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1.
抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌的环境适合度   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
王光飞  马艳 《微生物学报》2015,55(5):627-634
摘要:【目的】研究抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌的环境适合度,对于评估甲霜灵防治辣椒疫霉的抗药性风险具有重要意义。【方法】以室内药剂驯化的抗甲霜灵辣椒疫霉菌株Pc2-3为研究对象,分析比较其与原始敏感菌株Pc2的主要生物学特性、生长竞争力、致病力及土壤适合度等环境适合度指标。【结果】Pc2-3孢子囊产生量(3 d后)、孢子囊释放率(24 h后)和游动孢子萌发率(8 h后)分别是Pc2的0.44、0.09和0.54倍。Pc2-3可生长温度和pH范围及最适生长温度与Pc2基本一致,但菌丝生长速率低于Pc2。竞争力测定显示,在胡萝卜(CA)平板培养条件下,Pc2-3生长极显著弱于Pc2。盆栽致病试验显示,Pc2-3对辣椒植株的致病率为14.3%,明显低于Pc2(88.6%)。两者等量混合后接种,辣椒植株的发病率为75.7%,接近单独接种Pc2时的发病率,且所有病株分离出的辣椒疫霉菌均为甲霜灵敏感型。分别将Pc2-3和Pc2游动孢子加入自然土壤培养20 d后,实时定量PCR检测显示Pc2-3数量是Pc2的0.28倍,当土壤中含有300 mg/kg干土的甲霜灵,则前者为后者的0.42倍。此外,2个菌株最适存活土壤温度和湿度基本一致,当土壤温度和湿度利于辣椒疫霉存活时,Pc2-3土壤适合度显著低于Pc2,不利于辣椒疫霉存活时,Pc2-3土壤适合度略低于Pc2。【结论】抗甲霜灵菌株Pc2-3环境适合度弱于原始敏感菌株Pc2。  相似文献   

2.
作者研究了紫外光对苎麻疫霉的抗甲霜灵诱变效应及对苎麻疫霉生物学特性的影响。结果表明,供试6个苎麻疫霉野生型菌株经菌丝块紫外光药剂诱变和菌丝块药剂驯化3周后,均获得抗甲霜灵突变体,且紫外光药剂诱变处理角变区出现频率明显高于药剂驯化处理,说明紫外光对苎麻疫霉抗甲霜灵突变有一定促进效应。紫外光显著地抑制苎麻疫霉游动孢子的萌发和菌丝的生长,在一定范围内,处理时间愈长,抑制率愈高。苎麻疫霉耐紫外光菌株(经亚致死剂量的紫外光照射处理后存活的游动孢子所形成的菌株)与野生型亲本相比,对温度和pH的敏感性大致相同,但菌落形态有一定变异,菌丝生长速率、卵孢子产生量均显著下降,表明紫外光对苎麻疫霉的菌丝生长和卵孢子产生量有明显的抑制作用。苎麻疫霉耐紫外光菌株EC50值比野生型亲本菌株EC50值提高了23.21%-56.70%,即耐紫外光菌株对甲霜灵敏感性比野生亲本菌株显著下降,这与紫外光诱变试验结果是相一致的。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】了解华南地区瓜类疫霉(Phytophthora melonis)对甲霜灵的田间抗药性。【方法】2007-2010年从广西、广东两省(区)9个市冬瓜和黄瓜产区采集疫病样品,分离纯化瓜类疫霉,分别采用菌落生长速率法和叶盘漂浮法测定瓜类疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性,并用药剂驯化方法从敏感性菌株诱导瓜类疫霉抗甲霜灵突变体。【结果】从9个市24个样点共分离纯化获得193株瓜类疫霉,抗药性检测结果表明,敏感菌株、中等抗性菌株和抗性菌株分别占测试菌株的29.0%、18.1%和52.8%;不同地区、不同寄主分离的菌株的抗性频率和抗性水平差异较大,来源于广东的菌株抗性频率和抗性水平一般高于来源广西的菌株,分离自黄瓜的菌株高于分离自冬瓜的菌株,大部分样点抗性菌株占据优势群体,个别菌株的抗性指数高达4226.9,叶盘漂浮法测定结果和菌落生长速率法相似;在含药平板上对敏感菌株进行甲霜灵抗性诱导结果表明,从60%的敏感菌株中成功诱导出对甲霜灵抗性稳定的突变体,突变体的抗性水平为敏感性亲本的189-407倍;9株来源于未施用过甲霜灵等苯基酰胺类杀菌剂样点的菌株均为敏感性菌株,其EC50值为0.0429-0.5461μg/mL,将它们EC50的平均值0.3200±0.1617μg/mL确定为华南地区瓜类疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性基线;对两个样点的监测结果表明,瓜类疫霉抗甲霜灵菌株的频率及抗性指数有逐年增高趋势。【结论】华南广西和广东两省(区)瓜类疫霉对甲霜灵抗性普遍发生,瓜类疫霉对甲霜灵抗药性产生与其和药剂的接触密切相关。瓜类疫霉敏感性基线的建立,可为今后瓜类疫霉抗甲霜灵的评价和进一步监测提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
李金玉  康振生 《真菌学报》1996,15(3):178-181
利用电镜技术研究了内吸杀菌剂甲霜对向日葵霜霉菌在寄主向日葵上发育的影响,观察发现甲霜引起病菌发生一系列的变化,病菌胞间菌丝细胞内液泡,电子致密体增加,线粒体肿胀畸形,菌丝细胞壁不规则地加厚,部分极度加厚的细胞壁构成了假膜,并且在菌丝上还有不规则的突起形成,病菌吸器外间质明显不规则地变宽,其中充满大量电子致密度高的物质;部分吸器体不能正常扩张膨大,发育受阻而成畸形,向日葵霜霉菌的以上变化导致菌丝细胞  相似文献   

5.
利用大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthoramegaspermaf.sp.glycinea)的菌丝可溶性蛋白,游动孢子悬浮液和培养液的浓缩物质作免疫原,获得三种抗血清。免疫双扩散测效价表明以菌丝可溶性蛋白作免疫原获得的抗血清效价最高,利用这种抗血清能够检测到4.4ng/ml的菌丝可溶性蛋白抗原,特异性试验表明大豆疫霉菌的抗血清与其它属真菌无交叉反应,但与测试的疫霉属真菌具有不同程度的交叉反应,由于疫霉属真菌只有大雄疫霉大豆专化型侵染大豆,故可用于对大豆疫霉菌的检测、诊断。  相似文献   

6.
大豆疫霉菌的血清学研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
窦坦德  沈崇尧 《菌物系统》1997,16(2):157-160
利用大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthoramegaspermaf.sp.glycinea)的菌丝可溶性蛋白,游动孢子悬浮液和培养液的浓缩物质作免疫原,获得三种抗血清,免疫双扩散测效价表明以菌丝可溶性蛋白作免疫原获得的抗血清效价最高,利用这种血清能够检测到4.4ng/ml的菌丝可溶性蛋白抗原,特异性试验表明大豆疫霉病菌的抗血清与其它属真菌无交叉反应,但与测试的疫霉属真菌具有不同程度的交叉反应,由于疫霉  相似文献   

7.
利用电镜技术研究了内吸杀菌剂甲霜灵对向日葵霜霉菌在寄主向日葵上发育的影响。观察发现甲霜灵引起病菌发生一系列的变化。病菌胞间菌丝细胞内液泡、电子致密体增加,线粒体肿胀畸形;菌丝细胞壁不规则地加厚,部分极度加厚的细胞壁构成了假隔膜,并且在菌丝上还有不规则的突起形成。病菌吸器外间质明显不规则地变宽,其中充满大量电子致密度高的物质:部分吸器体不能正常扩张膨大,发育受阻而成畸形。向日葵霜霉菌的以上变化导致菌丝细胞和吸器的坏死,从而抑制了病菌的进一步发育。  相似文献   

8.
大豆疫霉菌的EMS化学诱变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethane sulfonate,EMS)为诱变剂,通过其对大豆疫霉菌Phytophthora sojae休止孢萌发的影响,确定化学诱变条件。通过收集单卵孢子,建立了包含640个单卵孢子系的突变体库,其中约有50%的诱变菌系在培养性状和菌落形态方面发生了明显变化,菌落形态多样,表现出较紧密或松散,近圆形或不规则;气生菌丝减少,生长速度较慢或快;在卵孢子产量方面,8.13%的菌系有增加,20.41%的菌系减少,27.82%的菌系极少或者没有卵孢子产生,43.64%的菌系卵孢子产量类似野生型。以质膜氢离子泵蛋白基因PsPMA1(plasma membrane H+-ATPase1)为对象,通过TILLING技术,从320个大豆疫霉菌突变体中获得9个突变体,进一步确认了EMS对大豆疫霉菌的诱变效果,并且估算EMS对大豆疫霉菌的诱变频率至多每115kb发生一个核苷酸变异。新构建的突变体库为开展大豆疫霉病菌的功能基因组研究奠定了遗传材料基础。  相似文献   

9.
电诱导棕色固氮菌表达抗氨阻遏特性的初步研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用循环伏安技术电诱导棕色固氮菌成为抗氨阻遏的菌株,其菌株最高耐氨率可高达8mMNH^4+左右。农田实验结果表明,直接施用该固菌于农田中,能使玉米及花生增产5%~8%,菌体的抗氨阻遏能力与封土质及成分有着密切关系。  相似文献   

10.
大豆疫霉菌一个DNA指纹分析重复序列探针的鉴定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
【目的】大豆疫霉菌指纹分析的建立和黑龙江与新疆大豆疫霉菌群体的群体遗传分析。【方法】利用生物信息学方法寻找大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)的中度重复序列,并对黑龙江和新疆大豆疫霉菌进行DNA指纹分析。【结果】分析得到一个中度重复序列,定名为PS1227。Southern blot分析表明PS1227在大豆疫霉菌基因组中约有34条可辨的介于1.5-23kb之间的杂交条带,其中21个杂交条带在49个供试菌系中表现多态性。单游动孢子分析表明PS1227指纹特征在病菌无性生殖阶段表现稳定。利用PS1227标记,本实验发现采自黑龙江HP4002、SY6和GJ0105菌系分别与新疆的DW303、71228和71222菌系具有完全相同的指纹特征。【结论】获得一个可用于大豆疫霉菌流行学和群体生物学研究的指纹分析序列PS1227,在分子水平证实了新疆大豆疫霉菌可能由黑龙江传入。  相似文献   

11.
在室内条件下通过菌丝生长速率法测定了分离自安徽省10个县市的油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia scleroti-orum)对速克灵的敏感性。结果表明,速克灵对各供试菌株的EC50值分布范围为0.0899-0.4966μg/mL,平均为0.2541μg/mL,且供试菌株在含速克灵质量浓度为10 000μg/mL的PDA平板上菌丝生长几乎完全被抑制。表明各供试菌株对速克灵十分敏感,但其敏感程度地区间存在较大差异。通过室内药剂直接诱变法,获得了抗速克灵突变株。抗性突变株抗性测定结果表明,某些地区的抗性菌株抗性消失,有些地区的抗性菌株抗性继续保持。结果显示安徽省油菜菌核病菌对速克灵具有潜在的抗药性风险。  相似文献   

12.
通过室内紫外光诱导,获得了油菜菌核病菌多株抗扑海因突变体。采用菌丝生长速率法.对诱变得到的抗扑海因菌株的抗药性进行了测定。结果显示,油菜菌核病菌抗扑海因菌株的EC_(50)值分布范围为0.1159-604.2200μg/mL,平均值为117.1363μg/mL,突变株UVIP'SS-7、UVIP'SS-8、UVIP'SS-15、UVIP'SS-16和UVIP'SS-18的EC_(50)值均大于160μg/ML。油菜菌核病菌抗扑海因突变株在含扑海因质量浓度为1μg/mL时的菌核产生数量绝大多数都大于不含药PSA平板的菌核数量,而高浓度下菌核几乎不产生。  相似文献   

13.
    
In the past, rice bakanae was considered an endemic disease that did not cause significant losses in Korea; however, the disease has recently become a serious threat due to climate change, changes in farming practices, and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains. Since the bakanae outbreak in 2006, its incidence has gradually decreased due to the application of effective control measures such as hot water immersion methods and seed disinfectants. However, in 2013, a marked increase in bakanae incidence was observed, causing problems for rice farmers. Therefore, in this review, we present the potential risks from climate change based on an epidemiological understanding of the pathogen, host plant, and environment, which are the key elements influencing the incidence of bakanae. In addition, disease management options to reduce the disease pressure of bakanae below the economic threshold level are investigated, with a specific focus on resistant varieties, as well as chemical, biological, cultural, and physical control methods. Lastly, as more effective countermeasures to bakanae, we propose an integrated disease management option that combines different control methods, including advanced imaging technologies such as remote sensing. In this review, we revisit and examine bakanae, a traditional seed-borne fungal disease that has not gained considerable attention in the agricultural history of Korea. Based on the understanding of the present significance and anticipated risks of the disease, the findings of this study are expected to provide useful information for the establishment of an effective response strategy to bakanae in the era of climate change.  相似文献   

14.
胡新生 《遗传学报》2000,27(5):440-448
将已知用于从地理空间上离散或连续分布群体随机抽取基因样本的基因家系谱理论推广到两性异交植物上。由于存在不同的群体间基因多率,地3种不同遗传方式的植物基因组(核、叶绿体和线粒体DNA)分别进行了研究。理论上证明对于不同遗传方式的基因,通过相应调整有效群体大小和迁移率,现有的基因家系谱理论可直接应用于植物群体上,其中一个结论就是当从离散分布群体中随机抽取n个基因样本时,亚群体间的花粉流和种子流的相对比  相似文献   

15.
被子植物质体遗传的细胞学研究   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10  
植物细胞质遗传涉及细胞质中含DNA的两种细胞器——质体和线粒体从亲代至子代的传递。相对来说线粒体遗传的研究远不及质体的多,这可能是线粒体这种细胞器缺乏合适的表型突变体之故。高等植物质体遗传的研究历史可追溯到本世纪初在杂交试验中对叶色遗传的非孟德尔定律的发现,Baur在马蹄纹天竺葵(Pelargonium zonale)中从叶色突变体(白化体)的杂交遗传分析,发现了双亲质体遗传;而Correns在紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)中则发现了单亲母本质体遗传(见Kuroiwa)。此后,对质体基因组突变性状遗传分析的研究,大量的资料说明了在被子植物中存在双亲质体遗传和单亲母系质体遗传两种类型,而后一种占大多数,仅少数是比较有规律的为双亲质体遗传或偶尔是双亲质体遗传。几十年来应用遗传分析的方法对被子植物质体遗传的研究,着重于揭示不同植物种质体的遗传是单亲母系或是双亲质体传递,以及探索杂种核基因对质体传递方式的影响。  相似文献   

16.
Mendel's work in hybridization is ipso facto a study in inheritance. He is explicit in his interest to formulate universal generalizations, and at least in the case of the independent segregation of traits, he formulated his conclusions in the form of a law. Mendel did not discern, however, the inheritance of traits from that of the potential for traits. Choosing to study discrete non-overlapping traits, this did not hamper his efforts.  相似文献   

17.
    
The inheritance of style‐morphs was investigated in tetraploid populations of tristylous Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae) to determine if alleles controlling style‐morphs are expressed at duplicated loci. In tetraploid populations, a dominant S allele leads to expression of the short‐styled phenotype at the short/non‐short locus and is epistatic to the M allele at the mid/long locus. The M allele results in expression of the mid‐styled phenotype but only if the S allele is absent. Long‐styled morphs are homozygous recessive at the short and mid loci. Test crosses of many tetraploid short‐styled individuals resulted in segregations of short‐, mid‐ and long‐styled individuals which, because of linkage between the short and mid loci, can only occur with polyploidy and expression of alleles at duplicated loci. Segregation patterns from three crosses suggest the possibility of disomic inheritance via preferential pairing of chromosomes in tetraploid populations of O. alpina. Segregation patterns in the progeny of mid‐styled individuals indicated that only a few individuals had more than one copy of the M allele, despite the potential for accumulation of M alleles via self‐fertilization of partially self‐compatible mid‐styled morphs in some populations. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 308–318.  相似文献   

18.
    
Patterns of inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora were analyzed by examining the progeny from both interspecific and intraspecific crosses. Artificial crosses of field-collected material were performed in greenhouses at The University of Texas at Austin. DNA from fresh leaf material was analyzed by Southern blot techniques to identify the donor of the chloroplast genome. Initially, single progeny were analyzed for 11 crosses; two intraspecific crosses demonstrated maternal inheritance, whereas the nine interspecific crosses had paternal inheritance. Subsequently, the donor of the chloroplast genome was determined for multiple progeny in seven crosses. Passiflora oerstedii × P. retipetala showed strict paternal inheritance in all of 17 progeny. A series of five crosses and backcrosses between P. oerstedii and P. menispermifolia demonstrated strictly paternal inheritance. Finally, when 15 progeny were analyzed for the P. costaricensis × P. costaricensis cross, 12 of the 15 showed maternal inheritance, whereas the remaining three were biparental. Interestingly, all interspecific crosses had primarily paternal inheritance, whereas all intraspecific crosses had primarily maternal inheritance. The implications of heteroplasmy on phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
  总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Sociobiological theory predicts that humans should not cooperate with large groups of unrelated individuals. This prediction is based on genetic models that show that selection acting on variation between large unrelated groups will generally be much weaker than selection acting on variation between individuals. Recently, several authors have presented related models of human evolution that integrate cultural and genetic transmission of behavior. We show that in such models group selection is potentially a strong force. Data on ethnocentrism is examined in the context of these results.  相似文献   

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