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休眠前期玉兰树干液流的变化及其对环境因子的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2011年9月26日-11月5日,利用热平衡技术连续测算了引种北京4年的红花玉兰[抗寒型(HK)和非抗寒型(HF)]、黄玉兰(HY)和二乔玉兰(EQ)的树干液流,结合同步观测的环境因子数据,分析休眠前玉兰的树干液流和综合环境因子的变化,以及在0.5h尺度和日尺度下液流对各环境因子的响应.结果表明:休眠前,玉兰的树干液流呈明显的逐日下降趋势.影响玉兰树干液流的7个环境因子可分为气象因子(MI)和土壤因子(SI)两类.树干液流与MI具有同步的单峰节律性变化规律,与SI呈同步降低趋势.MI和SI对树干液流的共同影响程度为69.8% ~73.2%.0.5 h尺度和日尺度下,玉兰树干液流与总辐射(Rs)、空气水汽压亏缺(D)、相对湿度(RH)、气温(Ta)和风速(w)极显著相关;在0.5h尺度下与土壤温度(Ts)和土壤含水量(SWC)的相关性不显著,在日尺度下与Ts、SWC和昼长(Z)极显著相关,相关系数在0.8左右.日尺度下进入各回归模型的环境因子有Rs、Z和D,而0.5h尺度下除SWC和Ts外其余环境因子均进入模型,且日尺度逐步回归决定系数(0.92 ~0.96)大于0.5h尺度(0.77 ~0.87)(除HF外).除HF外,其余玉兰的液流变化规律与各单一环境因子间的相关程度一致,这与HF无法正常越冬而其余玉兰在北京顺利越冬的实际情况相一致. 相似文献
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水分供应不足及水热不同步常导致黄土丘陵地区在春末和夏初出现季节性干旱。为阐明该地区主要造林树种的蒸腾耗水特征及其对降水的响应, 使用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2009年4-10月对黄土丘陵区安塞国家生态试验站刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)的树干液流密度(Fd)进行连续观测, 并同步测定了气象、土壤水分等环境因子。结果表明: 刺槐和侧柏在生长季内不同生长时期的Fd均表现为单峰型日变化特征, 刺槐最高液流峰值为0.12068 m3·m-2·h-1, 是侧柏最高液流值(0.03737 m3·m-2·h-1)的3.23倍。除生长旺盛季(7-8月)外, 刺槐和侧柏降水后的Fd明显高于降水前。同时反映水汽压差(VPD)和太阳辐射(Rs)的蒸腾变量(VT)能够很好地模拟Fd, 且两者呈显著的指数正相关关系, 随VT的增加Fd逐渐增大, VT增加到50 kPa (W·m-2)1/2左右时, Fd的变化趋于稳定; 通过对降水前后两个树种水力导度(拟合参数b值)分析, 相对于侧柏, 刺槐更易受降水的影响(p < 0.001)。因此, 可认为刺槐是降水敏感型植物, 而侧柏是降水不敏感型植物。该研究通过分析黄土丘陵区人工林树种对降水的差异性响应, 从树木水分利用方面能够为当地生态恢复过程中人工林的管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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在全球气候变化背景下,区域降水格局正在发生改变,对森林生态系统生产力和水文过程将产生重要影响。为揭示降雨量减少对树木蒸腾耗水特征及其响应环境因子的影响,本研究以黄土高原半湿润区主要造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为对象,在减雨样地林分行间布设人工减雨板减少约47%的降雨输入,采用Granier型热扩散探针测定树干液流动态,并同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、相对湿度、降雨事件和土壤含水量等环境因子,分析了树干液流对减雨处理及季节性土壤水分变化的响应特征。结果表明:减雨处理显著降低了刺槐液流通量密度标准化值,处理第3年标准化液流通量密度显著低于对照样地;减雨样地刺槐标准化液流日变化峰值时间早于对照样地,表明减雨样地刺槐较早实施了气孔调节,改变了其与气象因子的时滞时间;标准化液流通量密度响应蒸腾驱动因子的拟合方程参数值在样地间呈极显著差异,显示减雨样地刺槐响应气象因子的敏感性有所降低。降雨量的改变不仅影响林地土壤水分状况,还会对刺槐蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应产生影响。 相似文献
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通过分析具不同水力结构的马占相思、荷木和粉单竹液流变化格局的偏度和时滞,探讨液流的空间分布特征及对冠层蒸腾的影响。结果表明:荷木的液流格局偏度和时滞随树木胸径的增加呈减小的趋势,但马占相思由于冠层开阔和林分分化程度高而规律不明显,粉单竹液流偏度随胸径减少,由于冠幅较小,接受的光照较均匀,个体间的时滞差异不明显,但时滞值比胸径近似的荷木小。树干水分传输过程中存在液流再分配的现象,边材的导水效率可能是影响时滞的重要原因。冠层蒸腾的空间异质性与树木储存水有关,大树储存水较多,冠层蒸腾的异质性小;小树储存水较少,液流被优先分配到光照充足的东南方位,导致冠层蒸腾较高的异质性。旱季受土壤水分的限制,大树储存水对蒸腾的贡献大于湿季,而小树蒸腾由于受到储水容量的制约,储存水对蒸腾的贡献小于湿季。冠层接受光照的迟或早以及辐射量的大小是引起蒸腾时间变化格局和树干不同方位液流格局差异的重要原因,但液流的横向交换弱化了这种现象,往往是个体间的差异掩盖了方位的差异。湿季较小胸径的树木比偏值(枝下高与胸高处液流偏度的比值)大于旱季,而较大胸径的树木比偏值恰好相反,总体而言,比偏值随着胸径的增加而逐渐下降。 相似文献
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随着全球气候变化加剧, 局部地区温度上升和降水量改变将对区域植被的分布与生长产生重要影响。在黄土高原半湿润及半干旱地区植被恢复中, 刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)是大面积种植的人工林树种。为探究该树种蒸腾耗水特征对降水量改变及水分条件差异的响应, 于2015年4月起, 在地处黄土高原半湿润区的陕西省永寿县槐平林场, 于35年生刺槐人工林样地中布设了人工截留降雨试验, 减少了47.5%的降雨输入。处理当年生长季内, 截留降雨处理区0-100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量相对于对照区(23.76%)有明显降低(22.59%)。采用Granier热扩散探针对截留降雨处理区和对照区的样树树干液流动态进行连续监测, 并同步监测主要气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和湿度)和林地土壤含水量, 分析了截留降雨处理区与对照区树干液流通量密度动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 截留降雨输入处理降低了刺槐树干液流通量密度, 截留降雨处理期间典型天气的平均液流通量密度(1.64 mL·m -2·s -1)不仅低于同组样树在处理前一年同期的水平(2.42 mL·m -2·s -1), 而且远低于试验期间对照区样树的平均水平(3.38 mL·m -2·s -1); 同时, 截留降雨处理还降低了刺槐液流通量密度对气象因子变化的敏感性, 截留降雨处理区样树液流通量密度响应空气水汽压亏缺的拟合方程参数值与对照区样树差异显著。分析可知, 降水量水平不仅影响土壤水分状况, 而且影响刺槐对气象环境因子响应的敏感性, 降水量减少导致的土壤含水量整体降低会使得该区域刺槐蒸腾耗水量下降, 显示其对环境因子的适应性, 但最终会导致生产力的大幅度降低。 相似文献
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树干储存水在协调叶片水分和碳平衡、维持树木水分收支平衡中起着重要作用。以无孔材红松(Pinus koraiensis)、散孔材山杨(Populus davidiana)和环孔材蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)为对象, 于2010年8月中旬至9月末(生长季后期)测定其冠基和干基树干液流通量以及树干储存水的日变化过程, 量化分析树干储存水对日蒸腾量的贡献及其生物影响因子。结果表明: 冠基的液流比干基启动得早, 而且两者在一天中存在显著的时滞。树干储存水的日进程总体上可分为: 完全释放、以释放为主补充为辅、以补充为主释放为辅、饱和稳定等4个阶段, 但每个阶段的持续时间和变化格局随树种而变。红松的树干储存水在一天内表现出两个释放-补充周期, 而两种阔叶树种均只经历了一次释放-补充过程。在测定时段内红松、山杨、蒙古栎标准化到平均木(边材体积为0.29 m3)的树干储存水释放量分别为: (3.4 ± 1.5)、(2.4 ± 0.6)和(1.5 ± 0.4) kg·d -1, 分别占日蒸腾量的18.9%、17.1%和8.8%。树干储存水释放量与日蒸腾量呈显著的指数函数关系, 而与干基的边材面积和树高呈正相关关系。该研究突显了树木大小(树高和边材面积)和材性特征对树干储存水释放量及其对蒸腾量贡献的重要影响。 相似文献
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2012年7-10月,采用液流测定系统监测了位于浙江省开化县的毛红椿人工林上下坡位的树干液流,并同步监测生态环境因子,分析了毛红椿人工林树干液流与土壤含水量、温度和水势等环境因子的关系.结果表明: 研究区上、下坡位树干液流日变化均呈典型的“昼高夜低”单峰曲线;下坡位毛红椿树干液流速率平均值显著高于上坡位;上坡位土壤温度显著高于下坡位,而下坡位土壤含水量和土壤水势显著高于上坡位;下坡位土壤含水量和土壤水势是影响毛红椿树干液流速率的主要因子,而上坡位土壤温度和土壤水势对毛红椿树干液流速率有较大影响. 相似文献
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热扩散探针(TDP)在林木蒸腾研究中应用极广,其测定数据的计算精度直接影响对林木和林分耗水的精准定量。Granier原始公式(Fd=0.0119K1.231,Fd为液流速率(cm·s-1),K为温差系数)是计算TDP测定数据的标准方法,但其准确性备受质疑。为系统了解Granier原始公式的适用性和明确对其校正的必要性,该研究以毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)为实验材料,采用室内茎段法和整树容器法,针对不同型号的TDP探针评估Granier原始公式的精度,并对比不同方法校正公式的应用效果。与茎段法实测值相比,Granier原始公式计算的液流速率平均低估52.3%–61.4%。通过茎段法和整树容器法得到的校正公式分别为Fd=0.0362K1.870和Fd=0.0105K0.976;且一种方法下得到的校正公式,在其他方法条件下应用时存在较大偏差。与Granier原始公式相比,整树容器法校正公式计算的大田生长状态下的7株林木的平均液流速率没有显著变化,但茎段法和其他研究中得到的毛白杨校正公式的计算结果均显著变大。以整树容器法做对比,Granier原始公式的精度明显高于其他校正公式,其相对平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为10%和0.0005cm·s-1。此外,校正公式的系数在不同林木间存在较大差异,但其数值与导水边材中探针长度所占比例呈显著负相关关系。综上,利用TDP测定液流时,可能有必要对Granier原始公式进行校正,但不同方法校正公式的应用效果差异巨大,表明以往研究中得到的校正公式具有很大局限性。同时,该研究未找到充足证据支撑“有必要采用校正公式以精确估算毛白杨液流速率”的观点,尤其是考虑到整树容器法校正公式对大田栽植的毛白杨的液流速率估算结果与Granier原始公式并无显著差异,因此建议继续对该树种延用Granier原始公式。 相似文献
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Transpiration of trees and forest stands: short and long-term monitoring using sapflow methods 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
A. GRANIER P. BIRON † N. BRÉDA J.-Y. PONTAILLER ‡ B. SAUGIER‡ 《Global Change Biology》1996,2(3):265-274
We show that sapflow is a useful tool for studies of water fluxes in forest ecosystems, because (i) it gives access to the spatial variability within a forest stand, (ii) it can be used even on steep slopes, and (iii) when combined with eddy correlation measurements over forests, it allows separation of individual tree transpiration from the total water loss of the stand. Moreover, sapflow techniques are quite easy to implement. Four sapflow techniques currently coexist, all based on heat diffusion in the xylem. We found a good agreement between three of these techniques. Most results presented here were obtained using the radial flow meter (Granier 1985). Tree sapflow is computed as sap flux density times sapwood area. To scale up from trees to a stand, measurements have to be made on a representative sample of trees. Thus, a number of trees in each circumference class is selected according to the fraction of sapwood they represent in the total sapwood area of the stand. The variability of sap flux density among trees is usually low (CV. 10–15%) in close stands of temperate coniferous or deciduous forests, but is much higher (35–50%) in a tropical rain forest. It also increases after thinning or during a dry spell. A set of 5–10 sapflow sensors usually provides an accurate estimate of stand transpiration. Transpiration measured on two dense spruce stands in the Vosges mountains (France) and one Scot's pine plantation in the Rhine valley (Germany) showed that maximum rate was related to stand LAI and to local climate. Preliminary results comparing the sapflow of a stand of Pinus banksiana to the transpiration of large branches, as part of the BOREAS programme in Saskachewan, Canada showed a similar trend. For modelling purposes, tree canopy conductance (gc) was calculated from Penman-Monteith equation. In most experiments, calculated canopy conductance was dependent on global radiation (positive effect) and on vapour pressure deficit (negative effect) in the absence of other limiting factors. A comparison of the vapour pressure deficit response curves of gc for several tree species and sites showed only small differences among spruce, oak and pine forests when including understorey. Tropical rainforests exhibited a similar behaviour. 相似文献
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采用CIRAS-1红外气体分析仪研究梨树不同时期蒸腾速率及水分利用效率变化特征。结果表明:梨树蒸腾速率日变化为单峰型,峰值出现在11:00~P15:00;蒸腾速率的季节变化呈\"V\"字形,其中5~P8月份逐渐降低,8~P9月份迅速升至最高,生长季平均蒸腾速率为2.66mmol.m-2.s-1;决定蒸腾速率日变化的主要因子为空气温度、叶面温度和水汽压差,且各因子对蒸腾速率日变化的贡献率分别为85%~P96%、76%~P86%和98%。水分利用效率日变化峰值出现在早上7:00~P9:00,然后逐渐降低;水分利用效率的季节变化峰值(5.38μmolCO2/mmolH2O)出现在8月份,5、6、7、9月份的水分利用效率相当,其值在2.86~P3.05μmolCO2/mmolH2O之间,生长季平均为3.44μmolCO2/mmolH2O;相关分析结果表明,水分利用效率受光合有效辐射、空气温度、叶片温度、空气湿度、以及叶片-大气水气压差等各因子的综合作用。 相似文献
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Transpiration mediated by physiology is driven by the meteorological variables. Understanding their relationships is crucial to advancing terrestrial ecohydrological studies. Here, we used sap flow measurements in Scots pine to examine the temporal responses of transpiration to temperature (Ta), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation (Rn). Seasonal variations and the hysteresis between sap flux density (Js) and meteorological variables were investigated. The results show that VPD and Rn were dominant factors influencing hourly Js. Daily peaks of Js lagged behind peaks of Ta, VPD, and Rn, by ~2–4 hr. Anticlockwise hysteresis loops between Js and Ta and VPD were observed, and the size of loops change with prevailing weather conditions (i.e., rainy or rainless) and seasons. Longer time lags were found in April and September than in other months. The hysteresis is partly related to the low energy, humid nature of the site which resulted in limited moisture stress to the trees, and thus the trees did not necessarily need a conservation mechanism to restrict water loss as proposed by other studies in semi‐arid areas. Release and refill of trunk water storage could plausibly contribute to the hysteresis, although the effect may be entwined with atmospheric demand making it difficult to separate without sophisticated measurements. This study highlights the diversity in plant water relations across temporal scales and seasons and calls for more work across geographic locations and climates. 相似文献
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应用热扩散法测定香蕉树蒸腾速率 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
香蕉树植株高大,一般采用间接方法确定耗水量,但所得结果受土壤、大气和农艺措施等因素的影响较大.本文于2005年11月15日—12月5日在温室内采用热扩散法(即Granier法)测定香蕉树的茎液流,并与用数字天平(称重法)测定的香蕉树蒸腾速率进行对比试验. 结果表明,Granier法测定的日茎液流量与称重法测定的日蒸腾量相差4%.Granier法测定的茎液流速率一般滞后于称重法确定的蒸腾速率1 h左右.当日蒸腾量小于0.05 L·m-2(活性叶面积)时,Granier方法不能测定茎液流量.Granier传感器一般在安装2~3 d后即可正常工作,同时在多株植株上安装Granier传感器取其平均流速值计算蒸腾量可以明显减小测量误差. 相似文献
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Lychee tree parameters for water balance modeling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Spohrer C. Jantschke L. Herrmann M. Engelhardt S. Pinmanee K. Stahr 《Plant and Soil》2006,284(1-2):59-72
Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is widely grown under irrigation in the tropical northern Thailand highlands. Water efficient irrigation requires
sound irrigation scheduling for which the requisite soil moisture information can be obtained from water balance modeling.
A prerequisite for water balance predictions are plant parameters which describe interception, root distribution evaporation
and transpiration. These parameters depend on climate, soil, as well as plant physiology, variety and age. This study investigated
the plant parameters for 7-year-old lychee trees in tropical granite landscapes, as they are as yet unavailable. Interception
could be satisfactorily predicted with the modified Gash model. The Gash parameters (canopy capacity per canopy cover area
(S
c), canopy cover factor (c)) were determined to be 21.8 mm and 0.22, respectively. The spatial distribution of lychee tree roots depended on slope inclination.
On the level plateau position, root length density (RLD) distribution was trunk-symmetrical and could be predicted with an
empirical function. On the slope, the asymmetrical and irregular root development was not predictable. The suitability of
the dual crop coefficient approach predicting daily potential evaporation (E
pot) and daily potential transpiration (T
pot) rates for water balance modeling was limited due to the weak correlations of E
pot and T
pot with the potential reference evapotranspiration (ETo). As a result, no universal values for the potential evaporation coefficient (K
e,max) and the potential transpiration coefficient (K
cb) could be determined. Hence, E
pot and T
pot measurements are mandatory if accurate E
pot and T
pot data are necessary. In the case of missing measurements, K
e,max values of 0.6 and 1.6 are recommended for rough E
pot estimates underneath and in-between the lychee tree canopies. For T
pot predictions in irrigation scheduling, a relatively high K
cb of 0.8 is recommended in order to ensure a water stress free fruit development within the irrigation season.
Section Editor: R. E. Munns 相似文献
16.
Growth and water use were measured in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in northern Syria in a typical Mediterranean climate over five seasons 1991/92–1995/96. Water use was partitioned into transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (Es) using Ritchie's model, and water-use efficiency (WUE) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were calculated. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of irrigation and nitrogen on water use, WUE and TE. By addition of 100 kg N ha-1, Es was reduced from 120 mm to 101 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 143 mm to 110 mm under irrigated conditions, and T was increased from 153 mm to 193 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 215 mm to 310 mm under irrigated conditions. Under rain-fed conditions, about 35% of evapotranspiration (ET) may be lost from the soil surface for the fertilized crops and 44% of ET for the unfertilized crops. Transpiration accounted for 65% of ET for the fertilized crops and 56% for the unfertilized crops under rain-fed. As a result of this, WUE was increased by 44% for dry matter and 29% for grain yield under rain-fed conditions, and by 60% for dry matter and 57% for grain yield under irrigated conditions. Transpiration efficiency for the fertilized crops was 43.8 kg ha-1 mm-1 for dry matter and 15 kg ha-1 mm-1 for grain yield, while TE for the unfertilized crops was 33.6 kg ha-1 mm-1 and 12.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 for dry matter and grain yield, respectively. Supplemental irrigation significantly increased post-anthesis water use, transpiration, dry matter and grain yield. Water-use efficiency for grain yield was increased from 9.7 to 11.0 kg ha-1 mm-1 by supplemental irrigation, although WUE for dry matter was not affected by it. Irrigation did not affect transpiration efficiency for grain yield, but decreased transpiration efficiency for dry matter by 16%. This was associated with higher harvest index as a result of good water supply in the post-anthesis period and increased transpiration under irrigated conditions. 相似文献
17.
在夏玉米全生育期利用CO2分析系统连续测定冠层上方0.5m和2.0m高度的瞬时CO2浓度差,配合波文比装置同步测定总辐射,净辐射,温,湿度等农田小气候特征量,并计算了群体水分利用效率,结果表明,太阳总辐射,净辐射,CO2浓度差,空气饱和差等环境因素以不同机制及过程影响群体水分利用效率;群体水分利用效率与0-60cm土层土壤平均相对含水量呈负相关,土壤相对含水量在30.3%-80%范围内,水分利用效率随相对含水量的增加而降低,在生产实际中,通过秸秆覆盖,喷灌等措施降低蒸腾驱动势,提高水分利用效率,利用人工栽培措施促进根系吸收深层土壤水分,可在不增加用水的同时提高水分利用效率。 相似文献
18.
A gauge that measures the mass flow rate of water in a growing tree is described. The gauge consists of an electric band heater wrapped around a section of the stem, a temperature controller that switches the current to the heater on and off so as to maintain a constant temperature rise across the heated section, and a timer to record the total time for which the heater is switched on. An energy balance shows the mass flow of water to be proportional to the time of operation of the heater. The magnitude of measurement errors is estimated using dimensional analysis and a numerical model. Experimental measurements of the flow rate of water in a tree using the gauge agree well with its recorded loss of weight. 相似文献
19.
生态学与水文学交叉研究是目前国际上前沿研究领域之一,生态环境用水研究则是连接生态过程与水文过程、刻画生态演化与水资源相互关系的核心问题。对生态、环境用水产生与发展的基本过程进行了回顾,并根据对已有成果的综合分析提出了目前研究中存在的5方面主要问题。首先,生态用水尚需理论上的进一步升华,这一点突出体现在生态用水的概念与内涵表述上;其次,在生态用水研究中,缺乏合理的生态保护目标的建立,因而影响到了研究成果的实际应用价值;第三,目前的研究均是针对较大尺度所作的,不能在生态机理与物理机制上揭示生态用水规律,因此,不适于具体问题的深入分析,个别实验在由“点“尺度向生态用水计算的“面“尺度转换时缺乏基础,从而严重影响了研究成果的精度;第四,生态用水机理是生态用水研究中至为关键的工作,以往研究主要依据野外宏观观测资料来探讨,缺乏直接的实验依据;第五,没有涉及生态用水对生态系统稳定性、生态用水满足程度及其波动性对生态系统影响等方面,从而也使得研究成果的科学性受到影响。同时作者认为,中国工程院“中国可持续发展水资源研究报告“中的生态环境用水概念对我国地大物博,地质地貌与气候类型多样的特点给给予了更多的关注,故可以确定为全国性的生态环境用水概念。最后文章认为应当将生态用水与环境用水分别予以考虑,并给出了其新的概念构架。 相似文献