苹果叶片的净光合速率和光能利用效率的动态模拟

根据构建的苹果叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和光能利用效率（LUE）的耦合模型可模拟一般小气候条件下苹果叶片的Pn和LUE变化。结果表明,小气候因子对Pn和LUE的影响不同,并且不同小气候因子之间还有明显交互作用。Pn主要由有效光合辐射（PAR）和CO2浓度决定,并随着叶片水势和空气湿度的升高而增大,正常条件下Pn的最适温度约为25℃,PAR、CO2浓度和空气湿度下降时,Pn的最适温度也随之下降。PAR值较小时,LUE与PAR正相关;在PAR达到400μmol·m-2·s-1左右时,LUE值最大,而后随着PAR的增加而减少。由于LUE是Pn和PAR的比值,所以其它小气候因子和叶片水势对LUE的影响与对Pn的影响相一致。     

植物光合生产力与冠层蒸散模拟研究进展

植物的光合与蒸腾的模拟已经从经验模型发展到过程模型的时代。概括地论述叶片和冠层尺度上,植物生理生态的基本过程,分析近年来几个有代表性的模型在模拟光合作用,蒸腾作用时,对这些听参数化处理的方法,即在叶片水平上,以Ｆａｒｑｕｈａｒ的叶片光合作用的生化模型,Ｂａｌｌ－Ｂｅｒｒｙ的气孔导度模型等为基础。     

净光合速率与气孔导度相互关系的电学类比分析和模拟研究

对Ｂａｌｌ等的气孔模型所依据的实验事实之一（净光合速率与气孔导度呈线性关系）作了只考虑各阻力与总通量之间关系的电学类比分析和模拟检验。从电学类比分析得到的关系式可以看出,净光合速率与气孔导度的关系是非线性的,只有当叶片的边界层导度比较大时,两者的关系才接近线性。模拟得到的结论也是一样的。另外还模拟了气孔内外ＣＯ２ 浓度之比随光强的变化以及边界层导度的影响,模拟结果可以解释已有的实验结果     

不同辐射条件下苹果叶片净光合速率模拟

以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)为试材,将C3植物光合生化模型、气孔导度半机理模型、叶片最大光合速率和相对光合有效辐射(RPAR)之间的经验公式相耦合,能够模拟出不同RPAR(或树冠不同部位)下叶片净光合速率(Pn)对小气候因子和叶水势(Ψl)的响应,及Pn日变化。模拟表明,不同RPAR下Pn变化主要依赖于光合有效辐射(PAR)大小,并对CO2浓度有很高敏感性。不同RPAR下叶片Pn最适温度约为20—30℃,并随PAR或CO2浓度的升高而升高。相对湿度(RH)和Ψl对不同RPAR下叶片Pn影响不大,Pn只随RH和Ψl的减小而略有降低。数值模拟表明,当RPAR减小时Pn随之迅速减小,从冠层3 m到1 m处,叶片RPAR从57.18%减少到16.22%,而最大Pn从16.65μmol.m-.2s-1减小到4.24μmol.m-.2s-1。在平均气象条件下,树冠顶部单位面积叶片每天固定CO2为420 mmol.m-.2d-1,而下层叶片只有40 mmol.m-.2d-1。当苹果树冠内叶片接受RPAR低于12%时,全天净光合总量为0,这类叶片可称为无效叶,其所在树冠空间为无效光区。果树整形修剪的主要目的就是尽量减少无效枝叶,利用该模型可确定出这类枝叶在树冠中的位置。     

最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟

气孔调节功能是陆地生态系统碳-水耦合过程中最重要的环节。与即时的气孔导度测量相比, 气孔导度斜率能有效地反映气孔导度对CO₂浓度、饱和水汽压亏缺和光合作用的敏感性, 包含了环境因子对光合作用和临界水分利用效率等的综合影响, 为研究全球变化下陆地生态系统碳-水耦合关系提供了一个简明且综合的框架。气孔导度模型从经验模型、半经验模型发展到机理模型, 经过很多学者的改进, 但是模型参数的生物学意义和变化规律还不明确。鉴于气孔导度斜率方面研究的重要性和研究的不足, 为了加强对气孔导度调节规律的认识, 并减少气孔导度模拟的不确定性, 该文主要综述了长期以来国内外关于最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究成果, 其中包括广泛使用的气孔导度模型及参数意义, 讨论影响气孔导度斜率的主要因素以及气孔导度机理模型的应用, 并对最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究做了简单展望。     

黄土高原4种豆科牧草的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日动态及水分利用效率

在晴天条件下 ,研究了 4年生甘肃红豆草 (Onobrychis viciaefolia scop.cv.‘Gansu’)、沙打旺 (Astragalus adsurgens)、东方山羊豆 (Galega orientalis)和多年生香豌豆 (L athyruslatifolius)人工种群花期 (5月 31日 )和再生期 (7月 10日 )的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率以及土壤贮水量和水分利用特征。结果表明 ,自 5月 31日 (花期 )至 7月 10日 (再生期 ) ,4种牧草对土壤水分消耗由大到小依次为 :沙打旺 119.2 mm、多年生香豌豆 91.6 mm、山羊豆 81.9m m和红豆草 73.8m m。红豆草在花期和再生期的净光合速率分别为 12 .4 1和 9.0 6μ mol CO2 / (m2 · s) ,沙打旺为 10 .10和 7.0 1μ m ol CO2 / (m2 · s) ;红豆草在花期和再生期的日均蒸腾速率 8.13和 9.0 5 m m ol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,沙打旺刈割前和刈割后蒸腾速率分别为 7.4 0和 6 .5 4mmol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,属于高光合、高蒸腾型。而山羊豆和多年生香豌豆则属于低蒸腾、低光合类型 ,花期和再生期 ,山羊豆的日均光合速率分别为 4 .74和 4 .88μm ol CO2 / (m2· s) ,多年生香豌豆为 4 .4 1和 4 .6 4 μ mol CO2 / (m2· s) ,相应的蒸腾速率分别达到 3.75和 5 .4 2 m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s) ,4 .74和 4 .34m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s)。     

对一个气孔经验模型的电学类比分析和模拟检验

对Ｂａｌｌ等人提出的气孔经验模型进行了分析和模拟检验,分析是通过电学类比实现的,在引进叶片边界层导度很大等假设后可以从气孔内外ＣＯ２浓度之比保持恒定的实验事实推导出这个经验模型的表达式;在其它类似的实验事实的基础上已可作同样的推导。模拟检验中采用的是由我们建立的人为完整的气孔对环境响应的机理性定态数学模型。两种方法得出的结论是一致的：Ｂａｌｌ等人的经验模型有一定的局限性,因为它不能模拟边界层阻力和叶温对气孔导度的影响。由此我们指出叶片表面的风速是影响气孔导度的重要环境因子之一。一个完整的气孔模型必须包括它的影响。     

土壤水分对单性木兰幼苗光合特性的影响

2001年夏季(7月15-19日)和秋季(10月20-25日)分别测定了在3组土壤水分条件下(高WH、中WM和低WL3种土壤水分处理)单性木兰(Kmeriaseptentrionalis)叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、潜在水分利用效率(IntrinsicWUE)和叶绿素含量等特性。夏季和秋季土壤水分的减少均引起单性木兰叶片单位面积干重和叶绿素含量的降低。夏季,单性木兰的Pn均在上午900达到峰值,其日进程为鞍型格式,WH、WM和WL处理组的Pn分别为4.41±1.10、4.28±1.23和1.89±0.94μmolm-2s-1,土壤水分的降低限制了单性木兰叶片的Pn,它们的Gs和IntrinsicWUE的日进程与Pn相似。秋季,WH组的Pn在上午1200达到峰值,WM和WL组在900达到峰值,3组的Pn的日进程相似,都为单峰曲线格式。3组的Pn、Gs和IntrinsicWUE的日平均值都是秋季比夏季高。不管夏季和秋季,凡土壤水分低的,其Pn、Gs和IntrinsicWUE都低。因此,调节土壤水分将有助于促进单性木兰的生长和有效提高单性木兰的迁地保护。     

斑驳气孔特点及形成机理

气孔是植物叶片内外气体交换的场所。斑驳气孔在形态结构、动态变化、光合气体交换机制等方面都与常见的普通气孔不同,是植物体响应环境变化而形戍的特殊气孔形式。本文介绍了斑驳气孔的特点及其形成机理。     

An attempt to establish a synthetic model of photosynthesis-transpiration based on stomatal behavior for maize and soybean plants grown in field

A synthetic model of photosynthesis-transpiration was established based on a comprehensive consideration of models of CO₂ and H₂O fluxes controlled by stomata of plant leaves.The synthetic model was developed by introducing the internal conductance to CO₂ assimilation, g_ic, and the general equation of stomatal conductance model to H₂O diffusion, g_sw = g₀+a₁A_mf(D_s)/(C_s-Γ), into models of CO₂ and H₂O diffusion through the plant leaves stomata. In the above expression, g₀ and a₁ are coefficients, C_s ambient CO₂ concentration at leaf surface, Γ CO₂ compensation point, and f(D_s) the general function describing the response of stomatal conductance to humidity. Using the data observed in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) plants grown in the field, the parameters in the model were identified, and the applicability of the model was examined. The verification indicated that the developed model could be used to estimate net assimilation rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency with a high enough level of precision. The examination also showed that when f(D_s) = h_s or f(D_s) = (1+D_s/D₀)⁻¹ was employed, the estimation precision of the synthetic model was highest. In the study, the parameter g_ic was estimated by means of a linear function of Q_P because it was shown to be mostly correlated with photosynthetic photon flux, Q_P, among various environmental factors.     

土壤水分胁迫下沙漠葳的光合生理特征

以从美国西部引进的沙生灌木——沙漠葳（Chilopsis linearis）的2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于7-9份进行轻度、中度和重度土壤水分胁迫处理并分析其光合生理响应特征.结果显示：（1）60 d中度或重度土壤水分胁迫使沙漠葳的净光合速率（Pn）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光补偿点（LCP）显著降低,暗呼吸速率（DRR）减弱,而气孔导度（Cs）增大,气孔限制值（Ls）变小.（2）Pn日变化在7月份的轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫下表现为双峰曲线,其余月份的胁迫处理均为单峰曲线,同期内各胁迫处理Pn峰值出现的时间基本相同,而且8月份各水分胁迫的Pn值显著高于其它月份;WUE的日变化趋势和Pn日变化相似,而且土壤水分胁迫越严重,其水分利用效率越低;各水分胁迫处理的Pn和Tr光响应拟合曲线均基本呈抛物线形或倒抛物线形.（3）在轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫的初期,Pn降低主要受气孔限制因素的影响,随着胁迫期的延长和胁迫的加重,Pn降低由气孔限制为主逐步转向以非气孔限制为主.研究表明,沙漠葳对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力,但长期中度或重度干旱胁迫都会影响沙漠葳的正常生长发育,使其光合生产力大大降低.     

Gas exchanges of an endangered species Syringa pinnatifolia and a widespread congener S. oblata

Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (g _s), and stomatal limitation (L_s) were investigated in two Syringa species. The saturation irradiance (SI) was 400 µmol m^-2s^-1 for S. pinnatifolia and 1 700 µmol m^-2s^-1 for S. oblata. Compared with S. oblata, S. pinnatifolia had extremely low g_s. Unlike S. oblata, the maximal photosynthetic rate (P _max) in S. pinnatifoliaoccurred around 08:00 and then fell down, indicating this species was sensitive to higher temperature and high photosynthetic photon flux density. However, such phenomenon was interrupted by the leaf development rhythms before summer. A relatively lower P _N together with a lower leaf area and shoot growth showed the capacity for carbon assimilation was poorer in S. pinnatifolia.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Effect of CO2-enrichnient on seedling physiology and growth of two tropical tree species

Seedlings of two tree species from the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, Ochroma la-gopus Swartz, a fast-growing pioneer species, and Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze, a slower-growing climax species, were grown under enriched atmospheric CO₂ in controlled environment chambers. Carbon dioxide concentrations were maintained at 350 and 675 μl 1⁻¹ under photosynthetic photon flux densities of 500 μol m⁻² s⁻¹ and temperatures of 26°C day and 20°C night. Total biomass of both species increased significantly in the elevated CO₂ treatment; the increase in biomass was greatest for the pioneer species, O. lagopus . Both species had greater leaf areas and specific leaf weights with increased atmospheric CO₂. However, the ratio of non-pho-tosynthetic tissue to leaf area also increased in both species leading to decreased leaf area ratios. Plants of both species grown at 675 μl 1⁻¹ CO₂ had lower chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis on a leaf area basis than those grown at 350 μl 1⁻¹. Reductions in net photosynthesis occurred despite increased internal CO₂ concentrations in the CO₂-enriched treatment. Stomatal conductances of both species decreased with CO₂-enrichment resulting in significant increases in water use efficiency.     

Intrinsic changes in photosynthetic parameters of carrot leaves under increasing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations and soil moisture regimes

A controlled growth chamber experiment was conducted to investigate the short-term water use and photosynthetic responses of 30-d-old carrot seedlings to the combined effects of CO₂ concentration (50–1 050 μmol mol⁻¹) and moisture deficits (−5, −30, −55, and −70 kPa). The photosynthetic response data was fitted to a non-rectangular hyperbola model. The estimated parameters were compared for effects of moisture deficit and elevated CO₂ concentration (EC). The carboxylation efficiency (α) increased in response to mild moisture stress (−30 kPa) under EC when compared to the unstressed control. However, moderate (−55 kPa) and extreme (−70 kPa) moisture deficits reduced α under EC. Maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) did not differ between mild water deficit and unstressed controls under EC. Moderate and extreme moisture deficits reduced P _Nmax by nearly 85 % compared to controls. Dark respiration rate (R _D) showed no consistent response to moisture deficit. The CO₂ compensation concentration (Γ) was 324 μmol mol⁻¹ for −75 kPa and ranged 63–93 μmol mol⁻¹ for other moisture regimes. Interaction between moisture deficit and EC was noticed for P _N, ratio of intercellular and ambient CO₂ concentration (C _i/C _a), stomatal conductance (g _s ), and transpiration rate (E). P _N was maximum and C _i/C _a was minimum at −30 kPa moisture deficit and at C _a of 350 μmol mol⁻¹. The g _s and E showed an inverse relationship at all moisture deficit regimes and EC. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased with moisture deficit up to −55 kPa and declined thereafter. EC showed a positive influence towards sustaining P _N and increasing WUE only under mild moisture stress, and no beneficial effects of EC were noticed at moderate or extreme moisture deficits.