蛋白磷酸化修饰在植物-病原微生物互作中的作用研究进展

蛋白磷酸化修饰是植物细胞信号调控的普遍机制。植物-病原微生物互作过程中, 关键调控蛋白的磷酸化状态影响免疫信号的激活。多种病原微生物通过干扰宿主蛋白的磷酸化状态攻击免疫系统, 以提高致病性。该文对植物免疫调控过程中关键元件的磷酸化修饰及其在免疫信号中的调控作用进行了综述。研究植物-病原菌互作过程中关键蛋白的磷酸化修饰, 有助于深入探讨植物-病原微生物互作的分子机理。该文将为寻找广谱抗病的新途径提供理论依据。     

利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的进展

在长期进化中,植物形成了抵御病毒等病原微生物侵染的精细防御系统。在病毒侵染、复制和传播过程中,其编码的一些蛋白,如外壳蛋白、运动蛋白、复制酶类等能够与植物基因编码的蛋白发生相互作用。酵母双杂交系统是体外研究蛋白质间相互作用的有利工具,不但可以用于研究已知蛋白质的互作,还可以发现新蛋白,揭示特定蛋白互作网络与作用机制,在植物蛋白与病毒蛋白互作研究中已得到广泛的利用。本文主要综述利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的国内外进展。     

植物与病原菌互作的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学作为功能基因组学研究的主要内容之一,在阐述基因功能、了解生命现象和本质的分子机制等方面发挥着重要作用。植物蛋白质组学作为蛋白质组学的一个分支,研究应用也越来越广泛,尤其是探索植物与病原菌互作机制是其中的一个研究热点。本文就多年来植物与真菌、病毒、细菌互作的蛋白质组学研究做一综述,并对当前该领域今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为相关研究提供一些参考和理论基础。     

植物──病原物互作中的基因类型和功能

植物──病原物互作中的基因类型和功能何晨阳,王金生（南京农业大学植保系南京２１００１４）１植物－病原物互作中的基因对基因关系植物－病原物相互关系有亲和性互作和不亲和性互作二种类型。在亲和性互作中,病原物致病,植物感病;在不亲和互作中,病原物不致病（无...     

蛋白质组学在水稻与微生物互作研究中的应用

应用蛋白质组学方法揭示植物与微生物的互作机制是当前植物病理学研究的热点之一。结合水稻感染水稻条纹病毒后的蛋白质组学分析经验,综述了蛋白质组学在水稻与微生物互作研究中的应用,包括水稻与真菌、细菌、病毒互作的蛋白组学和突变体蛋白质组学。在总结研究现状的基础上,提出了水稻与微生物互作的蛋白质组学研究中存在的问题,并对该领域的发展前景进行展望。     

miRNA介导植物-微生物互作中的调控作用及其研究进展北大核心CSCD

微生物与植物之间存在错综复杂的双向交流和串扰,植物与病原微生物互作直接影响寄主植物的生存状况,而植物和益生微生物互作则有利于宿主的生长和健康,共生微生物也会从中受益。不管是病原微生物还是有益微生物进入植物体内,植物miRNA都会迅速做出响应,同时微生物也可以产生miRNA样RNA(miRNA-likeRNA,milRNA)影响植物健康,可见miRNA(或milRNA)是植物与微生物互作过程中迅速响应的重要媒介分子,其内在机制研究近年来取得了许多进展。文中概述了植物-病原微生物、植物-益生微生物互作中miRNA的调控作用,重点阐述了植物miRNA在植物-病原微生物互作过程中对寄主植物抗病性的调控作用和植物-益生微生物互作过程中对宿主植物生长发育及代谢的调控,以及真菌milRNA对寄主植物的跨界调控作用。     

活性氧及膜脂过氧化在植物—病原物互作中的作用

介绍了植物-病原物互作中活性氧的产生与积累、活性氧清除系统酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的变化以及膜脂过氧化作用的发生;植物-病原物非亲和性互作与亲和性互作之间在这些方面的差异;活性氧在植物抗病反应中的作用。并对以上几个方面之间的关系进行了评述。     

病原中的活性氧释放研究进展

活性氧的释放在动植物-病原菌互作过程中有着非常重要的作用.一般认为互作中的活性氧来源于动植物细胞生物膜中的氧化还原体系.但近年来随着互作研究的深入,发现动植物病原菌自身也有活性氧的释放以及复杂的调控系统,它们的活性氧释放能力很有可能与其致病性有一定的联系,并可能参与了互作,这些发现对深入了解动植物-病原菌的互作机制具有重要意义.概述了在细菌、真菌等多种动物病原菌中存在的活性氧释放现象,这些微生物活性氧产生的位点、相关功能分子以及调控机制,介绍了目前研究仍然较少但其潜在意义重大的植物病原菌中的活性氧释放现象、可能的调节机制和病理学意义.     

豆科植物-根瘤菌共生固氮的免疫调控机制

在长期进化中,根瘤菌与豆科植物形成一种独特的互惠共生关系——共生固氮。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生互作与病原细菌激发植物病原反应极为相似,然而根瘤菌的入侵和定殖并没有激发宿主豆科植物过度的防御反应,植物也进化出特殊的共生信号转导和根瘤发育途径来"邀请"根瘤菌的入侵和定殖。此外,植物防御反应也很大程度上调控根瘤菌与豆科植物共生的宿主特异性。越来越多的研究表明,植物防御反应在调控根瘤菌匹配识别、入侵、定殖以及类菌体发育等方面起关键调控作用。从植物免疫反应角度综述了根瘤菌与豆科植物共生互作的最新进展,通过与病原菌-植物互作的病原反应对比,论述了根瘤中植物感知微生物相关分子模式(MAMP,Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns)和效应蛋白引起的免疫反应的调控机制。     

植物与病原菌互作的分子机制研究进展

植物的先天免疫主要包括模式识别受体对保守的微生物病原相关分子模式的识别和抗病蛋白对效应蛋白的识别。植物与病原体互作过程中存在广泛的信号交流,信号分子在植物与病原体的互作攻防中发挥了重要的调控作用,决定了二者的竞争关系。当前,大量植物与病原体互作中的信号分子被定位和克隆,其作用方式被揭示。本文总结了这些信号分子及其在植物免疫过程中的作用机制,主要包括植物细胞表面的模式识别受体分子对病原相关分子模式的识别与应答,植物抗病蛋白对病原体效应蛋白的识别与应答,以及免疫反应下游相关信号分子及其在植物抗病中的作用。此外,本文对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

Revealing plant defense signaling: Getting more sophisticated with phosphoproteomics

The regulation mechanisms of any plant-pathogen interaction are complex and dynamic. A proteomic approach is necessary in understanding regulatory networks because it identifies new proteins in relation to their function and ultimately aims to clarify how their expression, accumulation and modification is controlled. One of the major control mechanisms for protein activity in plant-pathogen interactions is protein phosphorylation, and an understanding of the significance of protein phosphorylation in plant-pathogen interaction can be overwhelming. Due to the high number of protein kinases and phosphatases in any single plant genome and specific limitations of any technologies, it is extremely challenging for us to fully delineate the phosphorylation machinery. Current proteomic approaches and technology advances have demonstrated their great potential in identifying new components. Recent studies in well-developed plantpathogen systems have revealed novel phosphorylation pathways, and some of them are off the core phosphorylation cascades. Additional phosphoproteomic studies are needed to increase our comprehension of the different mechanisms and their fine tuning involved in the host resistance response to pathogen attacks.Key words: protein phosphorylation, phosphoproteomics, plant-pathogen interaction, kinase     

The genomics parade of defense responses: to infinity and beyond

Genomic-scale methods, such as cDNA microarrays, cDNA-AFLP analyses and proteomics are revolutionizing the study of plant-pathogen interactions, and are revealing a complex web of signaling cascades involved in plant defense responses. Recent studies have shown that responses to pathogens and environmental stresses are linked, suggesting that genes previously identified as stress-responsive may also play an active role in plant defense. As a result of proteomic analysis, proteins involved in early defense signaling are coming to light.     

Changes in the leaf proteome profile of Mentha arvensis in response to Alternaria alternata infection

Plant pathogenic fungi cause important yield losses in crops. A proteomic approach was used to study the changes in the leaf proteome profile of the plant Mentha arvensis infected with a necrotrophic fungus, Alternaria alternata. High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by colloidal Coomassie staining and mass spectrometric analysis was used to identify highly abundant proteins differentially expressed in response to fungal infection. From a total of 210 reproducibly detected and analyzed spots, the intensity of sixty-seven spots was altered, and forty-five of them were successfully identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS/MS). Fifty-six percent of the identified proteins belonged to energy and metabolism whereas 29% were stress and defense related. Taken together, the results allow to assess changes at the proteomic level in the host due to the defense response. Results show an initial defense response, not strong enough to overcome the pathogenesis, which may be similar to other susceptible plant-pathogen interactions; however, cross-talks between various defense pathways, regulatory networks and physiological conditions are other important aspects to be considered.     

Proteomic approaches to study plant-pathogen interactions

The analysis of plant proteomes has drastically expanded in the last few years. Mass spectrometry technology, stains, software and progress in bioinformatics have made identification of proteins relatively easy. The assignment of proteins to particular organelles and the development of better algorithms to predict sub-cellular localization are examples of how proteomic studies are contributing to plant biology. Protein phosphorylation and degradation are also known to occur during plant defense signaling cascades. Despite the great potential to give contributions to the study of plant-pathogen interactions, only recently has the proteomic approach begun to be applied to this field. Biological variation and complexity in a situation involving two organisms in intimate contact are intrinsic challenges in this area, however, for proteomics studies yet, there is no substitute for in planta studies with pathogens, and ways to address these problems are discussed. Protein identification depends not only on mass spectrometry, but also on the existence of complete genome sequence databases for comparison. Although the number of completely sequenced genomes is constantly growing, only four plants have their genomes completely sequenced. Additionally, there are already a number of pathosystems where both partners in the interaction have genomes fully sequenced and where functional genomics tools are available. It is thus to be expected that great progress in understanding the biology of these pathosystems will be made over the next few years. Cheaper sequencing technologies should make protein identification in non-model species easier and the bottleneck in proteomic research should shift from unambiguous protein identification to determination of protein function.     

Isolating intact chloroplasts from small Arabidopsis samples for proteomic studies

We have established a method for the isolation of chloroplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana that allows proteomic studies in the context of biotic stress with small amounts of starting material. Employing a 50% Percoll layer to separate crude filtrates, the required leaf material was reduced to 2-3 g, yielding more than 300 μg of chloroplast proteins. The quality of this fraction was confirmed by immunological, enzymatic, and gel-based assays. This protocol provides intact chloroplasts from Arabidopsis plants with a high degree of integrity and purity as well as sufficient protein recovery, thereby enabling studies of plant-herbivore or plant-pathogen interactions.     

Application of proteomics to investigate stress-induced proteins for improvement in crop protection

Proteomics has contributed to defining the specific functions of genes and proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Proteomic studies have led to the identification of many pathogenicity and defense-related genes and proteins expressed during phytopathogen infections, resulting in the collection of an enormous amount of data. However, the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions remains an intensely active area of investigation. In this review, the role of differential analysis of proteins expressed during fungal, bacterial, and viral infection is discussed, as well as the role of JA and SA in the production of stress related proteins. Resistance acquired upon induction of stress related proteins in intact plant leaves is mediated by potentiation of pathogens via signal elicitors. Stress related genes extensively used in biotechnology had been cited. Stress related proteins identified must be followed through for studying the molecular mechanism for plant defense against pathogens.     

Very long chain fatty acid and lipid signaling in the response of plants to pathogens

Recent findings indicate that lipid signaling is essential for plant resistance to pathogens. Besides oxylipins and unsaturated fatty acids known to play important signaling functions during plant-pathogen interactions, the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis pathway has been recently associated to plant defense through different aspects. VLCFAs are indeed required for the biosynthesis of the plant cuticle and the generation of sphingolipids. Elucidation of the roles of these lipids in biotic stress responses is the result of the use of genetic approaches together with the identification of the genes/proteins involved in their biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent observations which revealed the complex function of the cuticle and cuticle-derived signals, and the key role of sphingolipids as bioactive molecules involved in signal transduction and cell death regulation during plant-pathogen interactions.Key words: very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), plant-pathogen interactions, lipid signaling, sphingolipids, epicuticular waxes, lipid rafts, cuticle, plant defense