主要机制;较强的对寄主转换的适应能力与B型烟粉虱寄主谱扩张有关.土著天敌对B型烟粉虱具有较强的控制潜能;B型烟粉虱3,4龄若虫及蜜露可诱导丽蚜小蜂产生强烈的搜索行为,若虫利它素在丽蚜小蜂寄主搜索和定位中具有重要作用.研究结果为阐明B型烟粉虱入侵种群在我国的遗传分化与快速演变机制和分子生态适应机制、探明种群形成与扩张过程中生态对策的调整及其效应提供了理论依据,为B型烟粉虱的生物生态控制途径和持续治理策略提供了保障。     

害虫生物型及其遗传机理

以农作物上5种重要害虫的生物型为例,简单地概括了分子标记在害虫生物型研究中的应用,重点阐述几种重要害虫如黑森瘿蚊,麦二叉蚜,褐飞虱,稻瘿蚊和烟粉虱等的生物型遗传变异机理。黑森瘿蚊、麦二叉蚜和稻瘿蚊的生物型由单基因控制,特定害虫生物型与作物基因型之间存在“基因_基因”关系;褐飞虱的致害性为多基因控制的数量性状;烟粉虱生物型的遗传变异机理尚不明确。还指出生物型遗传研究中待进一步解决的问题如生物型的遗传组成差异与致害力的关系等。     

烟粉虱种内及种间竞争取代机制

B型烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）是烟粉虱复合种下危害最为严重的一个生物型,现己成为一种世界性的害虫,被称为“超级害虫”。近年来,存许多地区发现B型烟粉虱竞争取代非B型烟粉虱和其他害虫的现象。综合相关报道．B型烟粉虱竞争取代机制包括资源利用竞争和相互干扰竞争,可能涉及的因素包括：生态位竞争、寄主适应能力的差异、非对称交配互作、高温逆境适应能力差异、药剂敏感性差异及其与双生病毒的互作等,且B型烟粉虱可能含有的独特的内共生菌对增强其竞争能力也具有一定作用。此外,本文还就目前Q型烟粉虱在局部区域严重危害的相关机制进行了探讨。     

中国部分地区烟粉虱生物型种类及系统发育关系分析

烟粉虱是一种危害严重的世界性害虫,是一个快速进化的复合种.本文利用mtCOI分子标记方法,对2010和2011年采自我国9个省(市)的33个烟粉虱种群进行了生物型鉴定和系统发育分析.结果表明： 我国目前存在着B型、Q型、ZHJ-1型、ZHJ-3型、An型以及Nauru型等6种生物型,且不同生物型的分布是不均匀的.遗传距离及系统发育树的分析结果显示,海南省的An型和台湾省的An型聚为一支,为同一来源;中国B型与来自法国和乌干达的B型的亲缘关系较近,同源性达到99%以上;中国的Q型与来自摩洛哥和法国的Q型聚为一个分支,而来自以色列和土耳其的Q型烟粉虱单独聚为一支,说明中国的Q型烟粉虱与来自地中海西部的Q型烟粉虱亲缘关系更近,可以推断中国的Q型烟粉虱的起源地为地中海西部地区.
     

江苏地区烟粉虱发生危害及其生物型监测

【目的】随着Q型和B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在全世界范围内的传播和入侵,两种入侵烟粉虱的发生危害和种群扩张越来越受到人们的关注。本文对2010—2013年江苏省内烟粉虱的发生危害程度及其生物型的分布进行了全面的调查研究。【方法】应用室内镜检鉴定烟粉虱的发生危害程度,同时结合mt COⅠ分子标记快速检测法鉴定烟粉虱的生物型。【结果】从时间来看,烟粉虱的发生危害程度在2011年最严重,而在2013年最低,呈"先上升后下降"的趋势。从不同地区来看,苏南和苏北地区呈现出"先上升后下降"的趋势,而苏中地区与之相反。从寄主来看,烟粉虱在茄子,黄瓜和南瓜上的发生危害程度最严重。【结论】烟粉虱在江苏省内的发生危害程度因时间,地区和寄主的不同而差异显著,这种差异与烟粉虱不同生物型之间的竞争取代没有直接联系。虽然Q型烟粉虱在江苏省内占据了优势地位,但是B型烟粉虱在苏南和苏北地区仍然占据了一定的比例,并且有逐步上升的趋势。     

重大外来害虫B型烟粉虱的入侵行为和生态机制

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)复合种是热带、亚热带及相邻温带地区的主要害虫之一。其中的B型烟粉虱在近20年来随观赏植物的运输在世界范围内广泛传播扩散,并在许多入侵地迅速取代本地的土著烟粉虱,通过直接取食植物汁液、传播植物双生病毒等方式对当地的农业生产造成极大危害。在B型烟粉虱入侵生物学研究方面,作者课题组研究发现,至少有两个主要机制导致或促进了B型烟粉虱的广泛入侵及其所伴随的双生病毒流行:(1)入侵烟粉虱与土著烟粉虱之间的"非对称交配互作";(2)入侵烟粉虱与所传双生病毒之间的间接互惠共生关系。这些研究结果从一定程度上揭示了B型烟粉虱成功入侵的行为和生态机制,并为进一步探讨烟粉虱的入侵机制提供了思路。     

华东、华南和西南地区烟粉虱的种群及寄主分化

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci是一个复合种,它具有的生物型分化、较强的传播病毒的能力和抗药性、较快的繁殖速率等特征使其成为我国农业生产中重要害虫之一。本研究利用细胞色素线粒体氧化酶Ⅰ基因,对采集自江苏、广东和云南三省的烟粉虱样本进行了生物型鉴定,并对烟粉虱生物型与寄主植物之间的关联性开展了调查。结果表明,在广东和云南省,都存在未鉴定的土著种群与入侵的B型、Q型共存的现象;同时,在本研究中广东省尚未采集到Q型烟粉虱,而在江苏采集到的粉虱样本全部为入侵型。研究结果还表明,相对于入侵种而言,土著种群显示出更强的寄主植物趋同性;丰富的寄主植物以及本身具有的多食性特性有助于B型、Q型等生物型在世界各地的广泛入侵。     

New insights into the mitochondrial phylogeny of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Mediterranean Basin

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is vector of plant infecting viruses and it is considered as one of the most important agricultural pests around the Mediterranean basin. At present, five biotypes of B. tabaci have been reported in the Mediterranean Basin: B, Q, S, T and M. To establish the phylogeographic relationship of these Mediterranean biotypes with others, 54 samples collected in Europe and Africa were analysed by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI). The phylogeny showed that Spanish samples corresponding to the biotype S were related to the haplotype Uganda 2 of the African clade, associated with recent epidemic upsurges of cassava mosaic virus (CMD) in that country. This phylogeographic relationship gave support to a distinct subgroup revealed within the African clade. Bemisia tabaci collected from Euphorbia plants in Italy (biotype T) formed one of the three distinct subgroups existing within the Southeast/Far East Asian clade, while samples from Turkey (biotype M) clustered together with reference mitochondrial sequences from whiteflies from Pakistan and Thailand. Recent reports indicate that Bemisia populations corresponding to the biotypes S and T are distributed in areas larger than those initially delimited. Other results indicated that samples collected in Sudan grouped within the Mediterranean–North Africa clade together with reference sequences of the biotype Q corresponding to insects collected in Spain and Morocco. Mitochondrial haplotypes of B. tabaci samples collected on sweet potato in Ghana clustered with reference sequences of samples from Cameroon corresponding to one of the five Sub-Saharan subgroups already described in the African clade. These data extends the phylogenetic information of the B. tabaci species complex and present new questions to be investigated.     

MtDNA variability in whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) populations in Brazil

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) consists of a complex of morphologically indistinct biotypes that vary mainly in their capacity to transmit plant viruses and to induce physiological disorders in plants of economic importance. The adaptability of B. tabaci to many regions of the world has fostered the appearance of various biotypes and has resulted in a broad spectrum of host plants. Our goal was to identify which biotypes were present in four B. tabaci populations in Brazil. We quantified genetic variability between and within populations. Three individuals were collected from three host plant species: two populations on soybean (Campinas and Rondonópolis), one on pumpkin (Barreiras) and one on tomato (Cruz das Almas) in three States of Brazil (S?o Paulo, Mato Grosso, and Bahia). We chose one sequence of the B biotype, obtained from GenBank; the Campinas population, which had been previously characterized as biotype B, was used as a control for this biotype. We also included one sequence of the Q biotype, obtained from GenBank, as an outgroup. The COI region of the mtDNA gene was partially amplified with the CI-J-2195 and L2-N-3014 pair of primers, and the reaction products were sequenced. Based on distance-based algorithm analyses, we found that all haplotypes belong to biotype B, which was confirmed by the haplotype network. Genetic structure analyses showed that the host plant species does not influence population structuring of this pest; only the geographic location mattered.     

Invasive mechanism and management strategy of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B: Progress report of 973 Program on invasive alien species in China

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, called a “superbug”, is one of the most harmful biotypes of this species complex worldwide. In this report, the invasive mechanism and management of B. tabaci bio-type B, based on our 5-year studies, are presented. Six B. tabaci biotypes, B, Q, ZHJ1, ZHJ2, ZHJ3 and FJ1, have been identified in China. Biotype B dominates the other biotypes in many regions of the country. Genetic diversity in biotype B might be induced by host plant, geographical conditions, and/or insecticidal application. The activities of CarE (carboxylesterase) and GSTs (glutathione-S-transferase) in biotype B reared on cucumber and squash were greater than on other host plants, which might have increased its resistance to insecticides. The higher activities of detoxification enzymes in biotype B might be induced by the secondary metabolites in host plants. Higher adaptive ability of biotype B adults to adverse conditions might be linked to the expression of heat shock protein genes. The in-digenous B. tabaci biotypes were displaced by the biotype B within 225 d. The asymmetric mating in-teractions and mutualism between biotype B and begomoviruses via its host plants speed up wide-spread invasion and displacement of other biotypes. B. tabaci biotype B displaced Trialeurodes vapo-rariorum (Westwood) after 4－7 generations under glasshouse conditions. Greater adaptive ability of the biotype B to adverse conditions and its rapid population increase might be the reasons of its suc-cessful displacement of T. vaporariorum. Greater ability of the biotype B to switch to different host plants may enrich its host plants, which might enable it to better compete with T. vaporariorum. Native predatory natural enemies possess greater ability to suppress B. tabaci under field conditions. The kairomones in the 3rd and 4th instars of biotype B may provide an important stimulus in host searching and location by its parasitoids. The present results provide useful information in explaining the mechanisms of genetic diversity, evolution and molecular eco-adaptation of biotype B. Furthermore, it provides a base for sustainable management of B. tabaci using biological and ecological measures.     

Symbiont diversity and non-random hybridization among indigenous (Ms) and invasive (B) biotypes of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a worldwide pest and a vector of numerous plant viruses. B. tabaci is composed of dozens of morphologically indistinguishable biotypes and its taxonomic status is still controversial. This phloem-feeder harbours the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and potentially six secondary symbionts: Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Fritschea. In the southwest Indian Ocean, La Réunion hosts two biotypes of this species: B (invasive) and Ms (indigenous). A multiplex PCR was developed to study the symbiont community of B. tabaci on La Réunion. Symbiont community prevalence and composition, host mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity, as well as host plant and localization, were described on field populations of La Réunion for B and Ms B. tabaci biotypes and their hybrids. A clear association between symbiotypes and biotypes was shown. Cardinium, Arsenophonus and Rickettsia were found in the Ms biotype (73.6%, 64.2% and 3.3%, respectively). Hamiltonella (exclusively) and Rickettsia were found in the B biotype (78% and 91.2%, respectively). Hybrids harboured all symbiotypes found in Ms and B populations, but with a higher prevalence of Ms symbiotypes than expected under random hybridization. An unexpected majority was Cardinium mono-infected (65.6%), and a striking minority (9%) harboured Cardinium/Arsenophonus. In the hybrids only, genetic diversity was linked to symbiotype. Among the hybrids, significant links were found between symbiotypes and: (i) mitochondrial COI sequences, i.e. maternal origin; and (ii) alleles of nuclear microsatellite loci, specific to either Ms or B parental biotype. Taken together, our results suggest that Cardinium and/or Arsenophonus may manipulate the reproduction of indigenous (Ms) with invasive (B) biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.     

Further spread of and domination by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q on field crops in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), causes severe crop losses to many crops. The worst of these losses are often associated with the invasion and establishment of biotypes B and Q of this pest. Previous research in 2007 showed that biotype Q occurred with other biotypes in most field populations in China. To determine the current status of the biotype composition in the field, an extensive survey covering mainly eastern parts of China was conducted in 2009. Using polymerase chain reaction primers specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I of biotypes B and Q and gene sequencing, we determined the biotypes composition in 61 whitefly populations and their distribution across 19 provinces in China. Our research revealed that only biotypes B and Q have been found in the field in 2009 in China. Among them, biotype Q was dominant in 44 locations (100.0%) and biotype B was dominant in 17 locations (100.0%). The current survey indicates that biotype Q has rapidly displaced biotype B in most locations in China.     

Biotype status and distribution of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Shandong province of China based on mitochondrial DNA markers

Bemisia tabaci has caused significant crop losses in China during the last decade. Recent research has shown that two potentially invasive variants, biotypes B and Q, have been found in several regions of China. Our objective was to determine the biotype status and the distribution of B. tabaci in Shandong province, an important agricultural region of China. Based on mitochondrial DNA markers, both biotypes B and Q were detected, with B being the predominant biotype. The results indicate that the more recently introduced biotype Q has not only been located in China but also has established and spread in some regions.