水分胁迫对小麦叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学的影响

利用调制式荧光动力学分光光度计研究了水分胁迫对小麦叶片及叶绿体的叶绿素α荧光诱导动力学的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫对小麦光合作用的损伤是多部位的,它影响了PSⅠ活性、PSⅡ活性以及CO_2同化.对于PSⅡ的损伤部位除了它的氧化侧处,还可能损伤了PSⅡ反应中心.     

菠菜叶绿体的光抑制部位

有氧条件下,叶绿体的光抑制部位不是专一的。强光可使PSⅡ氧化侧、PSⅡ反应中心、PSⅡ还原侧,PSⅡ及类囊体膜透性都有不同程度的破坏。这种非专一性可能与类囊体膜蛋白在强光下的降解有关。无氧条件下,叶绿体的光抑制部位只是在PSⅡ反应中心及Q_B蛋白上。     

植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体外周蛋白结构和功能的研究进展

光合放氧是植物光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的重要功能之一.PSⅡ的放氧反应主要是由PSⅡ氧化侧的4个锰原子组成的锰簇催化的.在类囊体膜的囊腔侧还结合有若干个外周蛋白,对放氧反应起着重要作用.文章总结了植物光系统Ⅱ外周蛋白的结构和功能研究方面的最新进展.     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统Ⅱ和光系统Ⅰ的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.     

铀在小麦幼苗中的积累分布及其对叶片光系统活性的影响

分别采用不同浓度的铀[0、5、20、50、100mg.L-1 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O]对五叶期的‘西科麦3号’小麦幼苗于水培条件下处理7d,分析小麦对铀的吸收积累情况,并通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学OJIP曲线及820nm光吸收曲线,分析铀对叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)活性的影响。结果表明:(1)小麦对铀的富集系数和转移系数较小,吸收的铀主要集中在根部。(2)铀胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片捕光色素叶绿素b的含量,并显著影响小麦叶片两个光系统的活性;铀显著抑制PSⅡ反应中心的活性,但是对PSⅡ的电子供体侧和受体侧电子传递活性及PSⅠ的活性则表现为促进作用。(3)低浓度的铀处理会影响小麦叶片中两个光合系统之间的平衡,对PSⅠ性能的促进作用显著大于PSⅡ。     

植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体外周蛋白结构和功能的研究进展

光合放氧是植物光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的重要功能之一。PSⅡ的入氧反应主要是由PSⅡ氧化侧的4个锰原子组成的锰簇催化的。在类囊体膜的囊腔侧还结合有若干个外周蛋白,对放氧反应起着重要作用。文章总结了植物光系统Ⅱ外周蛋白的结构和功能研究方面的最新进展。     

干旱胁迫对银杏叶片光合系统Ⅱ荧光特性的影响

为了探讨银杏叶片在长期干旱胁迫下光合性能的变化,采用盆栽控水法对银杏幼苗进行干旱处理,并分别在处理后第0、20、30、40、50天,对荧光动力学曲线和荧光参数进行了测定和JIP-test分析.结果表明:随着干旱的加剧,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐递减.由于干旱导致银杏叶片的光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)结构破坏和稳固性减弱,其荧光动力学曲线出现了K相和L相的升高,在干旱处理40 d后升高加剧.PSⅡ结构的变化导致了一系列荧光参数的变化,初始荧光F0逐渐升高,最大荧光Fm逐渐降低;代表单位反应中心活性的参数ABS/RC、ET0/RC、TR0/RC逐渐升高;单位面积捕获的光能TR0/CS0高于对照,单位面积用于电子传递的光能ET0/ CS0后期下降;表示受体侧电子传递活性的参数Sm、Ψ0、(φ)E0逐渐下降,M0、VJ、VI逐渐升高;表示热耗散的参数DI0/RC、DI0/CS0随干旱时间延长而急剧升高;活性反应中心数目RC/CS0减少;代表PSⅡ光合效率的参数Fv/Fm、PIabs逐渐下降;代表PSⅡ供体侧活性的参数Wk随干旱时间延长而逐渐升高,OEC逐渐减少.干旱胁迫导致银杏叶片PSⅡ反应中心失活,能流分配失衡,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ放氧复合体失活和PSⅡ稳固性减弱,从而破坏PSⅡ光合功能.而反应中心失活和受体侧电子QA-的累积是造成PSⅡ电子传递活性减弱的主要原因.干旱条件下,银杏PSⅡ的PIabs比Fv/Fm对干旱的反应更灵敏,可作为银杏叶片受到伤害的指标.     

磷脂酰甘油对光系统Ⅱ酪氨酸残基构象及微环境的影响

通过Fourier红外(FT-IR)光谱法研究了磷脂酰甘油(PG)与光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)相互作用的结构机制,主要是PG对PSⅡ酪氨酸残基结构的影响.有结果显示,PG会引起酪氨酸侧链酚基构象和微极性的改变,表现为在1 620～1 500 cm-1之间芳环骨架的伸缩振动带向高频方向变化,其吸收强度也相应增加;在3 500～3 100 cm-1出现新的氢键吸收峰.结果分析表明,PSⅡ蛋白中酪氨酸残基结构的变化源自于酪氨酸侧链苯酚的羟基与PG的甘油羟基之间氢键的形成.     

短期高温胁迫对高产小麦品系灌浆后期旗叶光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

以叶绿素快相荧光动力学曲线(OJIP)为探针,探讨了高温胁迫对高产小麦品系01-35灌浆后期光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）功能的影响.结果表明,在37 ℃～43 ℃范围内,随温度升高Q_A还原程度和还原速率增大,至43 ℃时分别比室温下增加了23.89%和24.09%,表明Q_A→Q_B的电子传递受到抑制;43 ℃时PSⅡ的电子受体库降至室温下的47.4%,表明高温胁迫伤害了PSⅡ受体库;而PSⅡ供体侧未受到影响.当温度达到46 ℃时,Q_A还原程度和还原速率分别比室温下增加了13.95%和20.48%,但比43 ℃时显著下降,而PSⅡ电子受体库与43 ℃时相比无显著变化,表明46 ℃时PSⅡ供体侧受到伤害.与对照品种鲁麦14相比,高温胁迫下高产小麦的捕光色素复合体仍能捕获较多的光能,而且将捕获的光能更多的用于电子传递,表明高产小麦的捕光色素复合体及电子传递体耐受高温的能力较强,能够维持较高的电子传递能力.     

低温与光对黄瓜幼苗子叶光合电子传递活性的影响

25～30℃和30 μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)光下培养的黄瓜幼苗,在黑暗下经 1～7℃处理24h或5℃处理24～72h,光合电子传递活性受不同程度的抑制;其抑制部位主要在PSⅡ氧化侧;随温度的降低和时间的延长,抑制部位可发展至PSⅡ及之后的电子递体上,但尚未影响PSⅠ的活性。160μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)的光强加重低温对电子传递活性的抑制,光强越高,则加重的程度越高;抑制部位从PSⅡ氧化侧发展至PSⅡ反应中心以及PSⅠ。     

Photosynthesis of soybean under the action of a photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide

Photosynthesis, the fundamental physiological process of plant responsible for the growth and yield of crops, is strongly affected by environmental stresses. Several methods have been used to study changes in the physiological parameters of plants exposed to stresses. The work aimed to study physiological parameters related to photosynthesis in leaf discs of soybean plants exposed to a photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide. Soybean leaf discs obtained from mature leaves of plants in the vegetative stage immersed in bentazon herbicide solutions at concentrations of 0, 100, 250 or 500 μM were evaluated. In experiment I, the effect of the herbicide on chlorophyll a fluorescence transient was measured using a portable fluorometer. In the second experiment, the effect of the herbicide on modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange were evaluated, with the latter being measured with an infrared gas analyzer. The evaluations of transient and modulated fluorescence provided additional information on the photosynthetic activity of soybean leaf discs exposed to the action of bentazon. For the fluorescence transient analysis, performance indices were the parameters most sensitive to the action of bentazon, showing a decrease of approximately 70 % at a dose of 500 μM. For the modulated fluorescence analysis, the photochemical quenching coefficient, the electron transport rate, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and the net assimilation rate, decreased in response to herbicide application, with values that were almost equal to zero at a dose of 500 µM, which are the parameters that showed the greatest sensitivity to bentazon in soybean.     

Interaction of sea salt and atmospheric pollution alters the OJIP fluorescence transient in the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf

This study investigated the effects of the interaction of sea salt and atmospheric pollution on the photosynthetic system of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. v. furfuracea. Thalli of P. furfuracea were transplanted from remote area to different sites subjected to contrasting levels of atmospheric pollution and distance from the coast. Lichen chlorophyll a fluorescence was analysed weekly for one month by means of Handy PEA fluorometer. The effects of sea salt and atmospheric pollution were assessed by OJIP fluorescence transient and its derived fluorescence parameters. We showed that the response of the lichen to the single considered stressing factors was different and it could be detected in terms of variation of the electron flow at different steps of the OJIP fluorescence transient. Our data confirmed that the derived JIP-test parameters are good biomarkers to analyse different conditions of stress in lichens. In particular, we demonstrated that P. furfuracea is more sensitive to atmospheric pollution than to the proximity to the sea and to the interaction of these two factors.     

高温对仁用杏光合特性及PSⅡ光化学活性的影响

为探讨高温胁迫下仁用杏叶片的光合适应机制,以科尔沁沙地生长的4年生'超仁'仁用杏为试材,设置环境温度为25℃、30℃、40℃和50℃处理,利用气体交换技术和快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线分析技术(JIP-test),研究了仁用杏叶片光合特性和PSⅡ光化学活性.结果表明:在一定温度范围内,随着温度升高,仁用杏通过提高光合色素含量和比例来维持光能的吸收、传递和转换能力,从而保证光合机构正常运转;当高温超过叶片自身生理调节限度后,叶绿素发生分解、净光合速率(Pn)明显下降、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,说明光合作用的下降是由叶肉因素造成的.温度40℃导致单位面积有活性反应中心数量(RC/CSo)显著下降;而50℃高温下荧光诱导曲线中K点(Wk)和J点(Vj)明显增加,高温对仁用杏叶片放氧复合体(OEC)、受体侧和PsⅡ反应中心造成了伤害.此外,50℃高温还导致初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,为对照的2.26倍,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学性能指数(PI/ABS)分别下降为对照的37.9%和10.3%.高温损害了PSⅡ供体侧和受体侧的功能,造成光合效率下降,这是高温胁迫对仁用杏叶片光合机构伤害的主要机制之一.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters can provide qualitative and quantitative information about photosynthetic processes in chloroplasts. JIP-test and modulated fluorescence (MF) parameters are commonly used chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. This study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with JIP-test parameters, MF parameters, and photosynthetic rate (P_N), and to examine the relationships among them in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Pot and field experiments were performed to evaluate 184 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) for five JIP-test parameters (ABS/RC, TR_o/ABS, ET_o/TR_o, RE_o/ET_o, and PI_ABS), four MF parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′, ΦPSII, and qP), and P_N. Significant correlations were commonly observed among JIP-test parameters, MF parameters, and P_N. QTL mapping analysis identified 13, 9, and 4 QTLs for JIP-test parameters, MF parameters, and P_N, respectively, of which 13 were stable. Four major genomic regions were detected: LG A2 (19.81 cM) for JIP-test parameters, LG C1 (94.31 and 97.61 cM) for P_N and MF parameters, LG M (100.51 cM) for JIP-test and MF parameters, and LG O (30.61–49.91 cM) for P_N, JIP-test, and MF parameters. These results indicate that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, especially ΦPSII and qP, could play an important role in regulating P_N, and that JIP-test and MF parameters could be controlled by the same or different genes. The QTLs identified in this study will help in the understanding of the genetic basis of photosynthetic processes in plants. They will also contribute to the development of marker-assisted selection breeding programs for photosynthetic capacity in soybean.     

Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light

Fluorometers that measure the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence have become invaluable tools for determining the photosynthetic performance of plants. Many of these instruments use high frequency modulated light to measure the rate, efficiency and regulation of photosynthesis. The technique is non-invasive and is effective under diverse environmental conditions. Recently, imaging fluorometers have been introduced that reveal variability in photosynthesis over the surface of a leaf or between individual plants. Most imaging instruments depend on continuous light or low frequency modulated light for fluorescence excitation, which imposes serious limitations on measurements of the fluorescence parameters, especially the minimum fluorescence (F₀) and variable fluorescence (F_V). Here, we describe a new instrument that combines the advantage of high frequency modulated light with two-dimensional imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The fluorometer produces dynamic images of chlorophyll fluorescence from leaves or plants, providing accurate mapping of F₀ and F_V, and non-photochemical quenching. A significant feature of the instrument is that it can record fluorescence images of leaves in daylight under field conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Photosynthesis and activity of photosystem II in response to drought stress in Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.)

The Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) cultivars ??shuangFeng?? and ??ZuoShanyi?? were grown in shelter greenhouse under natural sunlight and subjected to drought. Sap flow rate, net photosynthetic rate (P _N), and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured on Amur Grape leaves subjected to different drought treatments. Significant decreases in P _N were associated with increasing intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), suggesting that the reduction in P _N was caused by nonstomatal limitation. Analysis of OJIP transients according to the JIP-test protocol revealed that specific (per PSII reaction center) energy fluxes for light absorption, excitation energy trapping and electron transport have significantly changed. The appearance of a pronounced K-step and J-step in polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient suggested the oxygen-evolving complex and electron transport were inhibited. Drought stress has relatively little effect on the parameter maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), but the performance index (PIABS) is more sensitive in different drought treatment. There are cultivar differences in the response of PSII activity to drought, the photosynthetic apparatus of ??ZuoShanyi?? cultivar is more resistant to drought than that of ??ShuangFeng??, and JIP-test could be a useful indicator for evaluation and selection to drought tolerance.     

Variable chlorophyll fluorescence and its use for assessing physiological condition of plant photosynthetic apparatus

Analysis of plant behavior under diverse environmental conditions would be impossible without the methods for adequate assessment of the processes occurring in plants. The photosynthetic apparatus and its reaction to stress factors provide a reliable source of information on plant condition. One of the most informative methods based on monitoring the plant biophysical characteristics consists in detection and analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Fluorescence is mainly emitted by chlorophyll a from the antenna complexes of photosystem II (PSII). However, fluorescence depends not only on the processes in the pigment matrix or PSII reaction centers but also on the redox reactions at the PSII donor and acceptor sides and even in the entire electron transport chain. Presently, a large variety of fluorometers from various manufacturers are available. Although application of such fluorometers does not require specialized training, the correct interpretation of the results would need sufficient knowledge for converting the instrumental data into the information on the condition of analyzed plants. This review is intended for a wide range of specialists employing fluorescence techniques for monitoring the physiological plant condition. It describes in a comprehensible way the theoretical basis of light emission by chlorophyll molecules, the origin of variable fluorescence, as well as relations between the fluorescence parameters, the redox state of electron carriers, and the light reactions of photosynthesis. Approaches to processing and analyzing the fluorescence induction curves are considered in detail on the basis of energy flux theory in the photosynthetic apparatus developed by Prof. Reto J. Strasser and known as a “JIP-test.” The physical meaning and relation of each calculated parameter to certain photosynthetic characteristics are presented, and examples of using these parameters for the assessment of plant physiological condition are outlined.     

芍药组内不同类群间光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为了比较分析芍药组不同类群光合生理差异以及它们对各自不同光照环境的适应性, 测定了芍药组(Paeonia sect. Paeonia) 4种2变种的光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线, 以及叶绿素荧光特性。结果显示, 芍药组中不同类群之间光合速率差异明显, 各个种类的“午休”程度不同, 芍药(Paeonia lactiflora )和毛果芍药(P. lactiflora var. trichocarpa)的强光抑制现象没有川赤芍(P. veitchii)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)和窄叶芍药(P. anomala)明显。叶绿素荧光特征能够反映芍药组不同类群光合生理的差异。芍药组内不同类群地理分布的差异能部分从光合生理特征的适应性方面得到解释。     

温州蜜柑叶片光合作用光抑制的保护机理

晴天条件下,使用便携式调制荧光仪和分光光度计观察了温州蜜柑叶片光合作用光抑制发生过程中几个主要荧光参数（初始荧光F0、最大荧光Fm、PSⅡ的光化学效率Fv/Fm、非光化学猝灭qN及其快相qNf和慢相qNs）、电子传递速率（ETR）和玉米黄素相对含量的日变化,结果表明,随着光强的增强,ETR、qN及其qNr与qNs以及玉米黄素相对含量升高,Fv/Fm、Fm和F0下降。用DTT处理后,qNs较对照明显下降,F0较对照明显上升,可以认为,柑橘在光合作用日变化中存在依赖于叶黄素循环和类囊体膜质子梯度两种非辐射能量耗散方式,而且它们在防御光破坏方面起着重要作用。     

Effects of drought stress on the evergreen Quercus ilex L., the deciduous Q. robur L. and their hybrid Q. × turneri Willd.

Five-year-old trees of deciduous Quercus robur L., evergreen Q. ilex L., and their semideciduous hybrid, Q. × turneri Willd. (var. pseudoturneri), growing in pots, were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 18–22 days, until leaf water potentials decreased below ?2 MPa. Gas-exchange rates, oxygen evolution, and modulated chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measurements revealed that by strong stomata closure and declining photosynthetic capacity down to approximately 50%, all three taxa responded with strongly reduced photosynthesis rates. In Q. robur, photochemical quenching of the drought-stressed plants was much lower than in nonstressed controls. Dissection of the occurring events in the photosynthetic electron transport chain by fast Chl fluorescence induction analysis with the JIP-test were discussed.