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1.
巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及其组成   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
以固相萃取-气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC/ECD)作为检测手段,对巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布及组成特征进行分析.结果表明:研究区13个采样点中共检出包括六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、β-硫丹(β-Endosulfan)、艾氏剂(Aldrin)、六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)和七氯(Heptachlor)在内的16种有机氯农药,其总含量范围为0.54~64.01ng.L-1;16种有机氯农药中以HCHs和DDTs为主,其平均质量浓度分别为5.56ng.L-1和16.57ng.L-1,约占其总量的84.75%;研究区的有机氯农药污染除了主要源于历史上农田中有机氯农药的残留外,近期可能还有新的农药污染源进入水环境;研究区所检出的各类有机氯农药均未超过国家地表水环境质量标准,巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药含量及潜在风险均属于中等偏低水平.  相似文献   

2.
刘小真  赵慈  梁越  周立峰  赵信  洪桂平 《生态学报》2012,32(9):2863-2871
基于"临水垂直插管法"采集赣江流域32个采样点的底泥样品,经索氏提取方法(Soxhlet Extraction,SE)前处理及气相色谱法(GC-ECD)检测样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。结合多元统计学和ArcGIS9.3,研究了8种有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布情况。结果表明,所检测8种OCPs中,除β-HCH有2个点未检出,其它7种OCPs检出率为100%。以DDTs残留含量最高,DDTs平均值为10.40μg/kg,其异构体以p,p’-DDT为主;HCHs的平均值为8.24μg/kg,其异构体以β-HCH为主。它们除了来自环境中的早期残留外,仍然具有新的外源HCHs和DDTs的输入。不同OCPs在研究区分布存在很大差异,HCHs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中下游,DDTs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中上游。  相似文献   

3.
为探讨东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上的鸻鹬类体内有机氯农药的含量及来源,本研究以该迁徙路线上的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)和红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)为研究对象,用索氏提取法对这两种鸟的胸肌和皮下脂肪中的有机污染物进行萃取,并用气相色谱法对19种有机氯农药进行检测。结果表明,HCHs、DDTs、硫丹Ⅱ等14种有机氯农药在大滨鹬和红腹滨鹬的组织中均有不同程度的检出,所有样品中的含量最高值达1 573.5 ng/g脂重;在检出的14种有机氯农药中,α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、p,p′-DDE、硫丹Ⅱ、硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的检出率达100%;在大滨鹬的肌肉组织、红腹滨鹬的肌肉和脂肪组织中,p,p′-DDE的残留量最高;而在大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量最高;目标物中的艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、反式氯丹等未达检出限或含量较低。我们对比了不同物种及不同组织样本中有机氯农药的富集程度,红腹滨鹬的肌肉组织中HCHs的沉积量显著高于大滨鹬,而大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量显著高于红腹滨鹬。此外,分别对比两个物种的肌肉组织和脂肪组织中有机氯农药沉积量,部分有机氯农药在脂肪组织中的沉积量显著高于肌肉组织,说明相比于肌肉组织,有机氯农药可能更易于在脂肪组织中累积。  相似文献   

4.
废弃工业场地有机氯农药分布及生态风险评价   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
阳文锐  王如松  李锋 《生态学报》2008,28(11):5454-5460
对典型废弃有机氯农药生产场地中土壤中六六六(α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH)和滴滴涕(p,p’-DDT,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p’-DDT)的残留特征进行了分析。结果发现场地中六六六的残留水平为13.16~148.71mg/kg;滴滴涕残留水平为3.02~67.42mg/kg。表层土残留最大,随着土层加深,污染物残留逐渐下降。六六六的残留水平要高于滴滴涕。残留分析表明场地中有机氯农药有逐步降解的趋势,但是现有残留水平超出了国家的土壤质量二级标准。根据场地土地利用方向,运用CalTOX暴露模型结合Monte Carlo分析进行了健康风险评价,结果表明,健康风险主要来自于两种人体暴露途径:皮肤吸收和呼吸摄入,总的风险都超过了可接受风险水平(10^-6),通过敏感性分析表明5个参数对于总的风险贡献较大。该研究对于有机氯农药场地土壤的风险管理提供了依据。  相似文献   

5.
通过测定珠江口海域典型腹足类管角螺(Hemifusus tuba)各组织器官中DDTs和HCHs的含量,研究了管角螺体内DDTs和HCHs的组织分布和生物转化规律.结果表明:管角螺肠中DDTs和HCHs含量远高于其他器官,表明其肠壁对有机氯农药有一定的屏蔽作用;性腺中检出较高浓度的DDTs和HCHs,表明性腺是DDTs...  相似文献   

6.
安徽农田表层土壤中有机氯农药的分布及其组成   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以安徽省寿县等19个地区的农田表层土壤(0~20 cm)为对象,采用超声波提取,气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)检测,分析了α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、op’-DDE、PP’-DDD、α-硫丹和百菌清等8种有机氯农药(OCPs)在农田表层土壤中的分布及组成特征.结果表明:19个取样点中8种有机氯农药残留的总含量范围为ND~23.75μg · kg-1,其中PP’-DDD、γ-HCH为主要污染物,平均质量浓度分别为13.83和13.49μg·kg-1·与1990年的调查结果相比,六六六平均值含量呈明显下降趋势;与国内外土壤相比,安徽省农田表层土壤中的六六六( HCHs)处于中等偏高的水平.安徽省农田表层土壤中OCPs、HCHs和PP’-DDD平均浓度分别为48.58、28.64和13.83 μg·kg-1,均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618- 1995)的一级土壤质量标准(<50 μg· kg-1),污染较轻.  相似文献   

7.
2007年分4个航次测定了象山港南沙岛不同养殖类型(贝类养殖、藻类养殖和网箱养殖)沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)含量的时空变化规律.研究结果表明,南沙岛养殖区沉积物AVS变化范围为0.01-30.03μmoL/g,平均3.75μmol/g,其中贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区、网箱养殖区和对照区AVS年平均含量分别为1.03、0.64、5.06和0.70 μmol/g.网箱养殖中心区(S10)AVS的含量分别是贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和对照区的8.5倍、13.6倍和12.6倍.ANOVA分析表明,表层沉积物(0-3cm) AVS含量的季节变化差异不显著,但柱状样(0-15 cm)平均含量差异显著,夏秋季明显高于冬春季.AVS含量总体上随着沉积物深度的增加而增加,6-9 cm达到最大值,夏秋季尤为明显.聚类分析表明,南沙岛养殖区调查站位分为3类,网箱养殖中心区(S10)和距离较近的S13和S12为一个类群,贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和对照区为一个类群,其余站位为一个类群.总体上,养殖中心区AVS含量最高,随着与养殖中心区距离的增加含量逐渐降低,网箱养殖对底质AVS的影响主要集中在200 m以内,500 m以外则影响较小.  相似文献   

8.
阿哈水库沉积物总汞及甲基汞分布特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为弄清阿哈水库沉积物是否受到历史矿山废水输入对沉积物总汞及甲基汞垂直分布的影响,对沉积物总汞及甲基汞的含量和其垂直分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,阿哈水库沉积物总汞含量变化范围为160~252 ng·g-1,平均为210 ng·g-1,明显高于其他未受到污染的水库沉积物.沉积物中总汞含量随沉积物深度增加呈增加趋势,与其沉积环境有关.沉积物中甲基汞含量变化范围为0.2~7.2 ng·g-1,平均为1.8 ng·g-1,丰水期甲基汞含量随深度增加逐渐下降,且沉积物表层甲基汞含量显著高于枯水期,与丰水期表层有机物的增加和厌氧环境有关.  相似文献   

9.
利用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对厦门海域贝类养殖环境(海水、底质和养殖贝类)中有机氯农药六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的含量进行了调查分析,初步探讨了贝类养殖环境中HCH和DDT的积累和降解规律.结果表明:厦门海域不同种贝类养殖环境中HCH和DDT的积累和降解存在明显差异,主要与各种贝类的栖息环境和生理生活习性有关.贝类养殖环境中处于积累状态(Rx>1)的主要为p-HCH、δ-HCH和γ-HCH;处于降解状态(Rx<1)的主要为α-HCH.α-HCH/γ-HCH的比值≤1.0,贝类养殖环境中的HCH来源于工业品HCH和林丹,大部分HCH为长时间残留,但尚有少量林丹输入.贝类养殖区海水中DDT主要为好氧降解,底质中主要为厌氧降解.海水中的降解产物主要为DDE,(DDD+ DDE )/DDTs(p,p-DDE+p,p-DDD+o,p-DDT+p,p-DDT)的比值<0.5;底质和养殖贝类体中的降解产物主要为DDD,(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的比值>0.5,贝类养殖区底质和养殖贝类体中的DDT大部分已降解为DDD和DDE,海水中尚有少量新的DDT输入.贝类养殖环境中HCH异构体降解率的高低顺序存在一定差异,其在贝类养殖生态系中的迁移、转化过程发生了构象变化.  相似文献   

10.
南极食物链顶端海鸟卵中PCBs和OCPs积累水平及其全球意义   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标法定量测定了南极乔治王岛世袭栖息地海鸟(棕贼鸥、灰贼鸥、巨海燕、白眉企鹅)卵样中持久性有机氯污染物多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量,研究探讨南极海洋食物链顶级生物体有机毒物积累水平探讨其环境意义。结果显示,卵样中有机毒物积累水平依次为:多氯联苯>滴滴涕>氯代苯>六六六。贼鸥卵样多氯联苯含量范围在91.9~515.5ng/g,滴滴涕56.6~304.4ng/g,氯代苯6.5~70.5ng/g,六六六<0.5~2.0ng/g;企鹅卵样多氯联苯含量范围在0.4~0.9ng/g,滴滴涕2.4~10.3ng/g,氯代苯6.0~10.2ng/g,六六六0.1~0.4ng/g;巨海燕卵样多氯联苯含量范围在38.1~81.7ng/g,滴滴涕12.7~53.7ng/g,氯代苯4.2~8.8ng/g,六六六0.5~1.5ng/g。研究结果还显示,不同种类海鸟卵样检出多氯联苯和有机氯农药均以七氯、六氯联苯、滴滴涕同系物(P,P′-DDE)和氯代苯化合物为主体。贼鸥、巨海燕卵样检出9种多氯联苯同系物(大小依次为PCB-180>PCB-153>PCB-194>PCB-138>PCB-118>PCB-170>PCB-101>PCB163>PCB-149)。贼鸥卵样七氯、六氯取代物的多氯联苯同系物含量在17.5~205.5ng/g占其总多氯联苯的62%;巨海燕卵样在14.5~30.5ng/g,占其总多氯联苯的69%;企鹅卵样检出5种多氯联苯同系物相对积蓄较低,其卵样之间变化相对稳定。对不同种类海鸟卵样的有机污染物数据进行统计分析,结果显示不同鸟种有机毒物积累水平的差异取决于不同鸟种的生态习性,如活动范围、迁徒距离、觅食习性以及巢址选择等,最主要是海鸟在海洋生态食物链中的位置,其食谱的宽窄,同时表明海鸟体内PCBs和OCPs积累通过食物链逐级加强的结果。有机毒物最高积累水平出现在棕贼鸥卵样中,灰贼鸥和巨海燕次之,企鹅最低。因为贼鸥不仅食性杂食谱宽,而且贼鸥与企鹅及其他小型海鸟之间存在着一定的捕食与被捕食的关系。南极海鸟卵样多氯联苯和有机氯农药的检出,是全球性有机氯污染又一新的重要证据。南极海鸟卵样中有机毒物的检出,揭示了人造有机污染物在南极鸟类代间转移的存在,它们在南大洋生态系统中的消除将会需要较长的时间过程,表明人类活动对南极生物圈与南极海洋环境的持久影响,南极是全球唯一无污染地区的价值正在丧失。  相似文献   

11.
The characterizations of residue levels and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are necessary to evaluate the potential pollution and risks of OCPs to the ecosystems and human health. A total of 51 surface soil samples were collected from peri-urban vegetable fields of Changchun and 13 OCPs were analyzed to learn the composition, spatial distribution and sources. The concentrations were in the ranges of 0.94–107.8 ng g?1 for DDTs, 0.89–98.3 ng g?1 for HCHs, 0.22–18.20 ng g?1 for Chlordanes, nd–4.49 ng g?1 for aldrin and nd–9.66 ng g?1 for dieldrin, respectively. The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 2.44 to 177.1 ng g?1 and the higher residues were mainly distributed in northeast and southwest sites, as well as sites along the Yitong River. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, DDTs and HCHs were the most dominant compounds. Compositional analysis and principal component analysis suggested that DDT, HCH and chlordane in most soil samples derived from historical application except the slight fresh introduction at some locations. There exist a variety of OCPs residues in peri-urban vegetable soils of Changchun, but it is still safe and suitable for agricultural production for the most part, and some specific locations with high OCPs residues ought to be a cause for concern.  相似文献   

12.
Eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in surface sediments from the Nanfei River and in four sediment cores from the primary estuaries of Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. The results indicate that the OCP concentrations in the surface and core sediments around Chaohu Lake were 3.48–121.08 (with a mean of 34.93) ng/g and 0.60–39.28 (7.07) ng/g, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of ΣOCPs were observed in sediment samples from the Nanfei River and its estuary. The three important OCP contributors around Chaohu Lake were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which originated primarily from the historical use of technical DDTs and HCHs. A principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that HCB and lindane may originate from the same sources, and DDTs were greatly influenced by organic carbon from the soil environment and the impact of urbanization processes.  相似文献   

13.
The levels of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyolohexanes (HCHs) in water from Lake Chaohu were measured. The residues, possible sources and potential ecological and health risks of these compounds were analyzed. The results show that the contents of total DDTs and HCHs in the water varied from 1.52 to 21.79 and from 1.58 to 31.66 ng L 1, respectively, which were higher than those in other Chinese lakes. The main sources of HCHs and DDTs were lindane and technical DDT, respectively. The o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratios indicated the new illegal inputs of DDT in all studied inflow rivers and some lake areas. The MOS10 (margin of safety) values suggested that the Lake was facing a potential ecological risks from p,p′-DDT, whereas the risk of γ-HCH was small. Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of DDTs and HCHs associated with the water use were very low.  相似文献   

14.
The content, source, and pollution level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are necessary to assess potential risks to eco-environment and human health, and to target environment-friendly policies. A total of 50 surface soil samples were collected from urban vegetable fields of Jilin City and thirteen OCPs were analyzed. The concentrations were in the ranges of 3.16–48.35 ng·g?1 for Dichloro-Diphenyl-Tricgloroethanes (DDTs, sum of o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD, and p, p′-DDE), 4.37–44.77 ng·g?1 for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and δ-HCH), 1.19–13.17 ng·g?1 for Chlordanes (sum of heptachlor, t-chlordane, and c-chlordane), 0.24–2.60 ng·g?1 for aldrin, and nd–3.43 ng·g?1 for dieldrin, respectively. The different compositions indicated that the residues of DDTs and HCHs originated mainly from the historical application, while chlordanes were mostly from recent input. On the basis of soil quality standards of China and the Netherlands, DDTs and chlordanes in this study were categorized as light pollution, and HCHs were classified as no pollution for the majority of soil samples. There are a variety of OCPs residues in urban vegetable soils of Jilin City, but it is still safe and suitable for agricultural production.  相似文献   

15.
An improved method for the determination of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human serum was developed. The method requires low volume of serum (500 microl) and 48-96 samples per day can be prepared by one analyst without special automatic equipment. Initial extraction was performed using 96-well solid-phase extraction disk plates and was followed by a clean-up with silica gel/sulfuric acid. Different denaturation, elution and clean-up conditions were tested. Quantification was carried out by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) or mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Recoveries of PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180 and OCPs HCB, beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT at two spiking levels (n=8) varied from 57 to 120%, and intra-day relative standard deviation from 1 to 11%, both depending on spiking level and compound. Inter-day relative standard deviation was <15% in all cases. Limit of quantification (LOQ) for these PCBs ranged from 0.08 to 0.13 ng/ml and for these OCPs from 0.16 to 0.40 ng/ml. The optimized method was applied to the analysis of 1000 serum samples from different places of Spain.  相似文献   

16.
We detected concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in the liver, muscle, and fat of 11 loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta from the central and southern Adriatic Sea. All samples contained PCBs at various concentrations, with Congener 138 (28%), 153 (27%), and 180 (32%) dominating the congener composition of the tissues. The dioxin-like congener (118, 13%) was detected in all tissues analyzed. The lower-chlorinated PCBs were not detected. The average of the total PCB concentrations, expressed in nanograms per gram wet weight, was 459.6 ng g(-1) in fat, 82.9 ng g(-1) in liver, and 5.8 ng g(-1) in muscle. Among 13 organochlorine pesticides for which analyses were conducted, 4 were detected: p,p'-DDE (57%); p,p'-DDD (16%); and p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT (27%). Spatial differences were found among OC concentrations in loggerheads from the central and southern Adriatic Sea. The only samples containing detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT were from the southern area.  相似文献   

17.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in eight sampling sites collected from El-Mex Bay sediments during the period of 2013–2015. Concentrations of PCBs, Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethanes (DDTs), and cyclodienes ranged from 0.148 to 23.99, ND to 0.089, ND to 4.64, and 0.005 to 0.581 ng g?1 dry wt, respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) was relatively low, ranging from 0.09% to 1.42%. Total carbonate content ranged from 38% to 58%. The negative correlation of TOC with total pesticides (r = ?0.18) suggested that TOC does not have a role binding with pesticides. On the other hand, a positive correlation between PCBs and TOC (r = 0.254 at p > 0.01) was observed probably due to the low solubility of PCBs in the seawater. So, it will continue to precipitate until it reaches the bottom water and contaminates the sediment. The data obtained in the present work compared well with the counterpart data reported internationally. In general, the results of PCBs and OCP concentrations in El-Mex Bay sediments were much lower than the permissible levels recorded by sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Interestingly, the organochlorines in sediments of El-Mex Bay were below the respective SQG values and were not likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.  相似文献   

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