杨柴对高CO2浓度和土壤干旱胁迫的响应

毛乌素优势植物杨柴 (HedysarummongolicumTurcz.)对高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱胁迫响应的研究结果表明 :干旱胁迫可使杨柴根系伸长 ,根生物量、地径、主茎高和茎生物量下降 ;高CO2 浓度使杨柴根和茎生物量明显增加 ,CO2 的“施肥效应”显著 ,干旱使CO2 的“施肥效应”减弱。同时 ,土壤干旱胁迫使杨柴的根 /冠比增加 ,说明在土壤干旱胁迫情况下根的生长比地上部分 (茎 )的生长更活跃 ,有利于提高杨柴在干旱沙漠地区的固沙作用 ;CO2 浓度升高和土壤干旱胁迫均使杨柴叶片的水势下降 ,叶片水势的下降使叶片细胞对水分的束缚力增强 ,从而减少植物蒸腾耗水 ,有利于提高水资源的利用效率     

不同土壤水分条件下无机营养对小麦物质生产和水分利用的影响

本文通过讨论不同土壤水分条件下,无机营养对春小麦净光合率、叶片导度、干物质生产、水分消耗等的影响,表明施肥使营养缺乏的春小麦的光合物质生产,水分消耗及水分利用效率(WUE)都明显增大,无机营养对春小麦物质同化和生长的促进要远大于其因增加水分散失而带来的不利影响;在土壤干旱时,施肥春小麦的光合物质生产、水分消耗下降幅度都大于不施肥春小麦,干旱削弱了无机营养在提高春小麦光合物质生产和产量方面的作用。据此,对旱地的合理施肥技术提出了建议。     

施肥对旱地冬小麦近轴和远轴叶面气孔敏感性的影响

 施肥降低旱地冬小麦的叶片水势。当作物体内出现水分胁迫时,冬小麦叶片两面气孔对施肥的反应有明显差异。远轴叶面气孔对施肥的反应比近轴叶面气孔敏感。旱地施肥以后,冬小麦远轴叶面气孔首先收缩,且收缩的程度比近轴叶面大,从而使远轴叶面气孔阻力与近轴叶面气孔阻力的比值(Rab／Rad)增大。旱地施肥以后,远轴和近轴叶面气孔阻力均急剧增大,并且随肥力水平的提高(施肥量增加)而缓慢增大,二者呈直线关系发展趋势。旱地施肥对土壤水势有影响,但不论是提高还是降低土壤水势,均增大Rab／Rad。说明施肥确有增强旱地冬小麦远轴叶面气孔对环境因素变化敏感性的作用。     

保护性耕作对农田土壤水分和冬小麦产量的影响

保护性耕作是提高土壤蓄水保墒能力并增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一.基于河南省长期定位试验2011-2016年数据,分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作、免耕和深松处理)对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 2011-2016年免耕和深松耕作处理下冬小麦拔节期平均相对保墒率分别为7.3%和-0.68%,且免耕较传统耕作显著提高了冬小麦拔节期0～60 cm土壤贮水量.与传统耕作相比,免耕提高了冬小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期0～100 cm土壤平均含水量,而深松耕作并未明显提高冬小麦拔节期土壤平均含水量.此外,免耕较传统耕作能够显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,尤其在较干旱年份其增产效果更优.因此,免耕的蓄水保墒及增产效果在较干旱年份明显优于深松耕作.     

有机肥对陇东黄土旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤养分的调控效应

以冬小麦'陇鉴301'为材料,在大田条件下于2005～2008年在甘肃陇东旱塬研究了不同有机肥料对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:不同化肥有机肥料配施处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量有明显的调控效应,并以氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施处理表现最佳,其籽粒产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量最高.与单施化肥对照相比,氮磷化肥配施生物有机肥处理3年平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加17.53%和16.42%,3年平均土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别提高11.4%、8.9%、0.2%、19.7%.因此,氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施可以有效改善陇东黄土旱塬区农田土壤肥力,提高冬小麦水分利用效率,显著增加冬小麦产量,可能是该区农田目前最佳的施肥方式.     

夏休闲期复种油菜对旱地土壤水分和小麦产量的影响

以冬小麦收获后高留茬休闲地为对照,连续4年在陇东黄土旱塬设6个油菜播种期,研究了休闲期作物覆盖对土壤水分及后作冬小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：不同播种期夏休闲期土壤贮水量差异显著(P＜0.05),其中8月5日播种油菜的土壤蓄水效率为58.5%,产量和水分利用效率较对照提高7.5%和5.9%.平均而言,夏休闲期复种油菜后作小麦干旱年份增产16.1%,平水年份增产6.8%.夏休闲期复种油菜是西北旱地小麦抗旱增产的有益途径.     

陕西渭北旱塬土壤—植物—大气连续体中水分运转规律的研究──Ⅴ．田间冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力研究

采用Ｍｉｓｈｉｏ和Ｙｏｋｏｉ（１９９１）的方法,在水分运转阻力短期内（如几个小时）恒定不变的假设下,研究了田间冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力．结果表明,一天中,当气孔没有“午休”现象或“午休”现象不明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在白天保持恒定,到夜晚则明显增大;当气孔“午休”现象较明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在气孔“午休”期间和夜晚明显增大,其余时间基本保持恒定．夜间和气孔“午休”期间阻力增大的原因不确定．土壤干旱条件下冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于土壤湿润条件下,表明水运转阻力与植物抗旱性有关．土壤干旱条件下施肥处理冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于不施肥处理,而土壤湿润条件下显著小于不施肥处理,表明施肥对植物具有调节作用,使之更好地适应干旱环境．     

冬小麦水肥产量交互效应模拟研究

采用人工控制土壤含水量的方法,对冬小麦水肥产量的交互效应研究结果表明,增加施肥量可提高冬小麦对土壤水利用程度。但低供水高施肥和高供水低施肥土壤水分的无效消耗增加,不利于提高水分生产效率。要获得理想产量必须量水施肥,才能提高水分生产效率。     

基于双稳定同位素和MixSIAR模型的冬小麦根系吸水来源研究

灌溉和施肥措施对农田水文循环具有重要影响,根系吸水是联系植物蒸腾和土壤水分运动的关键水文过程,定量识别灌溉施肥影响下作物根系吸水来源对农业用水优化管理具有重要意义。氘氧稳定同位素(D和18O)是追溯农田水分运移过程的理想天然示踪剂。基于2013—2015年北京市典型农田不同灌溉施肥处理冬小麦水分运移试验,利用D和18O双稳定同位素和MixSIAR贝叶斯混合模型,量化冬小麦主要根系吸水深度及其贡献比例,阐明作物水分来源的季节变化及不同处理间的差异,分析根系吸水与土壤水分分布变化的相互关系。研究结果表明:两季冬小麦返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆和灌浆-收获期主要根系吸水深度均值分别为0—20 cm(67.0%)、20—70 cm(42.0%)、0—20 cm(38.7%)和20—70 cm(34.9%),但季节变化差异显著,2014季主要吸水深度随作物的生长发育而逐渐增加,2015季则主要集中于浅层土壤(0—70 cm)。返青-抽穗期仅灌水20 mm或施肥105 kg/hm2N促使拔节-抽穗期深层(70—200 cm)土壤水分利用率平均增加29%,而前期充分灌水且大量施肥(≥当地施肥量210 kg hm-2N)时拔节-抽穗期根系吸水深度为土壤表层0—20 cm。在干旱少雨的冬小麦生长季内作物吸水来源与土壤水分消耗变化基本一致。     

不同栽培模式对渭北旱塬区冬小麦生长期间土壤水分、温度及产量的影响

通过2a大田试验研究了不同栽培模式对渭北旱塬区冬小麦生育期内0-2 m土壤水分,耕层(10 cm处)地温,以及作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草(NP+PF+S)、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜(NP+PF)和推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理(NP+S)均能增加土壤储水量,但以NP+PF+S和NP+PF处理较好;(2)3种覆盖栽培模式均提高了冬小麦越冬期间耕层地温,但推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理(NP+S)在冬小麦返青期耕层地温要低于对照(CK),推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草(NP+PF+S)和NP+S处理在冬小麦返青期后期到收获期耕层地温也均低于CK;(3)NP+PF+S处理较其它处理可增加冬小麦产量,并提高水分利用效率,其次是NP+PF处理,而NP+S处理增产效果不明显。可见,覆膜覆草和覆膜是较为适宜渭北旱塬雨养区冬小麦发展的栽培模式。     

Long-Term Monitoring of Rainfed Wheat Yield and Soil Water at the Loess Plateau Reveals Low Water Use Efficiency

Increasing crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in dryland farming requires a quantitative understanding of relationships between crop yield and the water balance over many years. Here, we report on a long-term dryland monitoring site at the Loess Plateau, Shanxi, China, where winter wheat was grown for 30 consecutive years and soil water content (0–200 cm) was measured every 10 days. The monitoring data were used to calibrate the AquaCrop model and then to analyse the components of the water balance. There was a strong positive relationship between total available water and mean cereal yield. However, only one-third of the available water was actually used by the winter wheat for crop transpiration. The remaining two-thirds were lost by soil evaporation, of which 40 and 60% was lost during the growing and fallow seasons, respectively. Wheat yields ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 ton/ha and WUE from 0.3 to 0.9 kg/m³. Results of model experiments suggest that minimizing soil evaporation via straw mulch or plastic film covers could potentially double wheat yields and WUE. We conclude that the relatively low wheat yields and low WUE were mainly related to (i) limited rainfall, (ii) low soil water storage during fallow season due to large soil evaporation, and (iii) poor synchronisation of the wheat growing season to the rain season. The model experiments suggest significant potential for increased yields and WUE.     

不同基因型冬小麦旗叶的稳定碳同位素比值及其与产量和水分利用效率的关系

以我国北方12个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种(系)和美国德克萨斯州3个冬小麦品种(系)为供试材料, 在甘肃陇东黄土高原旱作和拔节期有限补灌条件下, 比较研究了不同基因型冬小麦之间产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和灌浆期旗叶稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C)的差异, 以及δ¹³C值与产量和WUE的关系。旨在通过分析δ¹³C值与产量和WUE的关系, 明确δ¹³C值在评价植物WUE方面的可靠性, 为抗旱节水品种的筛选提供理论依据。结果表明: 不论旱作还是有限补灌, 不同基因型冬小麦之间产量、WUE、旗叶δ¹³C值存在显著差异, 随着灌浆过程的进行, 旗叶δ¹³C值呈缓慢增大的趋势, 而且旗叶δ¹³C值旱作高于有限补灌。不论旱作还是补灌条件, 旗叶δ¹³C值在4个测定时期的平均值与籽粒产量、WUE呈显著正相关关系(R²= 0.527 3-0.691 3)。小麦拔节期补灌100 mm水分后, 不同基因型小麦表现出明显的水分超补偿效应。说明冬小麦灌浆期旗叶δ¹³C值在旱作条件下和在补灌条件下均可较好地评价WUE, 可将冬小麦灌浆期旗叶δ¹³C值作为筛选高效用水品种的参考指标之一。     

渭北旱塬小麦的耗水特性与抗旱增产措施

本文系根据1981—1982年,作者在陕西省蒲城县建立了33个试验点的实验研究,结果表明：小麦整个生活期的耗水量界于303—476mm之间,每亩产量约为45—333公斤,水分利用效率为0.38—1.15。说明了小麦产量与耗水量或水分利用效率两者之间是密切相关的,而这又和小麦早春再生长以前的幼苗生长率之间成正相关。在非灌溉条件下,小麦的生长与产量显著地依赖于雨季保存在根层的土壤有效水。为了在不同的水分条件下提高旱地小麦生产力,本文介绍了能够促使小麦的根茎向较深的土层发展的措施,以提高抗旱能力。     

土壤水分状况及环境条件对水稻蒸腾的影响

在南方红壤区用田间测坑试验,研究了高、中、低3种土壤水分条件下的早、晚稻蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化,蒸腾日变化结果表明,蒸腾速率受许多田间小气候因子的影响,相关分析及多元逐步回归分析表明,叶片与空气相对湿度差和叶面温度对水稻叶片蒸腾影响最大,处理B（中等土壤水分条件）可以明显提高叶片水利用率和产是,处理C提高了叶片水分利用效率,却导致晚稻减产,早稻中、低土壤水分条件可以减小叶片蒸腾速率,而晚稻上并不能明显减少叶片蒸腾。     

Water-use efficiency and transpiration efficiency of wheat under rain-fed conditions and supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean-type environment

Growth and water use were measured in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in northern Syria in a typical Mediterranean climate over five seasons 1991/92–1995/96. Water use was partitioned into transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E_s) using Ritchie's model, and water-use efficiency (WUE) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were calculated. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of irrigation and nitrogen on water use, WUE and TE. By addition of 100 kg N ha^-1, E_s was reduced from 120 mm to 101 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 143 mm to 110 mm under irrigated conditions, and T was increased from 153 mm to 193 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 215 mm to 310 mm under irrigated conditions. Under rain-fed conditions, about 35% of evapotranspiration (ET) may be lost from the soil surface for the fertilized crops and 44% of ET for the unfertilized crops. Transpiration accounted for 65% of ET for the fertilized crops and 56% for the unfertilized crops under rain-fed. As a result of this, WUE was increased by 44% for dry matter and 29% for grain yield under rain-fed conditions, and by 60% for dry matter and 57% for grain yield under irrigated conditions. Transpiration efficiency for the fertilized crops was 43.8 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for dry matter and 15 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for grain yield, while TE for the unfertilized crops was 33.6 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 and 12.2 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for dry matter and grain yield, respectively. Supplemental irrigation significantly increased post-anthesis water use, transpiration, dry matter and grain yield. Water-use efficiency for grain yield was increased from 9.7 to 11.0 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 by supplemental irrigation, although WUE for dry matter was not affected by it. Irrigation did not affect transpiration efficiency for grain yield, but decreased transpiration efficiency for dry matter by 16%. This was associated with higher harvest index as a result of good water supply in the post-anthesis period and increased transpiration under irrigated conditions.     

春小麦拔节期有限供水的产量和生理效应研究初报

本文研究了春小麦在中度水分亏缺（４０％土壤毛管持水量,ＣＷ）生长下,拔节期不同水平供水处理（３０─１００％ＣＷ,１０天）下的植株生长发育、水分代谢及产量组成方面的变化,初步发现,拔节期保持４０％ＣＷ是水分利用的效率（ＷＵＥ）与产量同步增加的下限,６０％ＣＷ是达到较高ＷＵＥ和较高产量的下限;春小麦拔节期增加限量供水能有效增加籽粒产量。产量增加又同植株干物质积累、株高、根系生长、旗叶面积及单株穗粒数紧密正相关。此外,拔节期有限供水的增加,蒸腾速度、叶水势和渗透势等生理指标也有一定程度的效应变化。     

Phosphorus concentrations in the leaves of defoliated white clover affect abscisic acid formation and transpiration in drying soil

Increased leaf phosphorus (P) concentration improved the water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance of regularly defoliated white clover plants by decreasing the rate of daily transpiration per unit leaf area in dry soil. Night transpiration was around 17% of the total daily transpiration. The improved control of transpiration in the high-P plants was associated with an increased individual leaf area and WUE that apparently resulted from net photosynthetic assimilation rate being reduced less than the reductions in the transpiration (27% vs 58%). On the other hand, greater transpiration from low-P plants was associated with poor stomatal control of transpirational loss of water, less ABA in the leaves when exposed to dry soil, and thicker and smaller leaf size compared with high-P leaves. The leaf P concentration was positively related with leaf ABA, and negatively with transpiration rates, under dry conditions ( P < 0.001). However, leaf ABA was not closely related to the transpiration rate, suggesting that leaf P concentration has a greater influence than ABA on the transpiration rates.     

不同类型保水剂对冬小麦水分利用效率和根系形态的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究5种不同类型保水剂及2个施用水平对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、根形态的影响.结果表明: 冬小麦茎蘖数、旗叶面积、产量和水分利用效率在不同类型保水剂及施用量处理之间存在显著差异.与对照相比,5种保水剂处理冬小麦产量增加1.3%～7.9%,水分利用效率由对照的17.1 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1提高到18.0～20.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1.保水剂对冬小麦根系的平均直径、总根长和总表面积的影响均达到显著水平,在0～20和20～40 cm土层,总根长分别增加3.7%～19.1%和6.3%～27.3%,总表面积分别增加6.5%～21.7%和2.9%～18.5%.冬小麦根系形态特征与冬小麦产量和水分利用效率均呈显著正相关.丙烯酰胺/无机矿物复合型保水剂对提高冬小麦水分利用效率和促进根系生长效果最为明显.     

Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the physiological basis for determinations of grain yield and water-use efficiency in grain yield (WUE) under deficit irrigation; and (ii) investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on dry matter accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves during grain filling. A field experiment was conducted in the Southern High Plains of the USA and winter wheat (cv. TAM 202) was grown on Pullman clay loam soil (fine mixed thermic Torretic Paleustoll). Treatments consisted of rain-fed, deficit irrigation from jointing to the middle of grain filling, and full irrigation. The physiological measurements included leaf water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and leaf area index. The rain-fed treatment had the lowest seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, grain yield, harvest index (HI) and WUE as a result of moderate to severe water stress from jointing to grain filling. Irrigation application increased seasonal ET, and ET increased as irrigation frequency increased. The seasonal ET increased 20% in one-irrigation treatments between jointing and anthesis, 32-46% in two-irrigation treatments, and 67% in three- and full irrigation treatments. Plant biomass, grain yield, HI and WUE increased as the result of increased ET. The increased yield under irrigation was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per square meter and per spike. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield increased significantly but the WUE increased slightly as irrigation frequency increased. The increased WUE under deficit irrigation was contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and Gs, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves significantly contributed to the increased grain yield and HI. The results of this study showed that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis significantly increased wheat yield and WUE through increasing both current photosynthesis and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves.