成蛋白 (Formin): 植物细胞形态与发育的重要调控者

成蛋白(Formin)广泛存在于真菌、植物和动物等真核生物中,它们在调控肌动蛋白的聚合、协调肌动蛋白与微管之间的协同作用、决定细胞生长和形态等过程中发挥着决定性作用。一般认为,与真菌、动物不同,植物成蛋白家族结构在进化中因基因进化事件形成了植物特有的两类成蛋白家族,其中Ⅱ类成蛋白主要负责细胞极性生长,而Ⅰ类成蛋白可能调控细胞的膨胀。近年来,随着相关领域研究的深入,植物两类成蛋白在细胞内行使的功能也逐渐被阐明,而最近的研究结果也表明简单地根据蛋白结构对成蛋白的功能进行分类是不恰当的。据此,文中重点归纳了成蛋白结构域的组成与其对应功能,总结了成蛋白在代表性植物中的作用机理和最近研究进展,并就目前植物成蛋白研究中尚未解决的问题和尚未探索的领域进行了分析,最后对未来的植物成蛋白的研究方向提出了相关建议。     

玉米根细胞中类整合素蛋白与α-微管蛋白的共定位及其可能的相互作用

采用间接免疫荧光标记法对玉米根细胞中的类整合素蛋白和细胞骨架主要组分之一的α-微管蛋白进行了荧光定位。结果表明：类整合素蛋白主要分布在质膜上。与对照相比,用与类整合素蛋白特异结合的5肽GRGDS处理后,质膜上类整合素的分布更为均匀,微管的排列密度降低,而用不与类整合素蛋白特异结合的GRGDS类似物SDGRG处理则对类整合素蛋白分布和微管蛋白的排列均无明显影响。微管蛋白解聚剂或稳定剂处理改变类整合素在质膜上的分布。这些结果表明类整合素蛋白与微管蛋白间有复杂的相互作用。     

整合素在细胞黏附中的生物学功能

整合素是一种跨膜蛋白,属于黏附分子家族.其主要功能是参与细胞和细胞、细胞和细胞外基质(ECM)的黏附和信号转导.整合素是含有α和β两条肽链的异源二聚体,来源不同的α、β亚基所形成的整合素具有不同的ECM结合能力.阐述了整合素的结构、生物学功能以及生理、病理学意义,并概述了其研究进展.     

植物类Caspase及其调控细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

植物细胞程序性死亡（PCD）在植物生长发育和逆境适应中发挥重要作用。半胱氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）调控动物PcD的启动、执行及信号转导。通过人工合成底物、动物caspase抑制剂等方法已证实在植物中存在类caspase,可分为metacas．pases、VPEs（vacuolar processing enzymes）和saspases等。本文综述了植物类caspase的种类、结构、定位、功能及其调控PCD的研究进展,提出植物PCD中类caspase作用的调控途径,为深入研究植物PCD提供参考。     

汉坦病毒受体

汉坦病毒感染可引起两种严重威胁人类生命的传染性疾病:肾综合征出血热(HFRS)和肺综合征出血热(HPS)[1,2],这两种疾病都与急性血小板减少和血管渗透性变化有关[3].因此,弄清汉坦病毒与宿主细胞的相互作用及其机制,对控制汉坦病毒性疾病显得尤为重要.整合素对维持血管壁的渗透性和完整性具有重要作用.一种整合素可以在不同的细胞上表达,同一种细胞也可以表达多种不同的整合素,并且不同类型整合素的作用也各有不同.在汉坦病毒与内皮细胞相互作用研究中,细胞整合素受体起到了关键性的作用,致病性汉坦病毒通过细胞膜上β3整合素感染细胞,而非致病性汉坦病毒通过细胞膜上β1整合素感染细胞[4,5].这些都为汉坦病毒的受体和发病机制研究奠定了一定的基础.本文拟对该研究近况作一综述,为汉坦病毒致病机制的深入研究提供参考.     

整合素及其信号传导通路

整合素是位于细胞表面的重要黏附分子,通过其双向信号传导通路,介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间的黏附.整合素由胞外域、跨膜域和胞内域3部分组成.胞内域与细胞内信号分子结合,启动胞内一胞外信号传导激活整合素,提高与相应配体亲合力.而胞外域与相应配体结合后,通过胞外-胞内信号传导,调节细胞生存、增殖、黏附、分化功能.近年研究显示,整合素结构功能及信号传导通路异常与多种疾病有关.     

整合素α6在不同转移潜能膀胱癌细胞中的定量差异表达分析

整合素是一类跨膜糖蛋白,能够与细胞外基质结合参与许多生物学过程,尤其是与癌细胞的增殖、迁移等密切相关.目前在研究膀胱癌的发生发展过程中,对整合素的关注较少.本研究利用稳定同位素标记技术(SILAC)蛋白质定量技术结合质谱分析技术,对3株不同转移潜能的膀胱癌细胞株中的蛋白质组差异表达进行研究,并通过蛋白质免疫印迹技术、实时荧光定量PCR、细胞免疫荧光照相和流式细胞术等多种技术进行验证.同时使用临床组织基因芯片结果对比分析表明,与正常膀胱表皮细胞HCV29相比,整合素α6在膀胱癌细胞中表达量均有明显的上升,且在非侵染性膀胱癌KK47细胞中的表达量最高,侵染性的膀胱癌YTS1细胞中表达量次之.这一结果说明整合素α6与膀胱癌的发展具有密切关系,并为深入研究整合素α6在膀胱癌发生发展中的作用提供了前期基础.     

植物细胞的外连丝与类外连丝的结构与功能

外连丝作为特化的通道结构存在于植物的表皮细胞外侧壁中,而在植物局部组织衰败过程中衰亡细胞与存活细胞分界壁上有类似外连丝的半胞间连丝存在,可称之为类外连丝。本对外连丝和类外连丝的结构、功能方面的研究结果与近年进展予以综述,并讨论了植物细胞胞壁上类外连丝的出现在共质运输和细胞内含物再分配中的可能意义。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的类胱天蛋白酶研究进展

胱天蛋白酶(caspases)在动物细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)的起始、执行以及信号转导阶段起着关键作用,目前在植物中也发现有类胱天蛋白酶(caspase-like proteases,CLPs)的存在,并确认液泡加工酶(VPEs)、metacaspases和丝氨酸内肽酶(sapases)具有CLPs的作用,并证实CLPs参与植物的生长发育、抗病性及胁迫诱导的细胞程序性死亡等.本文对植物CLPs活性、生化结构及生理作用等方面的研究进展进行综述,并与动物caspases进行比较,为今后CLPs活性调节、作用方式及其在植物细胞程序性死亡中的作用等方面的研究提供参考.     

植物肽类信号分子

近年来研究表明植物中也存在着肽类信号分子,类似于动物的肽激素。目前可分成三类：即EN-OD40、植物硫动蛋白（phytosulfokine）和系统素。ENOD40影响着细胞分裂,可能是参与控制了细胞对生长素的反应所致。植物硫动蛋白最初从芦笋叶肉细胞培养中分离,是一种减数分裂诱导因子,为细胞增殖必需,但具体机制还不清楚。系统素的研究较为深入,巳提出了它所激发的植物伤诱信号传导过程和模型。     

Integrin-like proteins are localized to plasma membrane fractions, not plastids, in Arabidopsis

Integrins are a large family of integral membrane proteins that function in signal transduction in animal systems. These proteins are conserved in vertebrates, invertebrates, and fungi. Evidence from previous research suggests that integrin-like proteins may be present in plants as well, and that these proteins may function in signal transduction during gravitropism. In past studies, researchers have used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to localize beta 1 integrin-like proteins in plants. However, there is a disparity between data collected from these studies, especially since molecular weights obtained from these investigations range from 55-120 kDa for integrin-like proteins. To date, a complete investigation which employs all three basic immunolabeling procedures, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunogold labeling, in addition to extensive fractionation and exhaustive controls, has been lacking. In this paper, we demonstrate that use of a polyclonal antibody against the cytoplasmic domain of avian beta 1-integrin can produce potential artifacts in immunolocalization studies. However, these problems can be eliminated through use of starchless mutants or proper specimen preparation prior to electrophoresis. We also show that this antibody, when applied within the described parameters and with careful controls, identifies a large (100 kDa) integrin-like protein that is localized to plasma membrane fractions in Arabidopsis.     

Integrin-like proteins in Candida spp. and other microorganisms

The vertebrate integrins provide a paradigm for cell surface proteins involved in adhesion and morphogenesis. However, homologs of integrins have been found in more primitive organisms. This review will discuss the evidence for surface proteins in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis that contain motifs reminiscent of integrins and will analyze the contributions of one of these proteins, Int1p, to adhesion, morphogenesis, and virulence. Other microorganisms thought to express integrin-like proteins will also be addressed.     

Immunolocalization of integrin-like proteins in Arabidopsis and Chara

Integrins are a large family of integral plasma membrane proteins that link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton in animal cells. As a first step in determining if integrin-like proteins are involved in gravitropic signal transduction pathways, we have used a polyclonal antibody against the chicken β₁ integrin subunit in western blot analyses and immunofluorescence microscopy to gain information on the size and location of these proteins in plants. Several different polypeptides are recognized by the anti-integrin antibody in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis and in the intemodal cells and rhizoids of Chara . These cross-reactive polypeptides are associated with cellular membranes, a feature which is consistent with the known location of integrins in animal systems. In immunofluorescence studies of Arabidopsis roots, a strong signal was obtained from labeling integrin-like proteins in root cap cells, and there was little or no immunolabel in other regions of the root tip. While the antibody stained throughout Chara rhizoids, the highest density of immunolabel was at the tip. Thus, in both Arabidopsis roots and Chara rhizoids, the sites of gravity perception/transduction appear to be enriched in integrin-like molecules.     

Intracellular localization of integrin-like protein and its roles in osmotic stress-induced abscisic acid biosynthesis in Zea mays

Summary. Plants have evolved many mechanisms to cope with adverse environmental stresses. Abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates significantly in plant cells in response to drought conditions, and this is believed to be a major mechanism through which plants enhance drought tolerance. In this study, we explore the possible mechanisms of osmotic stress perception by plant cells and the consequent induction of ABA biosynthesis. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence localization experiments, using a polyclonal antibody against human integrin β1, revealed the presence of a protein in Zea mays roots that is similar to the integrin proteins of animals and mainly localized in the plasma membrane. Treatment with GRGDS, a synthetic pentapeptide containing an RGD domain, which interacted specifically with the integrin protein and thus blocked the cell wall–plasma membrane interaction, significantly inhibited osmotic stress-induced ABA biosynthesis in cells, and the GRGDS analog which does not contain the RGD domain had no effect. Our results show that a strong interaction exists between the cell wall and plasma membrane and that this interaction is largely mediated by integrin-like proteins. They also imply that the cell wall and/or cell wall–plasma membrane interaction plays important roles in the perception of osmotic stress. Accordingly, we conclude that the cell wall and/or cell wall–plasma membrane interaction mediated by the integrin-like protein plays important roles in osmotic stress-induced ABA biosynthesis in Zea mays. Correspondence: J. S. Liang, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China.     

Integrin-like proteins in the pollen tube: detection, localization and function

The distribution of integrin-like proteins in the pollen tube was examined by immunofluorescent labeling and western blotting techniques using antibodies against human placenta integrin vitronectin receptor (VnR), and alpha(v), beta3 and beta1 integrin subunits. Pseudocolor-coded confocal images showed intense immunostaining within 10 and 5 microm of the tip of the pollen tube in Lilium davidii and Nicotiana tabacum respectively. In both segments the site near the plasma membrane was labeled. Western blotting analyses revealed cross-reaction of anti-beta3, anti-alpha(v) and anti-VnR with the proteins in the plasma membrane preparation of L. davidii and Hemerocallis citrina pollen tube. These studies provide evidence for the first time that the integrin-like protein is present in pollen tubes, and it may be mainly composed of alpha(v) and beta3 subunits in lily pollen tubes. In a functional assay, neither anti-VnR antibody nor the Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser tetrapeptide inhibited pollen tube growth of N. tabacum in vitro, but both of them depressed tube growth on the stigma and in style under quasi in vivo culture conditions. The integrin-like proteins localized in the tip and periphery of the pollen tube appeared to play roles in growth of the pollen tube tip and interaction with the extracellular matrix of the style.     

Two bean cell wall proteins more abundant during water deficit are high in proline and interact with a plasma membrane protein

Two antigenically related glycoproteins, called p33 and p36, accumulate in the soluble fraction of the cell wall in response to water deficit in Phaseolus vulgaris. In this report, we show that p33 and p36 are able to adhere to leaf protoplasts, and that they bind to plasma membrane (PM) vesicles in a divalent cation-dependent manner. Data from the partial amino acid sequence of the p33 and p36 proteins indicate that they contain repeats of the decapeptide POVYKPOVEK; therefore, they are related to proline-rich proteins. Binding assays demonstrate that both proteins specifically bind to an 80 kDa PM protein. This binding is competed with a peptide that contains the RGD motif, as well as with fibronectin, which also includes this sequence, suggesting that the 80 kDa PM protein has an integrin-like function whose natural ligands are p33 and p36. This is the first case where a PM ligand for a higher plant cell wall protein has been identified.     

A beta4 integrin-like protein co-localises with a phosphotyrosine containing protein in the oomycete Achlya bisexualis: inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation slows tip growth

We present immunocytochemical data that indicate the presence of, and a close association between beta4 integrin-like proteins and proteins containing phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the oomycete Achlya bisexualis. When hyphae were plasmolysed, these proteins were present in wall-membrane attachment sites where there was also F-actin. A combination of immunoblots, ELISA, and a coupled enzyme assay suggest that phosphorylation may occur by both autophosphorylation and through the action of a tyrosine kinase. Tyrphostins, which are inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, abolished the anti-phosphotyrosine staining, inhibited the kinase activity, slowed tip growth and affected the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, in a dose-dependent manner. By analogy with the integrins and associated kinases of the metazoa we suggest that these proteins could contribute to the process of tip growth by providing a means of bidirectional signaling between the cell wall and the cytoplasm.     

A biochemical approach reveals cell-surface molecules utilised by Picornaviridae: Human Parechovirus 1 and Echovirus 1

Although receptor virus interactions of several Picornaviridae have been studied in the past, it is becoming apparent that these interactions might be more complex than previously thought. In this study, we have chosen to identify the cell-surface molecules involved in the infectious cycle of two common human pathogens and members of the Piconaviridae family, Echovirus 1 (Echo1) and Human Parechovirus 1 (HPEV1) also known as Echovirus 22. In order to identify the specific cell-surface protein molecules involved in Echo1 and HPEV1 infectious cycles, we have deviced a method, by which free virions were used as an affinity surface, allowing either Echo1 or HPEV1 to bind to solubilised proteins from cells susceptible to the virus infection. The virus-cell-surface protein complexes were then analysed by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Echo1 was shown to bind to two integrin-like proteins of 150 and 120 kDa. While HPEV1 attached to two integrin-like proteins of 120 and 100 kDa. The identity of these proteins was identified via Western blotting. Thus, overall we can conclusively report that Echo1 utilises integrin alpha2beta1, whereas HPEV1 utilises integrin alphavbeta3 on the cell surface.