镉胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗的抗氧化反应

采用溶液培养法对Cd2 胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗叶组织内的抗氧化酶活性、活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及细胞电解质泄漏率的变化进行了研究。结果显示,随着Cd2 胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,2种作物叶组织内的MDA含量和细胞电解质泄漏率明显增加;在胁迫期间,二者的过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2.-)的含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高并在不同的时间达到高峰后再下降的趋势。与箭舌豌豆相比,Cd2 胁迫下的绿豆幼苗叶组织的MDA含量、电解质泄漏率及H2O2和O2.-的积累量较高,CAT、SOD和APX的活性较低。研究表明,Cd2 胁迫下箭舌豌豆的抗氧化能力高于绿豆的抗氧化能力。     

镉对超富集植物滇苦菜抗氧化系统的影响

采用水培实验,研究镉(Cd)对一种新发现的Cd超富集植物——滇苦菜抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,中、低浓度Cd(1-10μmol.L-1)处理下滇苦菜生物量与对照无显著差异,而高浓度Cd(50-100μmol.L-1)抑制了滇苦菜的生长,整株生物量比对照降低了72%和86%。10μmol.L-1Cd处理下地上部Cd浓度达到270mg·kg-1(干重),转运系数为1.41,符合超富集植物的特征。滇苦菜地上部Cd富集浓度最高达3919mg·kg-1,且64%-87%的Cd分布在地上部。中、低浓度Cd(1-10μmol.L-1)胁迫下,滇苦菜的丙二醛(MDA)和H2O2含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)产生速率及各抗氧化酶活性与对照没有显著差异。但高浓度Cd(50-100μmol.L-1)胁迫下,地上部MDA、H2O2含量和O2.-产生速率比对照分别提高了5-17、1.6-6倍和2.9-7.2倍,地下部分别提高了1-5、1.4倍和9.5-11倍。同时,高浓度Cd处理下地上部和地下部超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及地上部谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著上升,但谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化不明显。研究表明,滇苦菜对Cd有较强的富集和转运能力。中、低浓度Cd处理未对滇苦菜造成明显的氧化胁迫,高浓度Cd处理时滇苦菜地上部与地下部均受到氧化胁迫,但对抗氧化胁迫的响应方式不同。     

镉、锌、铜胁迫对向日葵早期幼苗生长的影响

分析了3种重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+)对向日葵种子胚根伸长和早期幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,3种重金属离子对向日葵胚根伸长的抑制作用依次为:Cd2+>Cu2+>Zn2+.3种重金属胁迫明显降低了幼苗生长和叶绿素含量,并显著提高了H2O2水平.其中Cd2+胁迫引起幼苗H2O2爆发高于Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫.进一步分析植株抗氧化系统的变化发现,随着重金属离子浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗酶类抗氧化物质SOD和CAT的活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势;重金属胁迫提高了非酶类的抗氧化物质脯氨酸和GSH的含量.其中Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫对脯氨酸含量变化的影响大于Cu2+胁迫;而Cu2+胁迫对GSH含量变化的影响大于Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫.     

H2O2作为根源信号介导盐胁迫诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭反应

H2O2作为信号分子可被多种胁迫诱导产生并在细胞内积累,进而参与调节植物的抗逆反应。文章通过远红外热成像观察等实验发现,根部NaCl胁迫可诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,叶片温度上升,叶片内Na+和H2O2含量增加,蒸腾流汁液中H2O2浓度升高。另外,NaCl可直接诱导离体蚕豆根产生H2O2,却不能影响表皮条内H2O2含量。NaCl胁迫条件下产生的蒸腾流汁液可直接诱导表皮条气孔关闭,该过程可被抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)所逆转。这些结果表明,H2O2作为盐胁迫的根源信号,可能通过维管系统运输参与调节蚕豆气孔的关闭反应。     

一氧化氮作为过氧化氢下游信号分子参与调节白菜幼苗对镉胁迫的耐受性

信号分子过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)在缓解重金属镉(Cd)对植物的胁迫过程中分别发挥着重要的作用。该实验通过生理生化技术研究了白菜幼苗Cd胁迫时H2O2和NO之间的关系。结果表明,H2O2预处理可以增强白菜幼苗对Cd的耐受,包括减少丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的浓度、降低电解质的渗漏、增强一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的活力,进而提高体内NO的水平;用外源NO的供体硝普钠预处理白菜幼苗,同样减少MDA的浓度以及电解质的渗漏。此外,白菜幼苗对Cd的耐受性在被H2O2增强的基础上,还能进一步被NO增强,且这种增强作用也会受到NO的清除剂和合成抑制剂的抑制。在Cd的胁迫下,H2O2预处理可以减少白菜幼苗地上部分对Cd的富集,但根中Cd的含量不受H2O2的影响,而且NO会加剧由H2O2引起的白菜幼苗地上部分Cd的富集的减少。以上结果表明,Cd胁迫时H2O2可通过增强NOS的活性,促进生成NO,进而提高白菜幼苗对Cd的耐受性。     

植物中的H2O2信号及其功能

H2O2是植物细胞的信号分子,是细胞正常代谢的产物,生物和非生物胁迫促使植物细胞产生H2O2,通过H2O2信号应答胁迫.H2O2信号调控一系列重要的植物生理生化过程,如系统获得抗性(SAR)和高度敏感抗性(HR)、细胞衰老与程序化细胞死亡(PCD)、气孔关闭、根的向地性、根的生长和不定根形成、细胞壁的发育、柱头与花粉的发育及相互关系等.Ca2+流动和可逆蛋白磷酸化作用是H2O2下游信号,通过MAPK级联作用于转录因子,最终调控基因的表达.H2O2调控多种基因的表达,包括编码抗氧化酶基因、调控程序化细胞死亡相关蛋白基因、生物与非生物胁迫应答蛋白基因等.     

镉胁迫对拟南芥幼苗基因组DNA多态性的影响

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,检测了镉(Cd)胁迫对拟南芥幼苗叶片DNA多态性的影响,并结合其形态和生理指标,选取Cd污染敏感的生物标记物.结果表明:0.125～3.0 mg·L-1Cd处理21 d后,拟南芥幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量随Cd浓度的增加呈倒U字型曲线变化,但其鲜重和叶绿素含量变化均不明显;12条寡核苷酸引物中,有5条引物扩增出稳定、特异的PCR产物;拟南芥幼苗叶片基因组的RAPD图谱中,对照组RAPD图谱中分辨出44条清晰的条带;Cd胁迫使拟南芥幼苗叶片基因组的RAPD图谱发生了改变,包括条带的增加、缺失和条带荧光强度的改变,且与Cd剂量相关.实验证明,Cd影响基因组模板的稳定性,即DNA多态性对Cd污染敏感,可以作为检测Cd污染及其相关生物学效应的潜在生物标记物.     

镉胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗内源一氧化氮和活性氧的生成

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd)胁迫下紫花苜蓿根、茎和叶内源一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)的生成机制以及根系活力的变化.结果表明:在0~2.0 mmol·L-1范围内,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗内NO含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最后可维持在略高或持平于对照的水平.幼苗内一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、亚硝酸根离子(NO2-)含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的变化与NO含量变化规律相似却又不全相同.NOS和NR是影响幼苗茎中NO含量的主要因素,NOS、NO2-和NR则是影响叶中NO含量的主要因素,而根中NO含量主要与NOS活性和NO2-含量有较大相关性.随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗内过氧化氢(H2 O2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子(O-2·)含量和相对电导率(REC)呈现显著升高趋势,说明高浓度的Cd处理会使ROS大量积累,细胞膜遭破坏,细胞质外流,进而引发膜脂过氧化.随着Cd浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿根系活力的变化为先升高后降低,指示了低浓度Cd处理会促进植物代谢,增强其生命力;而高浓度Cd会致使植株代谢受抑制,细胞受损害.NO和ROS的相关性不大,说明二者虽同为自由基,但它们产生和变化方式大有差别.     

H_2O_2作为根源信号介导盐胁迫诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭反应

H2O2作为信号分子可被多种胁迫诱导产生并在细胞内积累,进而参与调节植物的抗逆反应。文章通过远红外热成像观察等实验发现,根部NaCl胁迫可诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,叶片温度上升,叶片内Na＋和H2O2含量增加,蒸腾流汁液中H2O2浓度升高。另外,NaCl可直接诱导离体蚕豆根产生H2O2,却不能影响表皮条内H2O2含量。NaCl胁迫条件下产生的蒸腾流汁液可直接诱导表皮条气孔关闭,该过程可被抗氧化剂抗坏血酸（AsA）所逆转。这些结果表明,H2O2作为盐胁迫的根源信号,可能通过维管系统运输参与调节蚕豆气孔的关闭反应。     

干旱胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum Bobr)叶片乙烯释放和多胺含量变化与活性氧积累的关系

通过盆栽土培试验研究了干旱胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum Bobr)叶片乙烯释放、多胺含量、活性氧水平及细胞膜透性的动态变化.结果表明,随着土壤干旱强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,多裂骆驼蓬叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性呈递增变化趋势;轻度胁迫下,乙烯产生速率、多胺(Put、Spm、Spd)、活性氧(O2-·、H2O2)和MDA含量及多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性随胁迫时间延长无明显变化;中度和重度胁迫初期(胁迫后0～30d)腐胺(Put)、精胺(Spm)和亚精胺(Spd)含量快速提高,乙烯生成速率下降,而O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量和PAO活性相对平稳;胁迫后期(胁迫后45～75d)乙烯生成速率增高,Put、Spm和Spd含量下降, O2-·、H2O2和MDA含量大幅度增加,膜透性增大,且乙烯释放与O2-·、H2O2含量呈显著正相关.表明中度和重度胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬叶片存在乙烯和多胺合成的相互制约,乙烯释放增加诱导活性氧积累导致膜透性急剧增大.     

骨导声诱发的耳声发射耳蜗图

用不同频率的短纯音骨导刺激,在7名(14耳)听力正常受试者同时记录双耳声诱发耳声发射(EOAE)。此法比单耳轮流记录省时一半。研究结果表明,EOAE 为一种窄带声,其中心频率随刺激声频率增高而增高,提示 EOAE 产生部位在接受刺激声频率对应的耳蜗部位附近。EOAE 的潜伏期与刺激强度无明显关系,但有随刺激声频率增高而变短的趋势,可能与不同频率刺激声诱发的 EOAE 在基底膜上产生的部位与鼓膜之间的距离不等有关。除1耳用4.0kHz 外,用1.0,2.0,3.0和4.0kHz 短纯音刺激在14耳全可记录到 EOAE,0.5kHz和6.0kHz 则分别在10耳和7耳记录到 EOAE。0.5—6.0kHz 短纯音诱发的 EOAE 的阈值均值连线所得的声发射耳蜗图上可见,1.0kHz 处阈值最低,而在这些受试者所测得的中耳共振频率平均值为1100±230Hz,推测1.0kHz EOAE 阈值最低与中耳的传导函数有关。本文描述的骨导双耳同时记录 EOAE 并描记声发射耳蜗图的方法可用于临床的听力客观评价。     

湿地碳排放及其影响因素

湿地生态系统在全球碳循环中起着重要作用.湿地独特的土壤、水文和植被条件,使得其在低氧环境下能不断累积碳,并同时释放大量温室气体——CH4和CO2,因此湿地的碳排放近年来成为全球气候变化研究关注的重点问题.湿地的土壤状况、水文条件及植被类型的不同导致湿地CH4和CO2的排放具有极强的时空变异性.土壤温度与CH4和CO2排放呈正相关关系;水位条件对湿地温室气体的排放有一定影响,在一定范围内,土壤的厌氧环境导致CH4排放量增大,CO2排放量减小;植被影响到温室气体产生、氧化和排放各个方面,因物种而异.     

中国农田土壤N2O排放通量分布格局研究

中国作为世界上一个重要农业大国,对全球大气中N2O浓度的影响正在引起人们的普遍关注。该研究采用针对农业土壤痕量气体排放估算建立的,基于N2O的产生、传输和消耗机理的反硝化分解（DNDC）模型,在建立了有关中国气候、农业土壤和农业生产的分县数据库基础上,估计了我国各县农业土壤N2O的排放通量,发现我国农田土壤N2O排放通量有较明显的地区差异,西北地区较低,东南地区较高。还发现无论温度升高,还是施肥量变化,对我国农田土壤N2O排放通量的影响,都存在区域差异,表现为东南地区的变化幅度较西北地区大,这可能与我国气候的干湿变化有较密切的关系。     

Effect of agrometeorological parameters on the phenology of pollen emission and production of olive trees (Olea europea L.)

The pollination period and pollen concentrationof olive trees (Oleaeuropea L.) and olive production were analysedfor Prato and Florenceusing a data set of 8 years (1991–1998).Meteorological data have been usedto obtain information about weather conditionsduring vegetative seasonsand correlations were found both for thephenology and yield.The results showed that air temperatureprevious to the onset of floweringis of great importance in determining thereproductive cycle of olive treebut the chill period in January and Februaryshould also be considered.Olive pollen collected during thepollination period was positivelycorrelated with the production level for bothsites. Weather conditionfollowing pollination were also taken intoaccount for a better assessmentof the final yield.     

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

Isoprene emission from plants represents one of the principal biospheric controls over the oxidative capacity of the continental troposphere. In the study reported here, the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission, and its underlying determinants, were studied for aspen trees growing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The springtime onset of isoprene emission was delayed for up to 4 weeks following leaf emergence, despite the presence of positive net photosynthesis rates. Maximum isoprene emission rates were reached approximately 6 weeks following leaf emergence. During this initial developmental phase, isoprene emission rates were negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentrations. During the autumnal decline in isoprene emission, rates were positively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration. Given past studies that demonstrate a correlation between leaf nitrogen concentration and isoprene emission rate, we conclude that factors other than the amount of leaf nitrogen determine the early-season initiation of isoprene emission. The late-season decline in isoprene emission rate is interpreted as due to the autumnal breakdown of metabolic machinery and loss of leaf nitrogen. In potted aspen trees, leaves that emerged in February and developed under cool, springtime temperatures did not emit isoprene until 23 days after leaf emergence. Leaves that emrged in July and developed in hot, midsummer temperatures emitted isoprene within 6 days. Leaves that had emerged during the cool spring, and had grown for several weeks without emitting isoprene, could be induced to emit isoprene within 2 h of exposure to 32°C. Continued exposure to warm temperatures resulted in a progressive increase in the isoprene emission rate. Thus, temperature appears to be an important determinant of the early season induction of isoprene emission. The seasonal pattern of isoprene emission was examined in trees growing along an elevational gradient in the Colorado Front Range (1829–2896 m). Trees at different elevations exhibited staggered patterns of bud-break and initiation of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in concert with the staggered onset of warm, springtime temperatures. The springtime induction of isoprene emission could be predicted at each of the three sites as the time after bud break required for cumulative temperatures above 0°C to reach approximately 400 degree days. Seasonal temperature acclimation of isoprene emission rate and photosynthesis rate was not observed. The temperature dependence of isoprene emission rate between 20 and 35°C could be accurately predicted during spring and summer using a single algorithm that describes the Arrhenius relationship of enzyme activity. From these results, it is concluded that the early season pattern of isoprene emission is controlled by prevailing temperature and its interaction with developmental processes. The late-season pattern is determined by controls over leaf nitrogen concentration, especially the depletion of leaf nitrogen during senescence. Following early-season induction, isoprene emission rates correlate with photosynthesis rates. During the season there is little acclimation to temperature, so that seasonal modeling simplifies to a single temperature-response algorithm.     

Seasonal characteristics of nitric oxide emission from a typical Chinese rice–wheat rotation during the non-waterlogged period

Nitric oxide emissions from a typical rice–wheat rotation system in southeastern China were continuously measured with an automatic system in 1996–1997. The seasonal pattern of the NO emissions was characterized for the non‐waterlogged period of a rotation cycle. Nitric oxide emissions during the period from March through June were 3.9–6.3 folds for the fertilized plots and 1.6 folds for the unfertilized plot larger than those from November through December. Nitric oxide emissions were not detectable during the winter period from January through February. Amendment of synthetic fertilizer N significantly enhanced the NO emission by a factor of 6.5, but the enhancement was significantly mitigated by 25% through substituting ca. 16% of the synthetic fertilizer N with organic N from fermented crop residues or by 21% through deep tillage. The NO–N emission factor, defined as the amount of NO–N released per unit of synthetic fertilizer N input, was determined to be 0.025 kg NO–N kg ^?1 of N applied for the non‐waterlogged period, which was reduced by 32% through substituting part of the synthetic N fertilizer with fermented crop residues or by 24% through deep tillage. In addition, the NO emission factor, defined as the amount of NO–N emitted from unit unfertilized area per day, was observed to be ca. 3.8 g N ha ^?1 d ^?1 . Approximately 0.55 Tg N yr ^?1 was likely released as NO from Chinese cultivated lands.     

Comparison of farm-level greenhouse gas emissions in transhumance and semi-intensive sheep production systems in continental rangelands

Despite their predominance worldwide, few studies have been conducted to look at the impact of sheep production systems relying on transhumance practices in arid and continental conditions, on farm-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using Turkey as an example, this paper examines on farm-level GHG emissions calculated for two contrasting sheep production systems under arid and continental climate conditions. Production and management data were obtained through face-to-face interviews carried out on 10 transhumance and 15 semi-intensive meat sheep farms in Turkey. A total of seven GHG emission estimates were then calculated for each farm with the Agricultural Resource Efficiency Calculator (AgRECalc©) tool; i) total Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from energy use (kg CO2e), ii) total Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) from methane (kg CO2e), iii) total CO₂e from nitrous oxide (kg CO₂e), iv) whole farm and enterprise CO₂e emissions (kg CO₂e), v) net emission from land use (kg CO₂e), vi) whole farm CO₂e emissions per kg of farm output (kg CO₂e/kg output), vii) product CO₂e emissions (meat): kg CO₂e / kg live weight, and viii) farm output (kg of sheep). Multivariate analyses (using R software) were carried out to compare both farm types and their respective carbon emissions. The total farm output per ewe was lower in the transhumance farms (7.4 kg/ewe) than in the semi-intensive farms (7.7 kg/ewe). The kg CO₂e per kg of output was also lower for the transhumance farms (46.2 kg CO₂e) than for the semi-intensive ones (56.5 kg CO₂e). This trend was similar for the amount of CO₂e per kg of live weight produced (20.8 kg and 25.4 kg for the transhumance and the semi-intensive farms, respectively). Despite overall net emissions from land use being greater on average for the transhumance farms, once measured per hectare, they were found to be lower than those for the semi-intensive farms. This study provides a reference point for different sheep production systems’ GHG emission impact in continental rangelands in Turkey.     

海岸带盐沼生态系统卤代甲烷释放研究进展

卤代甲烷是破坏臭氧层的主要物质,也是重要的痕量温室气体和有机污染物.目前,其源汇格局和全球收支存在很大的不确定性.受海陆两相交互作用影响的海岸带盐沼是卤代甲烷重要的自然来源.本文综述了卤代甲烷自然源汇的研究现状、海岸带盐沼卤代甲烷的释放规律以及主要影响因素.鉴于当前研究中存在的问题,其后的研究需在以下几个方面进一步加强: 1)较长时间尺度、更大区域范围的盐沼卤代甲烷释放规律及源汇评估研究;2)利用目前已比较成熟的稳定同位素技术,更精确地定量不同盐生植物种类以及各种生物类型对盐沼卤代甲烷的贡献比率;3)关注潮水对其产生的直接或间接影响,进一步研究潮汐涨落过程、淹水时长等对盐沼卤代甲烷释放的影响;4)人类活动和气候变化对盐沼卤代甲烷释放的影响.     

Biophoton emission

The phenomenon of ultraweak photon emission from living systems was further investigated in order to elucidate the physical properties of this radiation and its possible source. We obtained evidence that the light has a high degree of coherence because of (1) its photon count statistics, (2) its spectral distribution, (3) its decay behavior after exposure to light illumination, and (4) its transparency through optically thick materials. Moroever, DNA is apparently at least an important source, since conformational changes induced with ethidium bromide in vivo are clearly reflected by changes of the photon emission of cells. The physical properties of the radiation are described, taking DNA as an exciplex laser system, where a stable state can be reached far from thermal equilibrium at threshold.