X射线辐射对小鼠肾组织结构和血清肌酐与尿素氮含量的影响

为了探究X射线辐射对小鼠(Mus musculus)肾组织结构及功能的影响,对96只成体小鼠,用不同剂量(0、1、3、5 Gy)的X射线进行全身辐射,分别于辐射后5、10、15、20 d称量检测各期小鼠的肾重并用单因素方差分析进行组间数值比较,用生物显微技术观察肾组织结构的变化,用仪器分析法检测血清肌酐和尿素氮含量的变化。结果显示,经X射线辐射后小鼠肾重有不同程度的增加,且与剂量呈正相关。5 Gy辐射后5 d时肾重较其他组增幅最大,与对照组相比约增加0.11 g;1 Gy辐射后(5、10、15、20 d)肾重增幅最小,与对照组相比均仅增加0.02 g。血清尿素氮和肌酐含量均有不同程度的升高(P0.05或P0.01)。1 Gy辐射后5 d时尿素氮含量增幅最大,为9.00 mmol/L,与对照组相比增加1.92 mmol/L;1 Gy辐射后20 d时尿素氮含量增幅最小,为7.09 mmol/L,与对照组相比仅增加0.03 mmol/L;5 Gy辐射后10 d时肌酐含量较其他组增幅最大,与对照组相比约增加16.11μmol/L;1Gy辐射后20 d时肌酐增幅最小,与对照组相比仅增加1.50μmol/L。X射线辐射后小鼠肾组织结构损伤明显,肾小球严重肿胀并伴有出血现象,近曲小管、远曲小管上皮细胞空泡化、凋亡、坏死,肾小管结构紊乱、官腔结构无法分辨。结果表明,X射线辐射严重影响肾的组织结构,肌酐、尿素氮等代谢废物不能及时排出,导致肾功能异常。     

X射线辐射对仔鼠体重、皮毛生长及肝、肾脏组织SOD、CAT活力及MDA含量的影响

本文采用比色法测定不同剂量（0．0、0．5、2．0、3．5、5．0、6．5Gy）X射线辐射对不同发育期（1、5、10和20d）仔鼠肝脏及肾脏组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,探讨X射线辐射后小鼠的体重、皮毛及肝、肾组织抗氧化酶活性的动态变化,为电离辐射防治提供实验依据。结果表明：经2．0、3．5、5．0和6．5GyX射线辐射后的仔鼠体重降低;3．5、5．0和6．5Gy辐射后3d开始脱毛,10d脱毛处开始长出新毛,6．5Gy辐射组鼠脱毛处皮肤出现紫斑;0．5Gy辐射组仔鼠肝脏及肾脏中SOD活性在辐射初期升高,后逐渐降低至近似正常水平,其它各组则先降低,后缓慢升高但始终低于对照组;0．5Gy辐射组仔鼠肝脏及肾脏MDA含量先降低,后升高至近似正常水平,其它各组则先升高,后缓慢降低,始终高于对照组;0．5、2．0Gy辐射组其仔鼠肝脏及肾脏CAT活性在辐射后初期降低,后升高,最终至近似正常水平;其它各组则在初期升高,后降低。辐射后一段时间内检测各组仔鼠肝脏及肾脏中各种酶的活性均有不同程度恢复正常的趋势。表明X射线影响生长发育中仔鼠的体重、皮毛生长及肝、肾组织的抗氧化酶活性,且剂量因素的影响大于时间因素。大剂量电离辐射对发育期仔鼠具有损伤作用[动物学报54（6）：1029-1037,2008]。     

菠萝蜜低聚肽对γ射线辐照小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用

目的：探究菠萝蜜低聚肽（JOPs）对γ射线辐照导致小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：选取96只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠,按体重随机分为空白组、模型组、乳清蛋白组（0.40 g/kg·BW）及3个JOPs干预组（0.20、0.40、0.80 g/kg·BW）,每组随机分为2个亚组,8只/亚组。行灌胃干预第14 d除空白组外,小鼠接受60Co γ射线全身辐照,剂量3.5 Gy,剂量率1 Gy/min。两亚组分别在辐射后第3 d和第14 d检测小鼠血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）水平。结果：辐照后第3 d及第14 d,相比空白组,模型组血清、肝脏SOD及GSH Px活性均显著降低,MDA水平均显著增高,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏MDA水平均显著低于模型组与乳清蛋白组;辐照后第3 d,相比模型组,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著增高,且高剂量组小鼠血清SOD活性及血清、肝脏GSH Px活性与中、高剂量组肝脏SOD活性均显著高于乳清蛋白组;辐照后第14 d,相比模型组,JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清及肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著增高,且JOPs各剂量组小鼠血清SOD活性与高剂量组肝脏SOD、GSH Px活性均显著高于乳清蛋白组。结论： JOPs对γ射线辐照所致氧化损伤具有保护作用。     

沙棘Vp对辐射损伤小鼠的保护及免疫功能作用研究

本文探讨了沙棘Vp对X射线辐射损伤小鼠的保护作用。将150只昆明种小白鼠分为正常对照组、阳性对照组、辐射对照组、沙棘Vp高、中、低剂量组,雌雄各半,除了正常对照组外,其余各组小鼠接受5Gy的X射线一次性的全身均匀照射。检查各小组小鼠外周血中红细胞数、白细胞数,血小板数,测定超氧化物歧化酶的活力,丙二醛水平,小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能,小鼠血清溶血素生成能力,计算胸腺和脾脏的脏器指数。结果显示沙棘Vp对辐射后的小鼠血象有明显回升(P0.05),超氧化物歧化酶的活力显著增强(P0.05),丙二醛水平下降(P0.05),胸腺和脾脏的脏器指数升高(P0.05),并且显著提高小鼠血清溶血素生成能力,增强小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能。本研究说明,沙棘Vp对X射线辐射损伤小鼠具有一定的增强免疫及保护作用。     

黑苦荞茎叶对2型糖尿病小鼠的治疗作用及其对其胰腺、脾脏的影响

目的:观察黑苦荞茎叶(BBL)对2型糖尿病小鼠治疗作用及其对胰腺、脾脏的影响。方法:将40只SPF级雄性C57/B16小鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=10)和实验组(n=30),实验组给予高糖高脂饲料喂养1个月后,每只小鼠在禁食12h后腹腔注射链脲佐菌素35mg/kg,注射后72h取尾血测血糖≥13.8mmol/L为糖尿病小鼠。成功建立2型糖尿病(T2DM)模型的30只小鼠随机分为3组(n=10):模型对照组(DM组)、低剂量黑苦荞茎叶治疗组(DM+L)组、高剂量黑苦荞茎叶治疗(DM+H)组。对照组和模型组小鼠每日给予生理盐水灌胃,两个黑苦荞茎叶组分别给予0.21g/kg·d-1和0.42g/kg·d-1的黑苦荞茎叶灌胃,14d后杀死小鼠,取血和胰腺、脾脏,检测血清中葡萄糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、胰岛素和脾脏组织中TNF-α蛋白的含量,观察胰腺组织形态学,称量小鼠体重和脾脏重量、计算脾脏系数,检测胰腺组织中IRS-1mRNA的表达和胰腺组织内胰岛素受体底物IRS-1蛋白表达。结果:与对照组相比,模型组小鼠血清FBG、TC、TCH水平明显升高,使血胰岛素水平明显下降,脾脏组织TNF-α蛋白表达水平显著升高,胰腺组织中IRS-1mRNA表达和IRS-1的蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组小鼠的血清FBG、TC、TCH水平明显降低,血胰岛素水平显著升高,小鼠脾脏系数、脾脏组织TNF-α蛋白表达水平、胰腺组织IRS-1mRNA表达和IRS-1的蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。高剂量黑苦荞茎叶(0.42g/kg·d-1)治疗作用更加明显。结论:黑苦荞茎叶对2型糖尿病小鼠具有显著的降血糖、降血脂的治疗效果,对糖尿病小鼠胰腺、脾脏具有一定的保护作用。     

脐血间充质干细胞对小鼠辐射性肝损伤的作用

目的:研究脐血间充质干细胞(UCMSC)对全身X线受照小鼠的肝组织辐射损伤后的防护作用,为相关放射性肝疾病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:选取清洁级SD小鼠进行全身辐射,建立小鼠辐射损伤模型,观察辐射前后小鼠的一般状态;给小鼠注射UCMSC悬浮液1 m L和等体积生理盐水,分别于处理后第1、2、7、14 d取小鼠肝脏,用苏木精-伊红染色,观察辐射后肝组织病理形态学的变化;取肝脏组织匀浆检测丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果:辐射组小鼠与正常组小鼠相比活动明显减少,治疗后的小鼠状况有所恢复;肝组织石蜡切片染色显示,按组织学标准评价后各组肝组织比较有显著性差异;辐射组与正常组比较,肝细胞内MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性显著降低,差异有统计学意义;普通组与辐射组比较,肝细胞内MDA含量有所降低,SOD活性有所升高有明显改善作用;加强组与普通组比较,MDA含量降低,SOD活性有所升高。结论:脐血间充质干细胞移植具有清除自由基、减轻肝损伤及修复再生损伤肝细胞的作用,能够有效改善肝脏损伤。     

胰腺p-STAT3在急性胰腺炎危重演变中的表达变化

目的：检测信号转导与转录激活因子3（STAT3）在不同程度胰腺炎模型小鼠胰腺组织中表达的变化,探讨其在急性胰腺炎危重演变中的作用。方法：48只健康雄性balb/c小鼠随机分为3组（n=16）：对照组（Con）、轻症急性胰腺炎（MAP）组、重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）组。Con组腹腔注射0.9% NaCl;MAP组腹腔注射雨蛙素;SAP组腹腔注射雨蛙素联合脂多糖;分别于造模后2 h、6 h检测血清淀粉酶的活性;分离胰腺、称重,计算胰腺湿重比;检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性,评估炎细胞浸润肺组织的程度;HE染色切片,光镜下观察胰腺、肺组织病理学改变; Western blot法检测磷酸化STAT3（p-STAT3）的变化。结果：与Con组比较, MAP组和SAP组在各时间点血清淀粉酶活性和胰腺组织湿重比均升高（P<0.05）;肺组织MPO活性显著升高（P<0.05）,且SAP组肺MPO含量明显高于MAP组（P<0.01）。MAP组和SAP组,在造模后2 h,胰腺和肺均可见不同程度的病理学改变; SAP组在造模后2 h胰腺p-STAT3的表达最高,6 h表达有所减弱;MAP组各时间点仅有微量表达;Con组在各时间点为阴性表达。结论：p-STAT3在轻症急性胰腺炎和重症急性胰腺炎模型小鼠胰腺中的表达差异明显,说明重症急性胰腺炎的重症化与STAT3的活化关系密切;抑制STAT3活化将成为阻止急性胰腺炎重症化的靶点之一。     

辐射所致小鼠肾脏氧化损伤及川芎嗪的保护作用

目的:研究川芎嗪对辐射所致小鼠肾脏氧化损伤的预防和治疗作用。方法:采用60Co-γ射线5 Gy全身单次照射小鼠造模,在照射前和照射后分别于每天腹腔注射川芎嗪130 mg/kg,连续给药10 d,进行预防和治疗,并设对照组,观察肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的变化。结果:与阴性对照组比较,照射可显著增加肾组织中MDA的含量(P<0.05),降低SOD、CAT的活性(P<0.05),升高GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),降低GSH含量(P<0.05),使肾组织T-AOC下降(P<0.05),。与照射组比较,给予川芎嗪预防和治疗后,均可降低肾组织MDA含量(P<0.05),升高肾组织T-AOC(P<0.05),且治疗组优于预防组,与阴性对照组无显著性差异。同时,预防组可使SOD活性和GSH含量升高(P<0.05),治疗组可使SOD和CAT活性增高(P<0.05),但均对GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:川芎嗪具有很好的抗氧化作用,无论预防和治疗均可降低辐射所致小鼠肾脏的氧化应激损伤,并且治疗效果优于预防效果。     

脐带间充质干细胞对辐射损伤小鼠造血功能的影响

目的:探讨脐带间充质干细胞(UCMSC)对辐射损伤模型小鼠造血功能的影响,为相关放射性造血功能损伤疾病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:选取清洁的雄性小鼠80只,随机分为正常组、放射对照组、普通组(注射1次UCMSC)和加强组(注射2次UCMSC),放射组、普通组和加强组的小鼠均经2 Gy射线照射剂量辐射1 h,建立辐射损伤模型。UCMSC悬浮液(每次注射剂量均为230 IU/g)经尾静脉注射方式分别在辐射12和24 h后给予小鼠。照射处理后定期在第1、2、7、14 d对小鼠进行心脏取血并做血象分析,测定血清内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与辐射对照组比较,尾静脉注射UCMSC悬浮液组能改善外周血的数目,血清中SOD活性有所升高,MDA含量显著降低。结论:脐带间充质干细胞对辐射损伤小鼠造血功能具有一定的防护作用。     

硬枝碱蓬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及NOS活性的影响

采用氢化可的松皮下注射小鼠建立免疫抑制模型,观察不同浓度硬枝碱蓬多糖(100、200和400mg/kg·d)灌服小鼠后(模型对照组灌服等体积生理盐水),对免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及TNOS、iNOS活性的影响。结果表明:3个试验组免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及TNOS、iNOS活性均明显降低。其中,硬枝碱蓬多糖低、中浓度组iNOS活性显著低于模型对照组(P<0.05),高浓度组iNOS活性极显著低于模型对照组(P<0.01);硬枝碱蓬多糖低、中、高浓度组NO含量及TNOS活性与模型对照组相比差异均极显著(P<0.01),且呈现明显的浓度依赖效应。结果提示,硬枝碱蓬多糖可通过抑制NOS并最终抑制NO的细胞毒性作用而对正常组织细胞发挥保护作用,并进一步增强小鼠的免疫力。     

Degradation of serum amyloid A and apolipoproteins by serum proteases

We have investigated the protease activity, present in human serum, that digests the serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. SAA radiolabeled with 125I was incubated at 37 degrees C with serum and plasma and analyzed for degradation products by alkaline urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Serum initially digested SAA to intermediates of 3000-5000 in molecular weight, and these were further degraded to smaller peptides with prolonged incubation. SAA was not degraded by plasma anticoagulated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or heparin. Recalcification of plasma anticoagulated with EDTA led to the generation of protease activity against SAA whereas EDTA plasma defibrinated with thrombin was inactive. We employed both nonselective and selective protease inhibitors and synthetic substrates for kallikrein and plasmin to further characterize the serum protease. These studies demonstrated that degradation of SAA is not directly attributable to enzymes involved in coagulation, kinin formation, or fibrinolysis, but the unidentified protease may be activated by one of the clotting factors. The specificity of the SAA degradation was demonstrated in experiments with three of the well-characterized apolipoproteins. Apolipoproteins A-I, C-I, and C-III-1, which also associate with the plasma high-density lipoproteins, were not degraded by serum although they were good substrates for purified thrombin and plasmin.     

Antileptospiral activity of serum. I. Normal and immune serum

Johnson, Russell C. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), and Louis H. Muschel. Antileptospiral activity of serum. I. Normal and immune serum. J. Bacteriol. 91:1403-1409. 1966.-Normal serum was found to exert a leptospiricidal effect, mediated by the complement system, against the nonpathogenic leptospires. Although resistant to normal serum, the pathogenic serotypes were susceptible to antiserum plus complement. Several variables in these immune leptospiricidal reactions were investigated. A reaction period of 3 hr at 37 C between serum substances and 1-day-old cells provided a maximal leptospiricidal effect. The normal serum of the rabbit, guinea pig, bovine, and human were leptospiricidal against the nonpathogenic serotypes, and, in conjunction with rabbit antiserum, rabbit and bovine complement were leptospiricidal against the pathogenic serotypes. Studies with C(14)-labeled leptospires indicated that the immune leptospiricidal reaction was associated with a loss of permeability control. Thus, like the gram-negative bacteria, the treponemes, erythrocytes, and nucleated mammalian cells, the leptospires may be included as cell types susceptible to the antibody-complement system.     

Putrescine-oxidase activity in adult bovine serum and fetal bovine serum

Summary Putrescine-oxidase activity was found in fetal bovine serum (FBS) with a pH optimum of 8.0 and in adult bovine serum (ABS) with a pH optimum of 9.8. The crude FBS enzyme had a K_M for putrescine of 2.58×10⁻⁶ m and a V_max of 0.53 nmol per hr per 50 μl serum. Aminoguanidine competitively inhibited the enzyme with a K_I of 1.8×10⁻⁸ m. Spermidine and spermine proved competitive inhibitors of putrescine for both the FBS and the crude ABS putrescine oxidases. The V_max for the ABS putrescine oxidase was 2.10 nmol per hr per 50 μl serum, and the K_M for putrescine, 50.3×10⁻⁶ m. The K₁ of the ABS putrescine oxidase for aminoguanidine was 41×10⁻⁶ m. On the basis of both the K_M and K_I values, the adult serum enzyme, at its optimal pH of 9.8, bound spermidine and spermine more avidly than the smaller putrescine and aminoguanidine; whereas the FBS enzyme, at pH 8.0, bound aminoguanidine and putrescine more tightly than the larger polyamines. Each of the enzymes retained over 80% of its activity after heating at 56°C for 30 min. Applications of these data to the study of polyamines in tissue culture and to the purification of diamine oxidases are discussed. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.     

Urinary and serum titanium

Ammonium citratoperoxotitanate IV (TAS-FINE) is a water-soluble titanium complex used to synthesize a photocatalytic titanium(IV) oxide film. This study was aimed to investigate the LD₅₀, dose-response, time-course response, and renal toxicity of TAS-FINE using an animal model. Serum titanium (S-Ti) and its 24-h urinary excretion (U-Ti) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-argon emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after a single oral TAS-FINE administration to male Wistar rats. The LD₅₀ of TAS-FINE was 7.97 g/kg body weight in 24 h, and its half-life was 3.78±1.28 d for S-Ti and 2.19±0.09 d for U-Ti. Although TAS-FINE was not easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, it was distributed into the bloodstream in a dose-dependent manner. Within 24 h, 0.189% of administrated Ti was excreted via urine. It was speculated that TAS-FINE formed conjugates with serum constituents that resulted in nephrotoxicity resulting from an allergic reaction. The observed indices in this study were revealed to be good indicators for TAS-FINE exposure. The analytical method and animal model described in this study will help to further elucidate details about human exposure to TAS-FINE, which in recent times has become an occupational and environmental toxicant of concern.